GeezerVison

1. Introduction

This module describes CSS properties which enable authors to style user interface related properties and values.

Section 2.1 of CSS1 [CSS1] and Chapter 18 of CSS2 [CSS21] introduced several user interface related properties and values. User Interface for CSS3 (16 February 2000) introduced several new user interface related features.

[CSS-UI-3] was later introduced to incorporate, extend, and supersede these. This specification continues this work, and in turn replaces [CSS-UI-3].

1.1. Purpose

The purpose of this specification is to achieve the following objectives:

• Extend the user interface features in [CSS21] and [CSS-UI-3]
• Provide additional CSS mechanisms to augment or replace other dynamic presentation related features in HTML.
• Introduce directional navigation properties to assist in the construction of user interfaces which make use of a directional navigation model.

2. Module Interactions

This document defines new features not present in earlier specifications. In addition, it replaces and supersedes [CSS-UI-3], which itself replaced and superseded the following:

• Section 18.1, section 18.4, and Information on the stacking of outlines defined in Appendix E of Cascading Style Sheets, level 2, revision 1 [CSS21]
• User Interface for CSS3 (16 February 2000) [CSS-UI-3]

Note: The box-sizing property was previously defined in this section of the specification, but has been moved to CSS Sizing 3 § 3.3 Box Edges for Sizing: the box-sizing property.

Note: The text-overflow property was previously defined in this section of the specification, but has been moved to CSS Overflow 3 § 5.1 Overflow Ellipsis: the text-overflow property.

2.1. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS21] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

3. Outline properties

At times, style sheet authors may want to create outlines around visual objects such as buttons, active form fields, image maps, etc., to make them stand out. Outlines differ from borders in the following ways:

1. Outlines do not take up space.
2. Outlines contribute to the ink overflow area of an element.
3. Outlines may be non-rectangular.
4. UAs often render outlines on elements in the :focus-visible state.

The outline properties control the style of these dynamic outlines.

The stacking of the rendering of these outlines is explicitly left up to implementations to provide a better user experience per platform. This supersedes the stacking of outlines as defined in Appendix E of CSS 2.1 [CSS21].

Keyboard users, in particular people with disabilities who may not be able to interact with the page in any other fashion, depend on the outline being visible on elements in the :focus-visible state, thus authors must not make the outline invisible on such elements without making sure an alternative highlighting mechanism is provided.

The rendering of applying transforms to outlines is left explicitly undefined.

3.1. Outlines Shorthand: the outline property

The outline property is a shorthand property and sets all three of outline-style, outline-width, and outline-color. In the ambiguous case where a lone auto value is specified, or if auto is specified together with an <'outline-width'> value, but without an explicit <'outline-style'> or <'outline-color'> value, both outline-style and outline-color are set to auto.

Note: The shorthand purposefully omits the outline-offset property, which determines the position rather than the appearance of the outline, so that it can cascade independently, as well as for backwards compatibility reasons.

The outline created with the outline properties is drawn "over" a box, i.e., the outline is always on top and doesn’t influence the position or size of the box, or of any other boxes. Therefore, displaying or suppressing outlines does not cause reflow.

Outlines may be non-rectangular. For example, if the element is broken across several lines, the outline should be an outline or minimum set of outlines that encloses all the element’s boxes.

Each part of the outline should be fully connected rather than open on some sides (as borders on inline elements are when lines are broken).

The parts of the outline are not required to be rectangular. To the extent that the outline follows the border edge, it should follow the border-radius curve, as well as the corner-shape.

The position of the outline may be affected by descendant boxes.

The dimensions of the drawn outline contribute to the ink overflow area of an element.

User agents should use an algorithm for determining the outline that encloses a region appropriate for conveying the concept of focus to the user.

Note: This specification does not define the exact position or shape of the outline, but it is typically drawn immediately outside the border box.

Note: The outline is the same on all sides. In contrast to borders, there are no outline-top, outline-left, etc. properties.

This specification does not define how multiple overlapping outlines are drawn or how outlines are drawn for boxes that are partially obscured behind other elements.

button { outline: thick solid }

Graphical user interfaces may use outlines around elements to tell the user which element on the page has the focus. These outlines are shown in addition to any borders, and switching outlines on and off should not cause the document to reflow. The focus is the subject of user interaction in a document (e.g. for entering text or selecting a button).

:focus-visible  { outline: thick solid black }
:active { outline: thick solid red }

Note: Since the outline does not affect formatting (i.e., no space is left for it in the box model), it may well overlap other elements on the page.

3.2. Outline Thickness: the outline-width property

The outline-width property accepts the same values as border-width (CSS Backgrounds 3 § 3.3 Line Thickness: the border-width properties), with the same meaning.

3.3. Outline Patterns: the outline-style property

<outline-line-style> accepts the same values as <line-style> (CSS Backgrounds 3 § 3.2 Line Patterns: the border-style properties) with the same meaning, except that hidden is not a legal outline style. In addition, the outline-style property accepts the value auto.

The auto value permits the user agent to render a custom outline style, typically a style which is either a user interface default for the platform, or perhaps a style that is richer than can be described in detail in CSS, e.g. a rounded edge outline with semi-translucent outer pixels that appears to glow. User agents may enable authors to influence the rendering of auto style outlines via the outline-color property, but this specification does not define how the rendering is impacted (if at all). The outline-width property is ignored when outline-style is auto. User agents may treat auto as solid.

3.4. Outline Colors: the outline-color property

The outline-color property accepts all values of <'border-top-color'>, as well as the following keywords:

auto

When outline-style is auto, outline-color: auto computes to auto and represents the accent color.

Otherwise, outline-color: auto computes to currentColor.

See CSS Color 4 §  15. Resolving <color> Values for the computed value of <color> values, and CSS Images 4 § 4 1D Image Values: the <image-1D> type and stripes() notation for <image-1D> values.

3.5. Offsetting the Outline: the outline-offset property

By default, the outline is drawn starting just outside the border edge. However, it is possible to offset the outline and draw it beyond the border edge.

