Home * Hardware

Basics

• Combinatorial Logic
• Memory
• Sequential Logic
• Von Neumann Architecture

Special Purpose Hardware

Dedicated Chess Hardware

• Electro-Mechanical
• Analog Evaluation
• Integrated Circuits
• VLSI Design
• CHEOPS
• Berkeley Chess Microprocessor
• Dedicated Chess Computers

Programmable Logics

• PAL - Programmable array logic
• GAL - Generic array logic
• CPLD - Complex programmable Logic Device
• FPGA - Field-programmable gate array

Famous Chess Machines

• El Ajedrecista
• Belle
• HiTech
• ChipTest
• Deep Thought
• Deep Blue
• Hydra
• AlphaZero

General Purpose Hardware

Historic Computers

• Ferranti Mark 1
• MANIAC I
• IBM 704
• M-2
• JOHNNIAC

Mainframes

Amdahl

• Amdahl 470

Burroughs

• Burroughs B-5500

CDC

• CDC 1604
• CDC 6600
• CDC Cyber

Cray

• Cray-1
• Cray X-MP
• Cray T3D
• Cray T3E

Honeywell

• Honeywell 6000 (GE-600)

IBM

• IBM 7090
• IBM 360
• IBM 370

ICL ...

• ICL 4/70
• Lomonosov Supercomputer
• M-20

PDP

• PDP-6
• PDP-10

Siemens/Fujitsu

• Siemens-System 7.800

TR

• TR-4
• TR 440

UNIVAC

• UNIVAC 418
• UNIVAC 494
• UNIVAC 1100

Parallel

• Connection Machine
• nCUBE
• Paragon
• Transputer
• GPU
• M1 by Apple

Minis & Workstations

• HP 2100
• HP 3000
• HP 9000
• Interdata M85
• Nova
• PDP-1
• PDP-8
• PDP-11
• SMS 201
• SPARCstation
• Sun-1 - Sun-4
• VAX

Single Board Computers

• Arduino
• KIM-1
• Raspberry Pi
• UDOO

Home Computers

Home- and Personal Computers

• Acorn Computers Ltd

Acorn Atom

BBC Micro

Acorn Archimedes

• Amstrad CPC
• Apple computers

Apple II

Macintosh

• Atari 8-bit

Atari ST

• Commodore PET

Commodore VIC-20

Commodore 64

Commodore 128

Amiga

• IBM PC
• Sinclair ZX81

ZX Spectrum

• TRS-80

Mobile Computers

from Wikipedia

• Handheld electronic game
• Handheld game console
• Mobile device
• Personal digital assistant

Palm

• Mobile phone

µ-Processors & Controller

• PIC Microcontroller

4-bit

• HMCS4xC
• SAM

8-bit

• Fairchild F8
• H8
• 8080 by Intel
• 6800 by Motorola
• 6502 by MOS Technology
• Z80 by Zilog

16-bit

• 8086 by Intel
• 80286 by Intel
• Z8000 by Zilog
• TMS-99000 by Texas Instruments
• 6809 by Motorola

32-bit

• 68000 by Motorola (external 16 bit databus)
• 68020 by Motorola
• 68030 by Motorola
• ARM2 by Acorn Computers Ltd
• ARM6 by Advanced RISC Machines Ltd
• ARM11 by Advanced RISC Machines Ltd
• ARMv7
• PowerPC by Apple, IBM and Motorola
• SPARC V7/V8 by Sun Microsystems
• x86 by Intel and AMD

64-bit

• ARMv8
• Armv9
• DEC Alpha by Digital Equipment Corporation
• i860 by Intel
• Itanium by Intel
• MIPS64 by MIPS_Technologies
• PA-RISC 2.0 by HP
• POWER3 by IBM
• PowerPC 620 by Apple, IBM and Motorola
• PowerPC G5 by IBM
• SPARC V9 by Sun Microsystems
• x86-64 or x64 by AMD and Intel

Misc

• Sensory Board

Publications

1960 ...

• Martin H. Weik (1961). A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Report No. 1115

1970 ...

