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Several terms redirect here. For a list of national identity cards, see List of national identity card policies by country. For other uses of "Identity Card" see Identity Card (disambiguation). For other uses of "ID", see ID (disambiguation).

Examples of identity documents (cards) from Argentina, Hungary, South Africa and Vietnam

An identity document (abbreviated as ID) is a document proving a person's identity.

If the identity document is a plastic card it is called an identity card (abbreviated as IC or ID card). When the identity document incorporates a photographic portrait, it is called a photo ID.^[1] In some countries, identity documents may be compulsory to have or carry.

The identity document is used to connect a person to information about the person, often in a database. The connection between the identity document and database is based on personal information present on the document, such as the bearer's full name, birth date, address, an identification number, card number, gender, citizenship and more. A unique national identification number is the most secure way, but some countries lack such numbers or do not show them on identity documents.

In the absence of an explicit identity document, other documents such as driver's license may be accepted in many countries for identity verification. Some countries do not accept driver's licenses for identification, often because in those countries they do not expire as documents and can be old or easily forged. Most countries accept passports as a form of identification. Some countries require all people to have an identity document available at all times. Many countries require all foreigners to have a passport or occasionally a national identity card from their home country available at any time if they do not have a residence permit in the country.

History

Identity document of the British occupation zone in Germany

A version of the passport considered to be the earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by King Henry V of England with the Safe Conducts Act 1414.^[2]

For the next 500 years up to the onset of the First World War, most people did not have or need an identity document.

Photographic identification appeared in 1876^[3] but it did not become widely used until the early 20th century when photographs became part of passports and other ID documents, all of which came to be referred to as "photo IDs" in the late 20th century. Both Australia and Great Britain, for example, introduced the requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after the so-called Lody spy scandal.^[4]

The shape and size of identity cards were standardized in 1985 by ISO/IEC 7810. Some modern identity documents are smart cards that include a hard-to-forge embedded integrated circuit standardized in 1988 by ISO/IEC 7816. New technologies allow identity cards to contain biometric information, such as a photograph, face; hand, or iris measurements; or fingerprints. Many countries issue electronic identity cards.

Adoption

Law enforcement officials claim that identity cards make surveillance and the search for criminals easier and therefore support the universal adoption of identity cards. In countries that do not have a national identity card, there is concern about the projected costs and potential abuse of high-tech smartcards.

In many countries – especially English-speaking countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States – there are no government-issued compulsory identity cards for all citizens. Ireland's Public Services Card is not considered a national identity card by the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection (DEASP),^[5] but many say it is in fact becoming that, and without public debate or even a legislative foundation.^[6]

There is debate in these countries about whether such cards and their centralised databases constitute an infringement of privacy and civil liberties. Most criticism is directed towards the possibility of abuse of centralised databases storing sensitive data. A 2006 survey of UK Open University students concluded that the planned compulsory identity card under the Identity Cards Act 2006 coupled with a central government database generated the most negative response among several options. None of the countries listed above mandate identity documents, but they have de facto equivalents since these countries still require proof of identity in many situations. For example, all vehicle drivers must have a driving licence, and young people may need to use specially issued "proof of age cards" when purchasing alcohol.

Arguments for

Arguments for identity documents as such:

In order to avoid mismatching people and to fight fraud, there should be a secure way to prove a person's identity.

Arguments for national identity documents:

If using only private alternatives, such as ID cards issued by banks, the inherent lack of consistency regarding issuance policies can lead to downstream problems. For example, in Sweden private companies such as banks (citing security reasons) refused to issue ID cards to individuals without a Swedish card or Swedish passport. This forced the government to start issuing national cards. It is also harder to control information usage by private companies, such as when credit card issuers or social media companies map purchase behaviour in order to assist ad targeting.

Arguments against

Further information: freedom of movement and Propiska

Arguments against identity documents as such:

The development and administrative costs of an identity card system can be high. Figures from £30 to £90 or even higher were suggested for the abandoned UK ID card. In countries such as Chile the identity card is paid for by each person up to £6; in other countries, such as France or Venezuela, the ID card is free.^[7]^[8] This, however, does not disclose the true cost of issuing ID cards as some additional portion may be borne by taxpayers in general.

Arguments against national identity documents:

Rather than relying on government-issued ID cards, U.S. federal policy has encouraged a variety of identification systems that already exist, such as driver's or firearms licences or private cards.

Arguments against overuse or abuse of identity documents:

Cards reliant on a centralized database can be used to track someone's physical movements and private life, thus infringing on personal freedom and privacy. The proposed British ID card proposes a series of linked databases managed by private sector firms. The management of disparate linked systems across a range of institutions and any number of personnel is alleged to be a security disaster in the making.^[9]
If race is displayed on mandatory ID documents, this information can lead to racial profiling.

National policies

Main article: National identity document policies

For a more comprehensive list, see List of national identity card policies by country.

References

↑ Quarmby, Ben (January 31, 2003). "The case for national identification cards". 2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002. Duke University: E1. PMID 15709289. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-11. If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny
↑ "A brief history of the passport", The Guardian, November 17, 2006
↑ Hall, Roger; Dodds, Gordon; Triggs, Stanley (1993). The World of William Notman. David R. Godine. pp. 46, 47. ISBN 9780879239398. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
↑ Doulman, Jane; Lee, David (2008). Every Assistance & Protection: A History of the Australian Passport. Federation Press. p. 56. ISBN 9781862876873. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
↑ "'If everything's fine, why's it being investigated?' – Social Protection peppered with tough questions over PSC". February 22, 2018.
↑ Wary of the Public Services Card? You have good reason to be
↑ Doward, Jamie (May 29, 2005). "ID cards to cost £300 per person". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
↑ "Combien coûte une Carte Nationale d'Identité ?". Vos Démarches. French Government. Retrieved 2019-08-14.
↑ Zaba, Christina (May 30, 2005). "When the eyes don't have it". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16.

External links

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