If the computed value of outline-offset is anything other than 0, then the outline is outset from the border edge by that amount.

:focus,:active  { outline-offset: 2px }

Negative values must cause the outline to shrink into the border box. Both the height and the width of the outside of the shape drawn by the outline should not become smaller than twice the computed value of the outline-width property to make sure that an outline can be rendered even with large negative values. User agents should apply this constraint independently in each dimension. If the outline is drawn as multiple disconnected shapes, this constraint applies to each shape separately.

4. Resizing

CSS2.1 provides a mechanism for controlling the appearance of a scrolling mechanism (e.g. scrollbars) on block container elements. This specification adds a mechanism to that for controlling user resizability of elements as well as the ability to specify text overflow behavior.

4.1. Resizing Boxes: the resize property

The resize property allows the author to specify whether or not an element is resizable by the user, and if so, along which axis/axes.

none

The UA does not present a resizing mechanism on the element, and the user is given no direct manipulation mechanism to resize the element.

both

The UA presents a bidirectional resizing mechanism to allow the user to adjust both the height and the width of the element.

horizontal

The UA presents a unidirectional horizontal resizing mechanism to allow the user to adjust only the width of the element.

vertical

The UA presents a unidirectional vertical resizing mechanism to allow the user to adjust only the height of the element.

block

The UA presents a unidirectional block-axis resizing mechanism to allow the user to adjust only the block size of the element.

inline

The UA presents a unidirectional inline-axis resizing mechanism to allow the user to adjust only the inline size of the element.

Currently it is possible to control the appearance of the scrolling mechanism (if any) on an element using the overflow property (e.g. overflow: scroll vs. overflow: hidden etc.). The purpose of the resize property is to allow control over the appearance and function of the resizing mechanism (e.g. a resize box or widget) on the element.

Note: The resizing mechanism is NOT the same as the scrolling mechanism, nor is it related to any UA mechanism for zooming. The scrolling mechanism allows the user to determine which portion of the contents of an element is shown. The resizing mechanism allows the user to determine the size of the element.

The resize property applies to elements that are scroll containers. UAs may also apply it, regardless of the value of the overflow property, to:

• Replaced elements representing images or videos, such as img, video, picture, svg, object, or canvas.
• The iframe element.

The effect of the resize property on generated content is undefined. Implementations should not apply the resize property to generated content.

Note: The resize property may apply to generated content in the future if there is implementation of Interface CSSPseudoElement.

When an element is resized by the user, the user agent sets the width and height properties to px unit length values of the size indicated by the user in the element’s style attribute DOM, replacing existing property declaration(s), if any, without !important, if any.

If an element is resized in only one dimension, only the corresponding property is set, not both.

The precise direction of resizing (i.e. altering the top-left of the element or altering the bottom-right) may depend on a number of CSS layout factors, including whether the element is absolutely positioned, whether it is positioned using the right and bottom properties, whether the language of the element is right-to-left etc. The UA should consider the direction of resizing (as determined by CSS layout), as well as platform conventions and constraints, when deciding how to convey the resizing mechanism to the user.

The user agent must allow the user to resize the element with no other constraints than what is imposed by min-width, max-width, min-height, and max-height.

Note: There may be situations in which user attempts to resize an element appear to be overridden or ignored, e.g. because of !important cascading declarations that supersede that element’s style attribute width and height properties in the DOM.

Changes to the computed value of an element’s resize property do not reset changes to the style attribute made due to user resizing of that element.

iframe,object[type^="text/"],
object[type$="+xml"],object[type="application/xml"]
{
  overflow:auto;
  resize:both;
}

5. Pointing Devices and Keyboards

5.1. Pointer interaction

5.1.1. Styling the Cursor: the cursor property

This property specifies the type of cursor to be displayed for the pointing device when the cursor’s hotspot is within the element’s border edge.

Note: As per CSS Backgrounds 3 § 4.1 Curve Radii: the border-radius properties, the border edge is affected by border-radius.

In the case of overlapping elements, which element determines the type of cursor is based on hit testing: the element determining the cursor is the one that would receive a click initiated from this position.

Note: The specifics of hit testing are out of scope of this specification. Hit testing will hopefully be defined in a future revision of CSS or HTML.

User agents may ignore the cursor property over native user agent controls such as scrollbars, resizers, or other native UI widgets e.g. those that may be used inside some user agent specific implementations of form elements. User agents may also ignore the cursor property and display a cursor of their choice to indicate various states of the UA’s user interface, such as a busy cursor when the page is not responding, or a text cursor when the user is performing text selection.

Note: [HTML] defines special handling of image maps for the cursor property.

Values have the following meanings:

<cursor-image>

The first (optional) component of the cursor property is a list of image-based cursors. If the user agent cannot handle the first cursor of a list of cursors, it must attempt to handle the second, etc. If the user agent cannot handle any of these author-defined cursors, it must use the keyword-based cursor at the end of the list.

A <cursor-image> has the following syntax:

<cursor-image> = [ <url> | <url-set> ] <number>{2}?

The user agent retrieves the cursor from the resource designated by the <url> or <url-set>. Conforming user agents may, instead of <url> and <url-set>, support <image> which is a superset.

<url-set> is a limited version of image-set(), where the <image> sub-production is restricted to <url> only.

The UA must support the following image file formats:

• PNG, as defined in [PNG]
• SVG, as defined in [SVG11], in secure static mode [SVG2], if it has a natural size.
• any other non-animated image file format that they support for <image> in other properties, such as the background-image property

In addition, the UA should support the following image file formats:

• SVG, as defined in [SVG11], in secure animated mode [SVG2], if it has a natural size.
• any other animated image file format that they support for <image> in other properties, such as the background-image property

The UA may also support additional file formats, including SVG, as defined in [SVG11], in secure static mode or secure animated mode [SVG2], even if it does not have a natural size.

Note: The CSS Working Group initially intended support for all SVG, naturally sized or not. Support for non-naturally sized SVG was downgraded from mandatory to optional due to a lack of implementations.