• Gordon Bell, Allen Newell (1971). Computer Structures: Readings and Examples. McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070043572, amazon
• Ozalp Babaoglu (1977). Hardware implementation of the legal move generation and relative ordering functions for the game of chess. Master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley
• John Moussouris, Jack Holloway, Richard Greenblatt (1979). CHEOPS: A Chess-orientated Processing System. Machine Intelligence 9 (Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie and L.I. Mikulich editors) Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1979, pp. 351-360. Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium » CHEOPS

1980 ...

• Joe Condon, Ken Thompson (1982). Belle Chess Hardware. Advances in Computer Chess 3, Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium » Belle
• Carl Ebeling, Andrew James Palay (1984). The Design and Implementation of a VLSI Chess Move Generator. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. IEEE and ACM.
• Carl Ebeling (1986). All the Right Moves: A VLSI Architecture for Chess. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, MIT Press ¹ » HiTech
• Feng-hsiung Hsu (1986). Two designs of functional units for VLSI based chess machines. Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science Department. Paper 1566.
• Feng-hsiung Hsu (1987). A Two-Million Moves/Sec CMOS Single-Chip Chess Move Generator. IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 22, No. 5

1990 ...

• James Testa, Alvin M. Despain (1990). ''A CMOS VLSI chess microprocessor'. University of California, Berkeley, Custom Integrated Circuit Conference
• Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane (1995). Deep Blue System Overview. International Conference on Supercomputing » Deep Blue
• Yi-Fan Ke (1996). A parallel hardware architecture for accelerating computer chess system-平行電腦象棋系統架構之設計及研究. Ph.D. thesis, National Taiwan University
• Yi-Fan Ke, Tai-Ming Parng (1996). A Parallel Hardware Architecture for Accelerating α-β Game Tree. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, September, 1996, pp. 1232-1240
• Feng-hsiung Hsu (1999). IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2, pdf

2000 ...

• Marc Boulé (2002). An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess. Masters thesis, McGill University, (Supervisor: Zeljko Zilic, Co-Supervisor: Monty Newborn), pdf
• Marc Boulé, Zeljko Zilic (2002). An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, pdf
• Chrilly Donninger, Ulf Lorenz (2004). The Chess Monster Hydra in Field Programmable Logic and Application, 14th International Conference, FPL 2004, Leuven, Belgium, August 30-September 1, 2004. Proceedings, pp 927-932. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-540-22989-6, pdf
• Samuel T. King, Joseph Tucek, Anthony Cozzie, Chris Grier, Weihang Jiang, Yuanyuan Zhou (2008). Designing and Implementing Malicious Hardware. LEET 2008, pdf

Forum Posts

2000 ...

• Computer chess and processor speed in 20 years from now... by Chris, CCC, February 26, 2003
• A question about the best hardware for chess today by Uri Blass, CCC, July 30, 2009

2010 ...

• hardware advances - a different perspective by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 09, 2010
• old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 11, 2010 » Knowledge, Crafty
• Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 13, 2010 » Software, Crafty
• hardware doubling number for Crafty by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 15, 2010 » Crafty
• Good question: What % improvement is hardware vs. software? by Jonathan Lee, CCC, January 17, 2014
• Moore's Law by Mark Lefler, CCC, March 16, 2016 ^{2 3}
• The Gigatron project by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, December 06, 2017 » Gigatron

2020 ...

• The Next Big Thing in Computer Chess? by Srdja Matovic, CCC, April 12, 2023 >> Artificial Intelligence, Programming, Chess

External Links

• Hardware (disambiguation) from Wikipedia
• Personal computer hardware from Wikipedia
• History of computing hardware from Wikipedia
• Minicomputer "Museum" by Carl Friend
• The Rhode Island Computer Museum
• The Personal Computer Museum, Brantford, Ontario, Canada - Computers
• Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer
• Moore's law from Wikipedia
• After Moore's law | Technology Quarterly | The Economist, March 12, 2016 ⁴
• Gigatro TTL from Wikipedia ^{5 6}

References