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GeezerVison is showing en.wikipedia.org — Calque - Wikipedia Not to be confused with Literal translation or Claque.
In linguistics, a calque (/kælk/) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new word or phrase (lexeme) in the target language. For instance, the English word skyscraper has been calqued in dozens of other languages,[1] combining words for "sky" (or "clouds") and "scrape" in each language, such as grattacielo in Italian. Calques, like direct borrowings, often function as linguistic gap-fillers, emerging when a language lacks existing vocabulary to express new ideas, technologies, or objects. This phenomenon is widespread and is often attributed to the shared conceptual frameworks across human languages. Speakers of different languages tend to perceive the world through common categories such as time, space, and quantity, making the translation of concepts across languages both possible and natural.[2] Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching: while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language.[3] Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. TypesOne system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal:[4]
Some linguists refer to a phonological calque, in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language.[8] For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 (pinyin: léidá),[8] which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder". PartialPartial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others.[9] For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of the UK service "Freeview", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "liverwurst" (< German Leberwurst)[10] and "apple strudel" (< German Apfelstrudel).[11] SemanticThe computer mouse was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages use their word for mouse for the computer mouse, sometimes using a diminutive or, in Chinese, adding the word cursor (标), or the word "scroll" (Chinese: 滑; pinyin: huá) making shǔbiāo 'mouse cursor' (simplified Chinese: 鼠标; traditional Chinese: 鼠標; pinyin: shǔbiāo) or huáshǔ, "scrolling mouse" (Chinese: 滑鼠; pinyin: huáshǔ). Another example is the Spanish word ratón that means both the animal and the computer mouse.[12] ExamplesFor a more comprehensive list, see List of calques.
The common English phrase "flea market" is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ('market with fleas').[13] At least 22 other languages calque the French expression directly or indirectly through another language. The word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort. In contrast, the term calque is a loanword, from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy").[14] Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is of the English word "skyscraper", a kenning-like term which may be calqued using the word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scrape", "scratch", "pierce", "sweep", "kiss", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word. Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from the Latin translātiō or trādūcō.[15] The Latin weekday names came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following a practice known as interpretatio germanica: the Latin "Day of Mercury", Mercurii dies (later mercredi in modern French), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz" (Wodanesdag), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English, then "Wednesday" in Modern English.[16] HistorySince at least 1894, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé, the French term calque has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in a publication by Louis Duvau:[17]
Translation:
Since at least 1926, the term calque has been attested in English through a publication by the linguist Otakar Vočadlo:[18]
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External links Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. For a list of words relating to Calque, see the English calques category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calque&oldid=1383895702" Hidden categories:
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