Note: For a number of years, the only file formats supported for cursors in common desktop browsers were the .ico and .cur file formats, as designed by Microsoft. Although this is no longer the case (PNG and SVG have broad support), for compatibility with legacy content, UAs are encouraged to support these, even though the lack of an open specification makes it impossible to have a normative requirement about these formats. Some information on these formats can be found on Wikipedia.

The default object size for cursor images is a UA-defined size that should be based on the size of a typical cursor on the UA’s operating system.

The concrete object size is determined using the default sizing algorithm. If an operating system is incapable of rendering a cursor above a given size, cursors larger than that size must be shrunk to within the OS-supported size bounds, while maintaining the cursor image’s natural aspect ratio, if any.

The optional pair of <number> values give the X and Y coordinates of the exact position within the image which is the pointer position (i.e., the hotspot), as offsets from the left/top of the image.

Note: This specification does not define how the coordinate systems of the various types of <image> are established, and defers these definitions to [CSS4-IMAGES].

If the values are omitted, then the natural hotspot defined inside the image resource itself is used. If it has no natural hotspot, the top left corner of the image is used, as if 0 0 were provided.

If the X or Y coordinates of the hotspot (whether specified explicitly or taken from the image) fall outside of the cursor image, they must be clamped (independently) to fit.

<cursor-predefined>

The mandatory <cursor-predefined> keyword specifies a predefined cursor to use, or the fallback cursor to be used if <url>s were provided and none of them can be successfully used.

See § 5.1.1.1 Predefined Cursors for the full set of <cursor-predefined> keywords and their meanings.

:link,:visited {
  cursor: url(example.svg),
    url(hyper.cur),
    url(hyper.png) 2 3,
    pointer
}

5.1.1.1. Predefined Cursors

The <cursor-predefined> production encompasses a broad selection of predefined cursors, present on most operating systems. Its syntax is:

<cursor-predefined> = auto | default | none |
                context-menu | help | pointer | progress | wait |
                cell | crosshair | text | vertical-text |
                alias | copy | move | no-drop | not-allowed | grab | grabbing |
                e-resize | n-resize | ne-resize | nw-resize |
                s-resize | se-resize | sw-resize | w-resize |
                ew-resize | ns-resize | nesw-resize | nwse-resize |
                col-resize | row-resize |
                all-scroll |
                zoom-in | zoom-out

The <cursor-predefined> keywords have the following meanings and likely renderings:

general purpose cursors

auto

The UA determines the cursor to display based on the current context: auto behaves as text over selectable text or editable elements, and default otherwise.

default

The platform-dependent default cursor. Often rendered as an arrow.

none

No cursor is rendered for the element.

links and status cursors

context-menu

A context menu is available for the object under the cursor. Often rendered as an arrow with a small menu-like graphic next to it.

help

Help is available for the object under the cursor. Often rendered as a question mark or a balloon.

pointer

The cursor is a pointer that indicates a link.

progress

A progress indicator. The program is performing some processing, but is different from wait in that the user may still interact with the program. Often rendered as a spinning beach ball, or an arrow with a watch or hourglass.

wait

Indicates that the program is busy and the user should wait. Often rendered as a watch or hourglass.

selection cursors

cell

Indicates that a cell or set of cells may be selected. Often rendered as a thick plus-sign with a dot in the middle.

crosshair

A simple crosshair (e.g., short line segments resembling a "+" sign). Often used to indicate a two dimensional bitmap selection mode.

text

Indicates text that may be selected. Often rendered as a vertical I-beam. User agents may automatically display a horizontal I-beam/cursor (e.g. same as the vertical-text keyword) for vertical text, or for that matter, any angle of I-beam/cursor for text that is rendered at any particular angle.

vertical-text

Indicates vertical-text that may be selected. Often rendered as a horizontal I-beam.

drag and drop cursors

alias

Indicates an alias of/shortcut to something is to be created. Often rendered as an arrow with a small curved arrow next to it.

copy

Indicates something is to be copied. Often rendered as an arrow with a small plus sign next to it.

move

Indicates something is to be moved.

no-drop

Indicates that the dragged item cannot be dropped at the current cursor location. Often rendered as a hand or pointer with a small circle with a line through it.

not-allowed

Indicates that the requested action will not be carried out. Often rendered as a circle with a line through it.

grab

Indicates that something can be grabbed (dragged to be moved). Often rendered as the backside of an open hand.

grabbing

Indicates that something is being grabbed (dragged to be moved). Often rendered as the backside of a hand with fingers closed mostly out of view.

resizing and scrolling cursors

e-resize

n-resize

ne-resize

nw-resize

s-resize

se-resize

sw-resize

w-resize

Indicates that some edge is to be moved. For example, the se-resize cursor is used when the movement starts from the south-east corner of the box.

ew-resize

ns-resize

nesw-resize

nwse-resize

Indicates a bidirectional resize cursor.

col-resize

Indicates that the item/column can be resized horizontally. Often rendered as arrows pointing left and right with a vertical bar separating them.

row-resize

Indicates that the item/row can be resized vertically. Often rendered as arrows pointing up and down with a horizontal bar separating them.

all-scroll

Indicates that the something can be scrolled in any direction. Often rendered as arrows pointing up, down, left, and right with a dot in the middle.

zooming cursors

zoom-in

zoom-out

Indicates that something can be zoomed (magnified) in or out, and often rendered as a magnifying glass with a "+" or "-" in the center of the glass, for zoom-in and zoom-out respectively.

5.1.1.2. Cursor of the canvas

The document canvas is the infinite surface over which the document is rendered [CSS21]. Since no element corresponds to the canvas, in order to allow styling of the cursor when not over any element, the canvas cursor re-uses the root element’s cursor. However, if no boxes are generated for the root element (for example, if the root element has display: none), then the canvas cursor is the platform-dependent default cursor.

