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Manjak
Manjáku
Native to	Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and the Gambia
Ethnicity	Manjack
Native speakers	320,000 (2021–2022)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Senegambian Bak Manjaku–Papel Manjak
Dialects	Bok Ulekes Ucur Ulund Uyu Unuab Uteer Uyool Uyanga Undin Ubuey Uguejan Utimats Uroongaan
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`mfv`
Glottolog	`mand1419`

Manjak or Manjack (French: Manjak, Manjaque; Portuguese: Manjaco) or Njak is a Bak language of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal. The language is also known as Kanyop.

In 2006, the total number of speakers was estimated at 315,300, including 184,000 in Guinea-Bissau, 105,000 in Senegal and 26,300 in The Gambia.

Dialects

The Manjak dialects below are distinct enough that some might be considered separate languages.

Bok (Babok, Sarar, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam)
Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus)
Cur (Churo)
Lund
Yu (Pecixe, Siis, Pulhilh)
Unhate (Binhante, Bissau)

The Manjak dialects listed by Wilson (2007) are^[2]

Canchungo (kancuŋuʔ) – central dialect
Baboque (babɔk) (formerly Teixeira Pinto) – eastern dialect
Churo (cuur) – northern dialect
Pecixe (locally called pəhlihl; otherwise pəsiis), on an island to the south
Calequisse (kaləkiis), to the west of Canchungo

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔	t͡ɕ	k
	voiced	b	d		d͡ʑ	ɡ
	prenasal vl.	ᵐp	ⁿt	ⁿt̠͡ɹ̠̊˔	ᶮt͡ɕ	ᵑk
	prenasal vd.	ᵐb	ⁿd		ᶮd͡ʑ	ᵑɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		(ɕ)
Fricative	voiced				(ʑ)
Lateral			l
Approximant		w			j

Sounds [ɕ, ʑ] are heard in free-fluctuation with affricates /t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ/ in all positions except following nasals.
Sounds /b, d, ɡ/ may also be lenited as [β, ɾ, ɣ] when in intervocalic or word-final positions. /d/ can also be heard as a trill [r] in free variation with [ɾ] when in word-final positions.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	ɪ ~ e	ə	ʊ ~ o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɐ	ɔ
Open		a

Only vowels /u/ and /a/ may also have lengthened equivalents; /uː/ and /aː/.

Sounds /ɪ, ʊ/ may also range to more mid sounds [e, o] in free variation.
/ɐ/ may have a central allophone as [ʌ̈].

Diphthongs
	Front	Back
Close-mid	iə	uə
Open-mid	iɐ	uɐ

Sounds /iə, uə/ may have some fluctuation with lengthened sounds [eː, oː].^[3]

Writing system

The official spelling system for Manjak established by the Senegalese government is regulated by Decree No. 2005-983 of 21 October 2005.

Manjak alphabet (Senegal)
A	B	C	D	E	Ë	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	Ñ	Ŋ	O	P	R	S	Ŝ	T	[illegible]	U	W	Y	Z
a	b	c	d	e	ë	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ñ	ŋ	o	p	r	s	ŝ	t	[illegible]	u	w	y	z

References

↑ Manjak at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
↑ Wilson, William André Auquier. 2007. Guinea Languages of the Atlantic group: description and internal classification. (Schriften zur Afrikanistik, 12.) Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
↑ Karlik, Jan (1972). A Manjako grammar with special reference to the nominal group. University of London.

External links

Decree no. 2005-983 of 21 October 2005 relating to the spelling and the separation of words in Manjakú Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine via the website of the Journal officiel.

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