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On the World Wide Web, HTTP 301, or 301 Moved Permanently, is the HTTP status code used for permanent redirecting. It means that links or records to this URL should be updated to the destination provided in the Location field of the server response. The 301 redirect is considered a best practice for upgrading users from HTTP to HTTPS.

RFC 2616^[1] states that:

If a client has link-editing capabilities, it should update all references to the Request URL.
The response is cacheable unless indicated otherwise.
Unless the request method was HEAD, the entity should contain a small hypertext note with a hyperlink to the new URL(s).
If the 301 status code is received in response to a request of any type other than GET or HEAD, the client must ask the user before redirecting.

Examples

Client request:

GET /index.php HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.org

Server response:

HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Location: https://www.example.org/index.asp

Using an .htaccess file

To fix problems with non-existing files or directories using a distributed .htaccess file:

Redirect 301 /calendar.html /calendar/
Redirect 301 /not_found.html /

Here is an example using a .htaccess file to redirect a non-secure URL to a secure address without the leading "www":

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.*)$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://%1/$1 [R=301,L]

RewriteCond %{HTTPS} on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www\.(.*)$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://%1/$1 [R=301,L]

RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://example.com/$1 [R,L]

Static HTML

A custom directory redirect, using an index.html file:

<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=/" />
<p><a href="/">Home</a></p>

Using programming languages

Here is an example using Perl CGI.pm:

print redirect("https://example.com/newpage.html");

Here is an example using a PHP redirect:

<?php
header("Location: https://example.com/newpage.html", true, 301);
exit;

Here is one way to redirect using Express.js:

app.all("/old/url", (req, res) => {
    res.redirect(301, "/new/url");
});

Caching server

Equivalently simple for an nginx configuration:

location /old/url/ {
    return 301 /new/url/;
}

Search engines

Both Bing and Google recommend using a 301 redirect to change the URL of a page as it is shown in search engine results, providing that URL will permanently change and is not due to be changed again any time soon.^[2]^[3]

References

↑ Fielding; et al. (June 1999). 10.3.2 301 Moved Permanently. IETF. p. 61. sec. 10.3.2. doi:10.17487/RFC2616. RFC 2616.
↑ "Site Move Tool". Bing Webmaster Help & How-to.
↑ "301 redirects". Google Webmaster Tools Help.

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