Note: An element might be invisible but still generate boxes. For example, if the element has visibility: hidden but not display: none, boxes are generated for it and its cursor is used for the canvas.

5.2. Insertion caret

The insertion caret (or “caret” for short) is a visible indicator of the insertion point in an element that accepts text input, where text (and potentially other content) can be inserted by the user. The caret-color, caret-animation, and caret-shape properties give the author some amount of control over the appearance of the caret.

Text or elements are considered to accept text input if they are either an editable element or a descendent thereof, excluding any such element where the used value of user-select is none, as well as subtrees rooted at an HTML element with a contentEditable attribute set to false.

Some user agents have other user interface mechanisms with a similar appearance, also occasionally referred to as “carets”. For example, some UAs can show a “navigation caret”, which acts similarly to an insertion caret but can be moved around in non-editable text. The caret-color, caret-animation, and caret-shape properties are not intended to apply to such mechanisms nor outside of editable elements, though user agents may choose to take them into account. Whether to do so and to what extent is up to the user agent.

Note: The cursor image shown when hovering over text when the cursor property is auto, or when hovering over an element where the cursor property is text or vertical-text, though it sometimes resembles a caret, is not a caret (it’s a cursor).

Within the context of this section, character is to be understood as extended grapheme cluster, as defined in [UAX29], and visible character means a character with a non-zero advance measure.

5.2.1. Coloring the Insertion Caret: the caret-color property

This property controls the color of the insertion caret. It takes one or two values. The first value has the following effects:

auto

User agents should use currentColor. User agents may automatically adjust the color of caret to ensure good visibility and contrast with the surrounding content, possibly based on the currentColor, background, shadows, etc.

Note: When caret-shape is block, ensuring good visibility and contrast is best achieved with a UA-determined color other than currentColor.

<color>

The caret is colored with the specified color.

The second value has no effect when caret-shape is bar, underscore, or auto behaving as either of these values. If caret-shape is block—​or auto behaving as block—​then it determines the color of the text overlapping the caret. If the second value is omitted, the behavior is the same as if auto had been specified.

auto

User agents must automatically adjust the color of the text overlapping the caret to ensure good visibility and contrast between the text and the underlying block caret, if using currentColor would result in poor readability. The specifics of how to assess contrast and how to pick a sufficiently contrasty color are up to the user agent.

<color>

The color of text overlapping the caret is the specified color.

Note: Authors wishing to ensure that the color of the text remains constant regardless of the position of a block caret can specify currentColor as the second value of caret-color.

Text considered to overlap the caret is the next visible character after the insertion point, if any.

Optionally, user agents may treat as overlapping only those parts of next visible character which visually intersect with the block, and adjust the color of those parts only.

5.2.2. Animation of the insertion caret: caret-animation

On most platforms and in most UAs, the insertion caret blinks. This property allows the author to take control over the way the caret is animated.

auto

The UA determines how the caret should be animated, if at all, as well as the speed of any such animation. It should match platform conventions and settings, and may be adjusted based on context.

Note: This is typically rendered as a blinking caret. Fading in and out instead of blinking is a variant that appears in some environments.

manual

The UA must not animate the caret.

Note: This is only about UA-driven animations of the caret. When CSS animations are used to animate the caret color, they apply normally.

Note: It is recommended for authors to stop the caret from blinking or fading using caret-animation: manual when applying custom animations using [CSS3-ANIMATIONS], to prevent the UA’s animation and the CSS animation to interfere.

Note: See Guideline 2.3: Seizures: Do not design content in a way that is known to cause seizures [WCAG20].

/* prevent the caret from blinking/flashing */
:read-write { caret-animation: manual !important; }

/* prevent changes of caret-color, including animations */
:read-write { caret-color: auto !important; }

UAs that do not have an editable user stylesheet should provide a setting to disable blinking, flashing, and animated carets. UAs that do have an editable user stylesheet may want to provide this setting as well. See [WCAG] Guideline 2.2 and Guideline 2.3 for details.

textarea {
  caret-animation: manual;
  caret-color: blue;
  animation: caret-alternate 2s step-end infinite;
}
@keyframes caret-alternate {
  50% { caret-color: red; }
}

5.2.3. Shape of the insertion caret: caret-shape

This property allows authors to specify the desired shape of the insertion caret.

auto

The UA determines the shape of the caret. It should match platform conventions, and may be adjusted based on context. For example, if a UA switches between insert mode and overtype mode when the user presses the insert key on their keyboard, it may show a bar caret in insert mode, and a block caret in overtype mode.

bar

The UA must render the insertion caret as a thin bar placed at the insertion point. This means it is between, before, or after characters, not over them. It should be perpendicular to the inline progression direction, although UAs may render it slanted when inserting italic or oblique text.

block

The UA must render the insertion caret as a rectangle overlapping the next visible character following the insertion point. If there is no visible character after the insertion point, the UA must render the caret after the last visible character. UAs may render it as a slanted rectangle when inserting italic or oblique text.

underscore

The UA must render the insertion caret as a thin line under (as defined in [CSS-WRITING-MODES-3]) the next visible character following the insertion point. If there is no visible character after the insertion point, the UA must render the caret after the last visible character.

The width of the block and underscore carets should be the advance measure of the next visible character after the insertion point, or 1ch if there is no next visible character or if this information is impractical to determine.

When determining the orientation and appearance of the caret, UAs must take into account the writing mode [CSS-WRITING-MODES-3] and must apply transformations [CSS-TRANSFORMS-1]. If the edited text is laid out on a path, for instance by using the SVG textPath element, UAs should also account for this.

The thickness of bar and underscore carets—​as well as that of auto carets with a similar rendering—​is determined by the user agent. When practical, the user agent should choose a thickness that ensures the caret remains visible even if it has been scaled down via means such as transformations [CSS-TRANSFORMS-1].

When there is not enough room at the end of a line to display the caret positioned there, the user agents should still display it, even if that means means painting past the bounds of the scrollable overflow area; user agents may impose limits on this and clip as necessary. User agents may also visually reposition a caret in order to display it within the scrollport if it would otherwise be invisible.

