Abstract
Eight palindromes comprise one-quarter of the euchromatic DNA of the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome, the MSY1. They contain many testis-specific genes and typically exhibit 99.97% intra-palindromic (arm-to-arm) sequence identity1. This high degree of identity could be interpreted as evidence that the palindromes arose through duplication events that occurred about 100,000 years ago. Using comparative sequencing in great apes, we demonstrate here that at least six of these MSY palindromes predate the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages, which occurred about 5 million years ago. The arms of these palindromes must have subsequently engaged in gene conversion, driving the paired arms to evolve in concert. Indeed, analysis of MSY palindrome sequence variation in existing human populations provides evidence of recurrent arm-to-arm gene conversion in our species. We conclude that during recent evolution, an average of approximately 600 nucleotides per newborn male have undergone Y–Y gene conversion, which has had an important role in the evolution of multi-copy testis gene families in the MSY.
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Acknowledgements
We thank R. K. Alagappan and L. G. Brown for technical contributions; N. A. Ellis, M. F. Hammer, T. Jenkins and P. A. Underhill for assistance with genealogical studies; H. M. McClure and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center for samples; C. Disteche, A. E. Donnenfeld, J. H. Hersh, T. Jenkins, P. G. McDonough, B. McGillivray, R. D. Oates, P. Patrizio, R. Rosenfield, L. Shapiro, S. Silber, M. C. Summers, J. Weissenbach, B. Whitmire and S. Yang for patient samples; and J. E. Alfoldi, B. Charlesworth, A. G. Clark, J. Koubova, J. Lange, B. Levy, T. L. Orr-Weaver, S. Repping, W. R. Rice and J. Saionz for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
Steve Rozen, Helen Skaletsky, Janet D. Marszalek & David C. Page
Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri, 63108, USA
Patrick J. Minx, Holland S. Cordum, Robert H. Waterston & Richard K. Wilson
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Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H., Marszalek, J. et al. Abundant gene conversion between arms of palindromes in human and ape Y chromosomes. Nature 423, 873–876 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01723
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01723
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