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GeezerVison is showing docs.python.org — The Python Language Reference — Python 2.7.18 documentation

This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade and read the Python documentation for the current stable release.

The Python Language Reference¶

This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library. For an informal introduction to the language, see The Python Tutorial. For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist: Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter describes the high-level picture of how to write a Python extension module, and the Python/C API Reference Manual describes the interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.

  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1. Alternate Implementations
    • 1.2. Notation
  • 2. Lexical analysis
    • 2.1. Line structure
    • 2.2. Other tokens
    • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
    • 2.4. Literals
    • 2.5. Operators
    • 2.6. Delimiters
  • 3. Data model
    • 3.1. Objects, values and types
    • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
    • 3.3. New-style and classic classes
    • 3.4. Special method names
  • 4. Execution model
    • 4.1. Naming and binding
    • 4.2. Exceptions
  • 5. Expressions
    • 5.1. Arithmetic conversions
    • 5.2. Atoms
    • 5.3. Primaries
    • 5.4. The power operator
    • 5.5. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
    • 5.6. Binary arithmetic operations
    • 5.7. Shifting operations
    • 5.8. Binary bitwise operations
    • 5.9. Comparisons
    • 5.10. Boolean operations
    • 5.11. Conditional Expressions
    • 5.12. Lambdas
    • 5.13. Expression lists
    • 5.14. Evaluation order
    • 5.15. Operator precedence
  • 6. Simple statements
    • 6.1. Expression statements
    • 6.2. Assignment statements
    • 6.3. The assert statement
    • 6.4. The pass statement
    • 6.5. The del statement
    • 6.6. The print statement
    • 6.7. The return statement
    • 6.8. The yield statement
    • 6.9. The raise statement
    • 6.10. The break statement
    • 6.11. The continue statement
    • 6.12. The import statement
    • 6.13. The global statement
    • 6.14. The exec statement
  • 7. Compound statements
    • 7.1. The if statement
    • 7.2. The while statement
    • 7.3. The for statement
    • 7.4. The try statement
    • 7.5. The with statement
    • 7.6. Function definitions
    • 7.7. Class definitions
  • 8. Top-level components
    • 8.1. Complete Python programs
    • 8.2. File input
    • 8.3. Interactive input
    • 8.4. Expression input
  • 9. Full Grammar specification
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