The stacking position of the caret is left undefined within the following constraints:

• The caret must not be obscured by the background of the element.
• UAs must render block carets so that the character it overlaps with is not obscured by the caret.

.console {
  caret-shape: underscore;
  background: black;
  color: white;
  font-family: monospace;
  padding: 1ex;
}

user@host:css-ui-4 $ ls -a
. .. Overview.bs Overview.html
user@host:css-ui-4 $  

user@host:css-ui-4 $ ls -a
. .. Overview.bs Overview.html
user@host:css-ui-4 $ 

5.2.4. Insertion caret shorthand: caret

This property is a shorthand for setting caret-color, caret-animation, and caret-shape in one declaration. Omitted values are set to their initial values.

#old-screen {
  caret: block manual;
  animation: old-caret 2s infinite;
  /*styling of the screen omitted for brevity */
}
@keyframes old-caret {
  from, 50% { caret-color: green; }
  75%, to { caret-color: transparent; }
}

5.3. Keyboard control

5.3.1. Directional Focus Navigation: the nav-up, nav-right, nav-down, nav-left properties

auto

The user agent automatically determines which element to navigate the focus to in response to directional navigational input.

<id>

The <id> value is an ID selector [SELECT]. In response to directional navigation input corresponding to the property, the focus is navigated to the first element in tree order matching the selector.

If this refers to the currently focused element, the directional navigation input respective to the nav- property is ignored — there is no need to refocus the same element.

If no element matches the selector, the user agent automatically determines which element to navigate the focus to.

If the focus is navigated to an element that was not otherwise focusable, it becomes focusable only as the result of this directional navigation, and the :focus pseudo-class matches the element while it is focused as such.

Note: there were other options under consideration for such "not otherwise focusable" elements, including focus to the next otherwise focusable element in the document tree (including descendants of such a not otherwise focusable element). Input on such other options is welcome and explicitly solicited, especially from implementation experiences and author experience using the directional navigation properties in their content.

<target-name>

The <target-name> parameter indicates the target frame for the focus navigation. It is a <string> and it MUST NOT start with the underscore "_" character. Error handling: if it does start with an underscore, "_parent" navigates to the parent frame, "_root" is treated as root, and other values navigate to a frame by that name if it exists. If the specified target frame does not exist, the parameter will be treated as the keyword current, which means to simply use the frame that the element is in. The keyword root indicates that the user agent should target the full window.

User agents for devices with directional navigation keys respond by navigating the focus according to four respective nav-* directional navigation properties (nav-up, nav-right, nav-down, nav-left). This specification does not define which keys of a device are directional navigational keys.

Note: Typical personal computers have keyboards with four arrow keys. One possible implementation would be to use those four arrow keys for directional navigation. For accessibility and user convenience, user agents should allow configuration of which keys on a keyboard are used for directional navigation.

button { position:absolute }

button#b1 {
  top:0; left:50%;
  nav-right:#b2; nav-left:#b4;
  nav-down:#b2; nav-up:#b4;
}

button#b2 {
  top:50%; left:100%;
  nav-right:#b3; nav-left:#b1;
  nav-down:#b3; nav-up:#b1;
}

button#b3 {
  top:100%; left:50%;
  nav-right:#b4; nav-left:#b2;
  nav-down:#b4; nav-up:#b2;
}

button#b4 {
  top:50%; left:0;
  nav-right:#b1; nav-left:#b3;
  nav-down:#b1; nav-up:#b3;
}

button#foo { nav-left: #bar "sidebar"; }

5.3.2. Obsolete: the ime-mode property

ime-mode is a property somewhat implemented in some browsers that is problematic and officially obsoleted by this specification and its predecessor [CSS-UI-3].

User agents should not support the ime-mode property.

Authors must not use the ime-mode property.

Users may use the ime-mode property only for repair use cases where they have to work around bad sites and legacy implementations, e.g. with a user style sheet rule like:

input[type=password] {
      ime-mode: auto !important;
    }

This example CSS may be placed into a user style sheet file to force password input fields to behave in a default manner.

This specification deliberately does not attempt to document the functionality of legacy ime-mode implementations nor what they specifically support because it does not make sense to pursue or recommend any such path.

6. User Interaction

6.1. Controlling content selection

The user-select property enables authors to specify which elements in the document can be selected by the user and how. This allows for easier interactions when not all elements are equally useful to select, avoiding accidental selections of neighboring content.

User agents must not apply the user-select property to the ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements.

Note: The UA may apply this property to the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements. If it does, the auto value maps to a used value of none on these pseudos, but other values can be specified. This preserves the legacy behavior of generated content not being selectable or copyable, which is appropriate when these pseudos are used for decorative purposes. However, this property allows them to become selectable and copyable, as the user would expect in cases where they are used to generate parts of the content, such as the issue numbers in this document. To the extent possible, authors should avoid using generated content for non-decorative purposes, and should prefer including all the content in the DOM. This feature is at risk.

if we allow user-select to change to a value other than none, we need to figure out what this means for copyability and DOM APIs.

When generated content in pseudo-elements becomes selectable through this mechanism, UAs should also make this content findable through their search function.

Should it also apply to ::marker? To page-margin boxes? Should the used value of auto also be none, or would text be more appropriate?

The used value is the same as the computed value, except:

1. on editable elements where the used value is always contain regardless of the computed value
2. when the computed value is auto, in which case the used value is one of the other values as defined below

For the purpose of this specification, an editable element is either an editing host or a mutable form control with textual content, such as textarea.

Should there be constraints on what happens to the used value on elements that are editable descendants of editing hosts? The semantics are not obvious. Maybe none should map to text, or maybe all values should map to text.

auto

The used value of auto is determined as follows:

• On the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements, the used value is none
• If the element is an editable element, the used value is contain
• Otherwise, if the used value of user-select on the parent of this element is all, the used value is all
• Otherwise, if the used value of user-select on the parent of this element is none, the used value is none
• Otherwise, the used value is text

Note: This unusual combination of a non-inherited property with an initial value of auto whose used value depends on the parent element makes it possible to create what is effectively selective inheritance. This was initially proposed by Microsoft in IE to introduce a behavior similar to inheritance, except that the contain value does not inherit.

text

The element imposes no constraint on the selection.

none

The UA must not allow selections to be started in this element.

