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This section covers the Java platform classes used for basic input and output. But before we begin we need to have a concrete understanding of what input and output means in programming. To grasp this concept, think of the Java platform as a system.

The Java platform is an isolated entity, a space on your OS in a way, where everything outside this system is its environment. The interaction between the system and its environment is a two-way dialog of sorts. Either the system receives messages from its environment, or it conveys its messages to the same. When a message is received by the system, it is called an input, its opposite is an output. On a whole, this communication is termed input/output abbreviated as I/O.

The following chapters are designed to introduce basic input and output in Java, including reading text input from the keyboard, outputting text to the monitor, and reading/writing files from the file system. More advanced user interaction using Graphics and Graphical User Interface (GUI) programs is taken up in the later section on Swing.

There are two packages for I/O: the older java.io package (does not support symbolic links) and the newer java.nio ("new io") package that has improved exception handling at java.nio.file.

Writing to the screen is very easy, and can be accomplished using one of two methods:

Code section 9.1: Print "Hello world" without advancing to a new line System.out.print("Hello world");	Output on the screen Hello world
Code section 9.2: Print "Hello world" and advance to a new line System.out.println("Hello world");	Output on the screen Hello world

As of version 5, Java provides a class in the java.util package called Scanner that simplifies keyboard input.

Code section 9.3: Inputting with Scanner Scanner kbdIn = new Scanner(System.in); // Instantiating a new Scanner object System.out.print("Enter your name: "); // Printing out the prompt String name = kbdIn.nextLine(); // Reading a line of input (until the user hits enter) from the keyboard // and putting it in a String variable called name System.out.println("Welcome, " + name); // Printing out welcome, followed by the user's name

On the screen Enter your name: John Doe Welcome, John Doe

Alternatively, one could write a method to handle keyboard input:

Code section 9.4: Line reader public String readLine() { // Creates a new BufferedReader object BufferedReader x = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); // Reads a line of input and returns it directly return x.readLine(); }

Note that the code above shouldn't be used in most applications, as it creates new Objects every time the method is run. A better alternative would be to create a separate class file to handle keyboard input.

• Book:Java Programming

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