The Kedayan (also known as Kadayan, Kadaian or Kadyan) are an ethnic group residing in Brunei, Federal Territory of Labuan, southwest of Sabah, and north of Sarawak on the island of Borneo.[1] According to the Language and Literature Bureau of Brunei, the Kedayan language (ISO 639-3: kxd) is spoken by about 30,000 people in Brunei,[2] and it has been claimed that there are a further 46,500 speakers in Sabah and 37,000 in Sarawak.[3][4][5] In Sabah, the Kedayan mainly live in the southern districts of Sipitang and Beaufort, where they are counted as a part of the local Malay populace (and they are often considered as Bruneians owing to assimilation as well as mixed marriage factors).[5][6] Whilst in Sarawak, the Kedayans mostly reside in the towns of Lawas, Limbang and Miri (especially the Subis area).[5]
History
A Kedayan man, standing underneath a rice barn.
The origins of the Kedayans are uncertain. Some of them believe their people were originally from Java island,[1] which they left during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah. Because of his fame as a sea captain and voyager, the Sultan was well-known to the people of Java, Sumatra and the Philippines,[1] It is believed that when the Sultan arrived to the island of Java, he became interested in the local agricultural techniques.[1] He brought some of the Javanese farmers back to his country to spread their techniques. The farmers inter-married with the local Bruneian Malay people, giving birth to the Kedayan ethnicity.[1] Most Kedayans have adopted Islam since the Islamic era of the Sultanate of Brunei. They have also adopted Malay culture.[4] The Kedayans are recognised as one of the indigenous people of Borneo.[7] They are experts in making traditional medicines and various spiritual healings.[8] The Kedayans are well known for their cultivation of medicinal plants, which they grow to treat a wide range of ailments and to make tonics.[5]
Language
The Kedayan language is similar to Brunei Malay, and it has been claimed that as many as 94% of the words in the two languages are cognate.[9] The main differences in pronunciation are that Kedayan has initial /h/ while Brunei Malay does not, so Kedayan hutan (forest) is utan in Brunei Malay;[10] and Kedayan does not have /r/, so Malay rumah (house) is umah in Kedayan.[11]
The language of one of the indigenous tribes, the Banjar people in Kutai, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is said to share more than 90% of the vocabulary with the Kedayan language, with the Banjarese separated from both the Brunei Malay and Kedayan for 400 years with similar adherence to Islam.[12][13] Both the Kedayans and the Banjarese are related, to a certain extent, because of the similarities in their languages.[14]
↑"Biografi Setiausaha Kerajaan Negeri"[Biography of the State Secretary of Sabah]. Sabah State Secretary (in Malay). Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
↑Che, Zaidi; Rahayu, MN; Shamshiri, Shah (13 March 2021). "Nuansa Baharu Hip Hop: Noki, Luca Sickta Dan Kmy Kmo"[New Shades Of Hip Hop: Noki, Luca Sickta And Kmy Kmo]. Getaran (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
↑Ismail, Mastura (7 August 2017). "Serap bahasa Kedayan dalam bahasa kebangsaan"[Absorb the Kedayan language into the national language]. Utusan Borneo (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
↑Ismail, Mastura (23 April 2019). "Kekalkan identiti etnik kaum Kedayan: Awang Tengah"[Preserved the ethnic identity of the Kedayan people: Awang Tengah]. Utusan Borneo (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
↑Ajang, Sudan (19 November 2017). "Manfaat potensi Kedayan"[Potential benefits of Kedayan]. Utusan Borneo (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
↑Ajang, Sudan (19 November 2017). "Manfaat potensi Kedayan"[Potential benefits of Kedayan]. Utusan Borneo (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
Nothofer, B; etal. (Steinhauer, H.) (1991). "The languages of Brunei Darussalam". Papers in Austronesian Linguistics, Pacific Linguistics: 151–176. doi:10.15144/PL-A81.151. Archived from the original on 12 March 2026 – via Australian National University Open Research Repository. Text is licensed by Australian National University under CC BY-SA 4.0
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