A selection started outside of this element must not end in this element. If the user attempts to create such a selection, the UA must instead end the selection range at the element boundary.

Note: As of the time of writing, experimental implementations do not all behave like this. Firefox does. Chrome and Safari almost do: for a selection started after the element and trying to go backwards into the element, they behave as specified here, but for a selection started before the element and trying to go into the element, they behave as if the element has all and select it entirely. IE does not restrict selections started outside of the element from going into it at all. Another difference is that in Chrome and Safari, if the user attempts to start a selection inside a user-select: none, and to end the selection out of it, a selection will be created from the boundary of the element to the user-designated end point. Firefox and Internet Explorer behave as prescribed in this specification and do not create a selection at all.

However, if this element has descendants on which the used value of user-select is not none, selections that start and end within these descendants are allowed.

The UA must allow selections to extend across this element, and must exclude this element from such a selection. An exception is made for UAs which do not support multiple ranges per selection, and they may include this element. If the element has descendants on which the used value of user-select is not none, these descendants must be included in a selection extending across the element. This specification makes no normative requirement about the behavior of the clipboard. However, UAs are encouraged to keep the visual selection consistent with what would get copied to the clipboard when copying. Copying text that does not appear to be selected, or vice versa, is highly confusing to users.

Attempting to start a selection in an element where user-select is none, such as by clicking in it or starting a drag in it, must not cause a pre-existing selection to become unselected or to be affected in any way.

As user-select is a UI convenience mechanism, not a copy protection mechanism, the UA may provide an alternative way for the user to explicitly select the text even when user-select is none.

Note: none is not a copy protection mechanism, and using it as such is ineffective: user agents are allowed to provide ways to bypass it, it will have no effect on legacy user agents that do not support it, and the user can disable it through the user style sheet or equivalent mechanisms on UAs that do anyway. Instead, none is meant to make it easier for the user to select the content they want by letting the author disable selection on UI elements that are not useful to select. Tools such as CSS validators, linters, or in-browser developer tools are encouraged to use heuristics to detect and warn against incorrect or abusive usage that would hamper usability or violate common user expectations.

Authors should be careful about not constraining the user unnecessarily. For example, setting user-select: none on the root element, and relaxing that restriction on a handful of elements the author judges useful to select can be frustrating to users:

• Clicking in empty areas to undo the current selection will no longer be effective

• The author may have overlooked some areas which should be selectable

• Areas may be added later to the page without remembering to make them selectable

• The user may want to select pieces of text other than the main content, for instance to look them up in a dictionary or in some translation tool, or to look for warnings and error messages in a search engine…

Instead, a good practice is for authors is to selectively apply user-select: none to elements which seem likely to be accidentally selected when doing so would interfere with the more likely intended action. Accidentally leaving parts of the page that are unlikely to be interacted with selectable will likely cause much less frustration to users than the opposite.

contain

UAs must not allow a selection which is started in this element to be extended outside of this element.

A selection started outside of this element must not end in this element. If the user attempts to create such a selection, the UA must instead end the selection range at the element boundary.

The UA must allow selections to extend across this element, and such selections must include the content of the element.

Note: At the time of writing, experimental implementations behave differently from each other about selections started outside and selections going into the element. The behavior can be observed even on browsers that do not explicitly support contain by trying to select into a textarea or a contenteditable element.

Note: This was initially introduced as an experimental feature in Internet Explorer, under the name user-select: element.

all

The content of the element must be selected atomically: If a selection would contain part of the element, then the selection must contain the entire element including all its descendants. If the element is selected and the used value of user-select on its parent is all, then the parent must be included in the selection, recursively.

If this element has descendants on which the used value of user-select is not all and if a selection is entirely contained in these descendants, then the selection is not extended to include this whole element.

Note: Selections can include more than just text and extend over images, tables, videos, etc. The behavior when copying and pasting such selections is out of scope for this specification.

The following additions are made to the UA stylesheet for HTML:

button, meter, progress, select { user-select: none; }

the list above is incomplete and needs to include at least the various button-like variants of input.

For compatibility with legacy content, UAs that support user-select must also support -webkit-user-select as an alias.

Note: The details of the aliasing mechanism is intentionally left up to the UA. Making -webkit-user-select a shorthand property of user-select is known to be an effective approach, and new implementers should consider it. However, UAs supporting -webkit-user-select as an alias of user-select through other means exist without adverse consequences to compatibility, so this specification allows flexibility.

6.2. Exclusion from Hit-testing: the pointer-events property

While this property modifies the normal behavior of hit-testing, this normal hit-testing is currently not specified. There is broad interoperability about the seemingly obvious parts of this problem, but there are countless nuances and corner cases that would greatly benefit from a detailed specification. The CSS-WG would hugely appreciate help with writing such a specification.

The pointer-events property defines whether an element’s boxes can be targeted by point pointer events. Values have the following meanings:

auto

Hit-testing occurs normally.

none

Hit-testing acts as if the boxes generated by the element (see [CSS-DISPLAY-3]) were not there, effectively causing the element behind the pointer-events: none element to become the target of hit-testing-based events instead.

The statement above needs to be qualified; for some purposes, hit-testing continues to take the element into account. For instance, clicking and dragging to start a text selection will continue to work as usual. What is the precise set of things for which hit-testing is affected by pointer-events?

pointer-events: none does not inhibit sequential focus navigation.

Note: This pointer-events: none only excludes the element itself from hit-testing, not the whole subtree. While this property propagates to descendants via inheritance, pointer-events: auto can be specified on a descendant of a pointer-events: none element, and such an element will participate normally in hit-testing.

