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RISC units are typically faster and more efficient than CISC units. For this reason, many CISC processors have complicated instruction decoders that actually convert the CISC machine code into a RISC-like set of internal instructions known as microcodes. These microcodes are then fed into the internal core of the processor, which is based on the RISC design.

Wikipedia has related information at control store.

Wikipedia has related information at microcode.

The most common way to implement memory-memory architecture CPUs (even with single-chip microprocessors, not just wire-wrapped machines) uses a small "control store" ROM. The output data bits of the control store are latched in the microinstruction register^{[1][2][3][4][5]} (reminiscent of the way instructions fetched from RAM are latched in the instruction register). The clock signal determining the cycle time of the system primarily clocks the microinstruction register. The bits stored in the microinstruction register directly control everything that goes on in the CPU. (In some processors, the microinstruction register is the only thing connected to the clock signal. Later we will discuss "pipelining", a technique involving pipeline registers connected to the clock signal).

Some of the bits in the microinstruction register do nothing but drive some of the address bits of the control store. Those bits -- that sub-field of the pipeline register -- is sometimes called the "microprogram counter", even though it is merely a latch -- typically the control store is programmed such that those bits increment on every clock cycle, and reset to zero when a new instruction is loaded into the instruction register. The instruction register directly drives some of the address lines of the control store ROM. A few more address lines of the control store ROM are driven by status bits such as the Z flag and the C flag.

Some CPUs, such as the ECOMIPS^[6], the Intel Core 2 and the Intel Xeon,^[7] use "writable microcode" -- rather than storing the microcode in ROM or hard-wired logic, the microcode is stored in a RAM called a Writable Control Store or WCS.

Wikipedia has related information at microsequencer .

• "Viktor's Amazing 4-bit Processor" has microcode that he says *could* have been implemented with about 90 diodes in a traditional diode matrix; but instead he implemented microcode with a Flash memory chip he can re-program in-circuit using manual switches.

• MT15 by Dieter Mueller uses transistors instead of diodes in a big AND-OR PLA (programmable logic array) matrix to implement the microcode.

1. ↑ US Patent 5050073. "Microinstruction execution system for reducing execution time for calculating microinstruction". 1987.
2. ↑ Jonathan G. Campbell. "The Central Processing Unit (CPU)" 2000.
3. ↑ Patrick R. Schaumont. "A Practical Introduction to Hardware/Software Codesign". 2010.
4. ↑ Govindarajalu. "Computer Architecture and Organization: Design Principles and Applications". 2004.
5. ↑ B. Govindarajalu. "Computer Architecture and Organization, 2E" 2010.
6. ↑ "ECOMIPS: An Economic MIPS CPU Design on FPGA" by Xizhi Li and Tiecai Li
7. ↑ Wikipedia: microcode#Writable_control_stores

• Book:Microprocessor Design