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GeezerVison is showing en.wikipedia.org — EXPSPACE - Wikipedia

In computational complexity theory, EXPSPACE is the set of all decision problems solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in exponential space, i.e., in O(2p(n)) space, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n. Some authors restrict p(n) to be a linear function, but most authors instead call the resulting class ESPACE. If we use a nondeterministic machine instead, we get the class NEXPSPACE, which is equal to EXPSPACE by Savitch's theorem.

A decision problem is EXPSPACE-complete if it is in EXPSPACE, and every problem in EXPSPACE has a polynomial-time many-one reduction to it. In other words, there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms instances of one to instances of the other with the same answer. EXPSPACE-complete problems might be thought of as the hardest problems in EXPSPACE.

EXPSPACE is a strict superset of PSPACE, NP, and P. It contains EXPTIME and is believed to strictly contain it, but this is unproven.

Formal definition

In terms of DSPACE and NSPACE,

𝖤𝖷𝖯𝖲𝖯𝖠𝖢𝖤=⋃k∈ℕ𝖣𝖲𝖯𝖠𝖢𝖤(2nk)=⋃k∈ℕ𝖭𝖲𝖯𝖠𝖢𝖤(2nk)

Examples of problems

Formal languages

An example of an EXPSPACE-complete problem is the problem of recognizing whether two regular expressions represent different languages, where the expressions are limited to four operators: union, concatenation, the Kleene star (zero or more copies of an expression), and squaring (two copies of an expression).[1]

Logic

Alur and Henzinger extended linear temporal logic with times (integer) and prove that the validity problem of their logic is EXPSPACE-complete.[2]

Reasoning in the first-order theory of the real numbers with +, ×, = is in EXPSPACE and was conjectured to be EXPSPACE-complete in 1986.[3]

Petri nets

Main article: Petri net

The coverability problem for Petri Nets is EXPSPACE-complete.[4]

The reachability problem for Petri nets was known to be EXPSPACE-hard for a long time,[5] but shown to be nonelementary,[6] so probably not in EXPSPACE. In 2022 it was shown to be Ackermann-complete.[7][8]

It is EXPSPACE-complete to decide whether the reachability of a given vector addition system is finite.[9]

See also

  • Game complexity

References

  1. ↑ Meyer, A.R. and L. Stockmeyer. The equivalence problem for regular expressions with squaring requires exponential space. 13th IEEE Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory, Oct 1972, pp.125–129.
  2. ↑ Alur, Rajeev; Henzinger, Thomas A. (1994-01-01). "A Really Temporal Logic". J. ACM. 41 (1): 181–203. doi:10.1145/174644.174651. ISSN 0004-5411.
  3. ↑ Ben-Or, Michael; Kozen, Dexter; Reif, John (1986-04-01). "The complexity of elementary algebra and geometry". Journal of Computer and System Sciences. 32 (2): 251–264. doi:10.1016/0022-0000(86)90029-2. ISSN 0022-0000.
  4. ↑ Charles Rackoff (1978). "The covering and boundedness problems for vector addition systems". Theoretical Computer Science: 223–231.
  5. ↑ Lipton, R. (1976). "The Reachability Problem Requires Exponential Space". Technical Report 62. Yale University.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: miscellaneous url (link)
  6. ↑ Wojciech Czerwiński Sławomir Lasota Ranko S Lazić Jérôme Leroux Filip Mazowiecki (2019). "The reachability problem for Petri nets is not elementary". STOC 19.
  7. ↑ Leroux, Jerome (February 2022). "The Reachability Problem for Petri Nets is Not Primitive Recursive". 2021 IEEE 62nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS). IEEE. pp. 1241–1252. arXiv:2104.12695. doi:10.1109/FOCS52979.2021.00121. ISBN 978-1-6654-2055-6.
  8. ↑ Brubaker, Ben (4 December 2023). "An Easy-Sounding Problem Yields Numbers Too Big for Our Universe". Quanta Magazine.
  9. ↑ Schmitz, Sylvain (2016-02-03). "Complexity Hierarchies beyond Elementary". ACM Transactions on Computation Theory. 8 (1): 1–36. arXiv:1312.5686. doi:10.1145/2858784. ISSN 1942-3454.
  • Berman, Leonard (1 May 1980). "The complexity of logical theories". Theoretical Computer Science. 11 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1016/0304-3975(80)90037-7.
  • Michael Sipser (1997). Introduction to the Theory of Computation. PWS Publishing. ISBN 0-534-94728-X. Section 9.1.1: Exponential space completeness, pp. 313–317. Demonstrates that determining equivalence of regular expressions with exponentiation is EXPSPACE-complete.
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