Note: Events that target a pointer-events: auto descendant of a pointer-events: none element can still be caught by event handlers on pointer-events: none ancestors of the targeted element during the bubbling or capturing phases (see DOM § 2 Events).

Note: SVG 2 § 15.6 The ‘pointer-events’ property defines a variant of this property for SVG elements, with more possible values. The effect of such values outside of SVG is currently not defined.

6.3. Preventing All Interaction: the interactivity property

The interactivity property specifies whether an element and its flat tree descendants (including text nodes) are inert or not.

auto

The element’s inertness is determined by the host language. (This will usually mean the element is not inert.)

inert

The element is inert.

Note: This property allows an author to force an element inert, but doesn’t allow making an element *non*-inert, just deferring inertness to the host language. For example, in HTML, while a modal dialog is being displayed, the rest of the page is forced inert automatically, regardless of the value of this property. In general, host languages can make use of more information about the document than CSS has easy access to to determine what the best inertness behavior is for users.

Note: Inert nodes generally cannot be focused, and user agents do not expose the inert nodes to accessibility APIs or assistive technologies. An inert subtree should not contain any content or controls which are critical to understanding or using aspects of the page which are not in the inert state. Content in an inert subtree will not be perceivable by all users, or interactive. Authors should not specify elements as inert unless the content they represent are also visually obscured in some way. In most cases, authors should not specify the inert attribute on individual form controls. In these instances, the disabled attribute is probably more appropriate.

[inert] {
  interactivity: inert;
}
dialog:modal {
  interactivity: auto;
}

6.4. User Interest Delay: the interest-delay-* properties

Some host language features can be activated when a user shows interest in an element. Exactly what this means is up to the host language and user agent (for example, the HTML interestfor attribute), but a common property of such features is that "interest" shouldn’t be gained or lost instantly.

For example, if "interest" can be shown by hovering the cursor over an element, briefly passing the cursor over the element while moving the cursor over the page should not (at least by default) indicate "interest"—​that could result in UI confusingly popping up and disappearing while the user is performing unrelated tasks.

Similarly, once interest has been shown, the interest source should not (at least by default) lose interest instantaneously either. Again, as an example, if the user shows interest in a link by hovering the cursor over it, causing a child popup list to appear next to it, moving the cursor from the link to the popup likely involves briefly leaving both the link and the list, but shouldn’t cause the list to "lose interest" and close the popup.

The interest-delay shorthand, and its interest-delay-start and interest-delay-end longhands, allow control of the interest start delay and interest end delay for these features on a given element. Its possible values are:

normal

The interest start delay and/or the interest end delay are UA-defined. They can be chosen to match platform conventions.

These delays should not be zero. They may be different from each other, and may vary depending on the way the user is showing interest. (For example, a "hover" and a "long press" might use different delays for indicating interest.)

<time>

Specifies that the interest start delay and/or the interest end delay are the specified duration.

The interest-delay shorthand sets interest-delay-start to its first value, and interest-delay-end to its second value (or to the first value, if only one value is passed).

Note: In the future, the syntax of these properties might be expanded to allow for customizing the delay depending on feature and how the user is showing interest. (For example, providing different delays for hovering vs long-pressing.)

7. Styling Widgets

7.1. Widget Accent Colors: the accent-color property

User interface controls on any given platform are typically designed as a cohesive set, under a single, cohesive visual style. On many platforms (though not all), the visual style includes the use of an accent color, a typically bright color that contrasts markedly with the more utilitarian background and foreground colors. Not every control uses the accent color in every state, but it is nonetheless a core part of the controls’ color scheme.

The accent-color CSS property allows the author to specify the accent color for user-interface controls generated by the element. Values have the following meanings:

auto

Represents a UA-chosen color, which should match the accent color of the platform, if any.

<color>

Specifies the color to be used as the accent color.

The UA should use the specified accent-color to draw whichever parts of the element’s control(s) would have otherwise been styled with an accent color. The UA must maintain contrast for legibility of the control, and in order to do so may adjust the luminance or brightness of the color or make color substitutions in other parts of the control (e.g. switching an overlaid glyph from using color to using background-color). It may also generate variations of the color for gradients etc. to match the control to platform conventions for the use of the accent color.

A radio button is typically composed of a circle, potentially overlaid by a “dot” representing the checked state. Certain visual styles use an accent color for the checked state: some of these use it for the background of the circle, others for its foreground.

In both cases, the accent-color property styles the affected parts of the control. For visual styles that do not use an accent color for radio buttons, accent-color will have no effect.

The following are all examples of radio buttons conformantly rendered with a blue accent-color:

Platform	Sample	Notes
Firefox 79 / Win		No use of accent color.
Chrome 81 / Win		No use of accent color.
Safari / Snow Leopard		Accent color used to generate checked-state “background” gradient.
Safari 13 / Mac / Light		Accent color as checked-state “foreground”.
Safari 13 / Mac / Dark		Accent color as checked-state “foreground”.
Chrome 83 / Win / Light		Accent color as checked-state “foreground”.
Chrome 83 / Win / Dark		Accent color as checked-state “foreground”, contrast-adjusted for dark mode backgrounds.

If the color supplied is partially or fully transparent, the user agent must first pre-compose it over the Canvas system color and use the resulting (now opaque) color as the accent color.

Note: Although it may vary based on user settings, Canvas is typically white when in a light color scheme and black when in a dark color scheme.

7.2. Switching appearance: the appearance property

While the way most elements in a document look can be fully controlled by CSS, widgets are typically rendered by UAs using native UI controls of the host operating system, which can neither be replicated nor styled using CSS.

The term widget in this specification denotes replaced elements that can have native appearance, meaning that they are rendered like analogous native widgets or controls of the host operating system or platform, or with a look and feel not otherwise expressible in CSS. It is up to the host language (e.g., HTML [HTML]) to define which elements can have native appearance.

This specification introduces the appearance property to provide some control over this behavior. In particular, using appearance: none allows authors to suppress the native appearance of widgets, giving them a primitive appearance where CSS can be used to restyle them.

