GeezerVison is showing en.wikipedia.org — Mawayana language - Wikipedia
| You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (October 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
- View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must follow the LLM translation guideline, revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 620 articles in the main category, and specifying
|topic= will aid in categorization.
- Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua mawayana]]; see its history for attribution.
- You may also add the template
{{Translated|pt|Língua mawayana}} to the talk page.
- For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
|
Mawayana (Mahuayana), also known as Mapidian (Maopidyán), is a moribund Arawakan language of northern South America. It used to be spoken by Mawayana people living in ethnic Wai-wai and Tiriyó villages in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname.[5][2] As of 2015, the last two speakers of the language are living in Kwamalasamutu.[6][2]
History
In the 1840s, the Mawayana were in contact with the Taruma, but both groups have amalgamated with the Wai-wai people, and those who joined have lost both their languages. Only two elderly women, who were part of a group of Mawayana who accompanied American missionaries to convert the Tiriyó people, and subsequently moved in with them,[7] still spoke the language in 2015, and their children did not speak Mawayana.[8] A few rememberers exist who do not use it on a daily basis.[9]
Classification
Aikhenvald (1999) lists Mawayana (and possibly Mawakwa as a dialect) together with Wapishana under a Rio Branco (North-Arawak) branch of the Arawakan family. Carlin (2006:314) notes that Mawayana "is closely related to Wapishana" and according to Ramirez (2001:530) they share at least 47% of their lexicon.
Phonology
Mawayana has, among its consonants, two implosives, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, and what has been described as a "retroflex fricativised rhotic", represented with ⟨rž⟩, that it shares with Wapishana. The vowel systems contains four vowels (/i-e, a, ɨ, u-o/), each of which has a nasalised counterpart.[10]
Vowels
Mawayana vowel phonemes:[5]
Vowels have both nasal and length contrast.
Morphology
Mawayana personal affixes:[5]
|
singular |
plural |
|---|
| 1 |
n-/m- -na |
wa- -wi |
| 2 |
ɨ-/i- -i |
ɨ- -wiko |
| 3 |
ɾ(ɨ/iʔ)- -sɨ |
na- -nu |
| 3 refl. |
a- |
|
Mawayana verbal affixes:[5]
| thematic | -ta, -ɗa, -ɓa |
| present | -e |
| reciprocal | -(a)ka |
| adjectival | -ɾe, -ke |
Morphosyntax
Mawayana has a polysynthetic morphology, mainly head-marking and with suffixes, although there are pronominal prefixes. The verbal arguments are indexed on the verb through subject suffixes on intransitive verbs, while agent prefixes and object suffixes on transitive verbs.[11]: 319
n-kataba-sï 1A-grab.PST-3O n-kataba-sï 1A-grab.PST-3O 'I grabbed him.'
tõwã-sï sleep.PST-3S 'He fell asleep.'
nnu a-na mauɗa chika-dza Mawayana 1PN when-1S die NEG-COMPL mawayana 'When I die there will be no Mawayana left at all.'
Verb roots
Verbal roots in Mawayana may be composed of at least one consonant (m- 'say', ch- 'do'), and the root must end in a consonant.[8]
Notes
- ↑ Carlin & Mans 2013:79
- 1 2 3 Mans & Carlin 2015, p. 98.
- ↑ Aikhenvald 1999:69.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0. ISSN 1535-0665.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Meira, Sérgio. 2019. A Study of the Genetic Relation between Mawayana and Wapishana (Arawakan Family) Archived 2021-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas Archived 2019-01-17 at the Wayback Machine (RBLI), vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.-Jun. 2019), pp. 70-104.
- ↑ Carlin 2006, p. 317.
- ↑ Carlin, Eithne (2004). A grammar of Trio: a Cariban language of Suriname. Duisburger Arbeiten zur Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7358-1.
- 1 2 Verbal Morphology in Mawayana (Thesis). 2014-08-29. Archived from the original on 2024-06-26.
- ↑ Hornborg, Alf; Hill, Jonathan David (2011). Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia: reconstructing past identities from archaeology, linguistics, and ethnohistory. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-094-4.
- ↑ Carlin (2006:320)
- ↑ Carlin 2006.
References
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.). The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–106.
- Carlin, Eithne B (2006). "Feeling the need. The borrowing of Cariban functional categories into Mawayana (Arawak)". In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R.M.W. (eds.). Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Carlin, Eithne B (2011). "Nested identities in the Southern Guyana-Surinam corner". In Hornborg, Alf; Hill, Jonathan D. (eds.). Ethnicity in ancient Amazonia: Reconstructing past identities from archaeology, linguistics, and ethnohistory. University Press of Colorado. pp. 225–236.
- Carlin, Eithne B; Boven, Karin (2002). "The native population: Migration and identities". In Carlin, Eithne B.; Arends, Jacques (eds.). Atlas of the languages of Suriname. KITLV Press. pp. 11–45.
- Carlin, Eithne B; Mans, Jimmy (2013). "Movement through time in the southern Guianas: deconstructing the Amerindian kaleidoscope". In Carlin, Eithne B.; Leglise, Isabelle; Migge, Bettina; et al. (eds.). In and out of Suriname: Language, mobility, and identity. Caribbean Series. Leiden: Brill.
- Mans, Jimmy; Carlin, Eithne B. (2015). Movement through Time in the Southern Guianas: Deconstructing the Amerindian Kaleidoscope. Leiden: Brill.
- Ramirez, Henri (2001). Línguas Arawak da Amazônia setentrional (in Portuguese). Manaus: Universidade Federal do Amazonas.
|
