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Mathematical Operators is a Unicode block containing characters for mathematical, logical, and set notation.
Notably absent are the plus sign (), greater than sign (), equals sign (), and less than sign (), due to them already appearing in the Basic Latin Unicode block, and the plus-or-minus sign (), multiplication sign () and division sign (), due to them already appearing in the Latin-1 Supplement block, although a distinct minus sign () is included, semantically different from the Basic Latin hyphen-minus (-).
Variation sequences
The Mathematical Operators block has dozens of variation sequences defined for standardized variants.[3][4] They use U+FE00 VARIATION SELECTOR-1 (VS01) to denote variant symbols (depending on the font):
Variation sequences
| Base character | Base | +VS01 | Description |
| U+2205 EMPTY SET | ∅ | ∅︀ | zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form |
| U+2229 INTERSECTION | ∩ | ∩︀ | with serifs |
| U+222A UNION | ∪ | ∪︀ | with serifs |
| U+2268 LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO | ≨ | ≨︀ | with vertical stroke |
| U+2269 GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO | ≩ | ≩︀ | with vertical stroke |
| U+2272 LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO | ≲ | ≲︀ | following the slant of the lower leg |
| U+2273 GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO | ≳ | ≳︀ | following the slant of the lower leg |
| U+228A SUBSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO | ⊊ | ⊊︀ | with stroke through bottom members |
| U+228B SUPERSET OF WITH NOT EQUAL TO | ⊋ | ⊋︀ | with stroke through bottom members |
| U+2293 SQUARE CAP | ⊓ | ⊓︀ | with serifs |
| U+2294 SQUARE CUP | ⊔ | ⊔︀ | with serifs |
| U+2295 CIRCLED PLUS | ⊕ | ⊕︀ | with white rim |
| U+2297 CIRCLED TIMES | ⊗ | ⊗︀ | with white rim |
| U+229C CIRCLED EQUALS | ⊜ | ⊜︀ | with equal sign touching the circle |
| U+22DA LESS-THAN EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN | ⋚ | ⋚︀ | with slanted equal |
| U+22DB GREATER-THAN EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN | ⋛ | ⋛︀ | with slanted equal |
| U+223D REVERSED TILDE | ∽ | ∽︀ | using lazy S |
| U+2243 ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO | ≃ | ≃︀ | using lazy S |
| U+22CD REVERSED TILDE EQUALS | ⋍ | ⋍︀ | using lazy S |
| U+2242 MINUS TILDE | ≂ | ≂︀ | using lazy S |
| U+2248 ALMOST EQUAL TO | ≈ | ≈︀ | using lazy S |
| U+22DC EQUAL TO OR LESS-THAN | ⋜ | ⋜︀ | with horizontal equal |
| U+22DD EQUAL TO OR GREATER-THAN | ⋝ | ⋝︀ | with horizontal equal |
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Mathematical Operators block:
| Version | Final code points[a] | Count | UTC ID | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
| 1.0.0 | U+2200..22F1 | 242 | | | | (to be determined) |
| UTC/1999-013 | | | Karlsson, Kent (1999-05-27), Tildes and micro sign decompositions |
| L2/99-176R | | Moore, Lisa (1999-11-04), "Not Tilde", Minutes from the joint UTC/L2 meeting in Seattle, June 8-10, 1999 |
| L2/00-115R2 | | Moore, Lisa (2000-08-08), "Motion 83-M21", Minutes Of UTC Meeting #83 |
| L2/01-342 | | Suignard, Michel (2001-09-10), "T.9 B.1 List of combining characters/Variation selectors", Comments accompanying the US positive vote on the FPDAM 1 to ISO/IEC 10646-1:2001 |
| L2/07-268 | N3253 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-07-26), "M50.7 (Math symbol glyph correction) [U+22C4]", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 50, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany; 2007-04-24/27 |
| L2/15-268 | | Beeton, Barbara; Freytag, Asmus; Iancu, Laurențiu; Sargent, Murray (2015-10-30), Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set |
| L2/15-254 | | Moore, Lisa (2015-11-16), "B.12.1.2 Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set", UTC #145 Minutes |
| L2/24-173 | | Pentzlin, Karl (2024-06-06), Proposal to encode a Middle Asterisk as referred to in the German standard DIN 2137 [Affects U+2217] |
| L2/24-166 | | Anderson, Deborah; Goregaokar, Manish; Kučera, Jan; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Constable, Peter (2024-07-18), "20. Middle Asterisk [Affects U+2217]", Recommendations to UTC #180 July 2024 on Script Proposals |
| L2/24-159 | | Constable, Peter (2024-07-29), "Section 20. Middle Asterisk", UTC #180 Minutes, Consider adding an annotation to U+2217 that it may be used to represent the telephony asterisk |
| | N5334R2 | Mayer, Uwe; et al. (2026-01-19), Proposal to encode historical mathematical relations [Affects U+223D, 2243, 22CD, 2242, 2248, 2A6C, 22DC, and 22DD] |
| L2/26-054R2 | | Anderson, Debbie; Constable, Peter (2026-01-22), "[Affects U+223D, 2243, 22CD, 2242, 2248, 2A6C, 22DC, and 22DD]", Proposed Leibniz additions for Unicode 18.0, UTC accepts [...] variation sequences for glyph variants of historical mathematical relation characters |
| L2/26-003 | | "Consensus 186-C34 [Affects U+223D, 2243, 22CD, 2242, 2248, 2A6C, 22DC, and 22DD]", UTC #186 Minutes, 2026-02-01, UTC accepts [...] variation sequences for glyph variants of historical mathematical relation characters |
| 3.2 | U+22F2..22FF | 14 | | L2/00-119[b] | N2191R | Whistler, Ken; Freytag, Asmus (2000-04-19), Encoding Additional Mathematical Symbols in Unicode |
| L2/00-234 | N2203 (rtf, txt) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2000-07-21), "8.18", Minutes from the SC2/WG2 meeting in Beijing, 2000-03-21 -- 24 |
| L2/00-115R2 | | Moore, Lisa (2000-08-08), "Motion 83-M11", Minutes Of UTC Meeting #83 |
- ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names
- ↑ Refer to the history section of the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block for additional math-related documents
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