Using appearance: base gives widgets a base appearance. Widgets in base appearance have their native appearance suppressed where CSS can be used to restyle them, just like primitive appearance, but also have default styles which are usable and interoperable. This is unlike primitive appearance which can cause some widgets to disappear completely.

A widget can have some style sheet associated with it and those styles can change based on whether the widget has a base appearance. Native appearance and primitive appearance should have the same styles.

appearance:base is not ready to ship until its stylesheet has been fully defined in the HTML specification, and implemented accordingly for all HTML form controls.

input { appearance: none; }
input[type=checkbox] { appearance: checkbox; }

none

The element is rendered following the usual rules of CSS. Replaced elements other than widgets are not affected by this and remain replaced elements. Widgets must not have their native appearance, and instead must have their primitive appearance. See § 7.2.2 Effects of appearance on Decorative Aspects of Elements and § 7.2.3 Effects of appearance on Semantic Aspects of Elements for details.

auto

The element’s box is laid out like a regular replaced element.

Within that box, elements representing widgets should have the native appearance of that widget.

The host language is responsible for defining which elements represent which widgets.

Elements other than widgets must be rendered as for none.

base

The effect of base depends on the element it is applied to:

elements other than widgets

Elements other than widgets must be rendered as for none.

Widgets which support base appearance

Just like none, the element is rendered following the usual rules of CSS. Widgets must not have their native appearance, and instead must have their base appearance.

Widgets which don’t support base appearance

Widgets which don’t have a base appearance must be rendered as for auto. The host language is responsible for defining which widgets have a base appearance.

base-select

The effect of base-select depends on the element it is applied to:

The select element or ::picker(select)

The element is rendered as for base.

Everything else

The element is rendered as for auto.

<compat-auto>

These values exist for compatibility of content developed for earlier non-standard versions of this property. They all have the same effect as auto.

<compat-auto> =  searchfield | textarea | checkbox | radio | menulist | listbox | meter | progress-bar | button 

When auto is widely supported, recommend using it instead.

If any of these values are not needed for web compat, they should be dropped from this list; conversely, any value needed for compat not included in this list should be added.

It is possible that for compat reasons some of these values need to be promoted to being full blown values with effects on arbitrary elements, or that some of these values need to have some side effects on some widgets.

<compat-special>

These values exist for compatibility of content developed for earlier non-standard versions of this property. For the purpose of this specification, they all have the same effect as auto. However, the host language may also take these values into account when defining the native appearance of the element.

<compat-special> =  textfield | menulist-button 

For instance, in [HTML]:

• The native appearance of input elements with a "search" type attribute changes to match the appearance of input elements with a "text" type attribute when appearance is textfield.

• The native appearance of drop-down box select elements changes to match that of its devolved state when appearance is menulist-button.

input[type=checkbox] {
  all: unset; /* this shorthand includes resetting appearance to none */
  width: 1em;
  height: 1em;
  display: inline-block;
  background: red;
}
input[type=checkbox]:checked {
  border-radius: 50%;
  background: green;
}
input[type=checkbox]:focus-visible {
  outline: auto;
}

User agents may disregard some CSS properties used to size and paint the contents of widgets rendered with their native appearance to ensure that the intended appearance is preserved, or because these properties may not be meaningful for the chosen appearance.

Disregarding a property means that the user agent treats it as if it didn’t apply to the widget in question. Nevertheless, unless an explicit exception is specified (for compatibility reasons), the user agent must still determine the computed value of any disregarded property according to the usual rules.

In more detail, the rules for disregarding properties for natively rendered widgets are:

• CSS properties that impact the box sizing or position of the widget’s box (such as the sizing properties), or their visual appearance outside of the box (such as transform, filter or box-shadow), must be applied to widgets rendered with their native appearance. The widget’s box participates in the rest of layout like any other replaced element.
• Properties that affect the internal box model sizing of the widget’s box (such as box-sizing, padding, border or margin) may be disregarded when needed.
• Other properties that affect painting (like background-color) may be disregarded when needed.
• User agents should take into account CSS properties that affect writing modes or font-related properties when possible, when rendering text within the widget.
• The object-fit property does not apply.

Native rendering of widgets may overflow the size of its box if its intrinsic sizing exceeds that size.

For compatibility with legacy content, UAs must also support -webkit-appearance as a legacy name alias of appearance.

7.2.1. Properties Disabling Native Appearance

Certain properties, when declared in the Author Origin, will disable the native appearance of certain widgets. Specifically, if all the declarations of the Author Origin pertaining to such a widget are cascaded and a cascaded value exists—​after having rolled back any number revert or revert-layer values—​for any property that disables native appearance for widgets, then that widget is rendered as a devolved widget. The rendering of a devolved widget is identical to that of the widget in its primitive appearance, except when specified otherwise by the host language.

The host language defines which elements represent devolvable widgets. Widgets whose appearance remains native regardless of any properties that disable native appearance for widgets are called non-devolvable widgets.

The properties that disable native appearance for widgets are:

• background-color
• border-top-color
• border-top-style
• border-top-width
• border-right-color
• border-right-style
• border-right-width
• border-bottom-color
• border-bottom-style
• border-bottom-width
• border-left-color
• border-left-style
• border-left-width
• border-block-start-color
• border-block-end-color
• border-inline-start-color
• border-inline-end-color
• border-block-start-style
• border-block-end-style
• border-inline-start-style
• border-inline-end-style
• border-block-start-width
• border-block-end-width
• border-inline-start-width
• border-inline-end-width
• background-image
• background-attachment
• background-position
• background-clip
• background-origin
• background-size
• border-image-source
• border-image-slice
• border-image-width
• border-image-outset
• border-image-repeat
• border-top-left-radius
• border-top-right-radius
• border-bottom-right-radius
• border-bottom-left-radius
• border-start-start-radius
• border-start-end-radius
• border-end-start-radius
• border-end-end-radius