Nazran (Russian: Назра́нь; Ingush: Наьсаре, romanized:Näsare) is the largest city in Ingushetia, Russia. It served as the republic's capital from 1991 to 2000, until it was replaced by Magas, which was built for this purpose. It is the most populous city in the republic, with a population of 122,350 in the 2021 census.
Etymology
The name of the town, possibly, derives from the name of the legendary first settler Nyasar (Ingush: Наьсар, also referred as Närt-NäsarIngush: Наьрт-Наьсар, lit.'Hero Näsar').[8][9][b]
The town is associated by Leonid Lavrov with the Arabic word "al nasaraa" (النصارى),[c] meaning "Christian", because supposedly Christianity held on for longer in Nazran than in other neighboring places in Ingushetia. Lavrov said that Muslims were already present here in 1405–1406.[10] Vladimir Markovin also stated that the name of Nazran has an Arabic origin while quoting Lavrov.[11][d]
History
18th–20th centuries
“Nasranova” (Nazran) on a detail of Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni’s Carte de la partie septentrionale de l'empire otoman, published in 1774.
The aul of Nazran was founded in the late 18th century[12]. According to accounts recorded by researchers in the 19th and 20th centuries, the establishment of Nazran is traditionally attributed to Kartskhal Malsagov, an Ingush elder (starshina) and political leader of the Targimkhoy clan. Drawing on Ingush oral tradition, these accounts relate that, in the mid-18th century, Kartskhal led ten families of his clan, together with members of other families, from Angusht to the banks of the Nazranka and Sunzha rivers, where they established a settlement on the site of present-day Nazran.[13][14]
The official date of the founding of Nazran is considered 1781.[4] This is based on the report of L. Shteder, who during his expedition to Caucasus in 1781, noticed Ingush outposts on the river of Nazranka.[15]
A Russian military fortress was founded in Nazran in 1817. In 1858, Nazran became the center of a major uprising by the Ingush people against the Russian Empire during the Caucasian War. The revolt was sparked by Russian policies aimed at forcibly consolidating small Ingush settlements into larger villages, along with restrictions on local customs and the confiscation of Ingush lands. In May, thousands of Ingush rebels attempted to capture the Nazran Fortress but were repelled by Imperial troops. By August 1858, the uprising had been suppressed, and many of its leaders were executed or exiled.[16]
In 2004, a group of Chechen and Ingush militants[19] carried out a large-scale raid on Ingushetia, led by Shamil Basayev. The overnight attacks targeted fifteen official buildings in Nazran, and at least three towns and villages located on the Baku-Rostov highway that crosses the republic from east to west.
The raid lasted nearly five hours, and the assailants – said to number 200 to 300 – withdrew almost unscathed; the raiders apparently lost only two men during the attacks. The rebels killed 67 members of security forces, including the republic's Interior Minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiev, top prosecutors, and other officials; they also captured and looted the MVD's armory and police depots. 25 civilians, including a local United Nations worker, were killed in the crossfire.
Federal Interior Minister Rashid Nurgaliyev met with General Vyacheslav Tikhomirov, the commander of Russia's Interior Ministry forces, and blamed them for the high number of deaths. Tikhomirov decided to resign after the meeting.
2008 protests
Widespread protests erupted in January 2008, with a strong government response. The disturbances appear to have been fueled by heavy-handed government and para-military activity, including abductions, arrests and murders.[20] Protesters demanded the resignation of President Zyazikov.
In August 2009, a suicide bomber drove a truck filled with explosives into the Nazran police headquarters. Russian news agencies reported that 25 were killed in the attack, and roughly 140 were wounded. It is believed that more bodies may still be in the rubble, yet to be found. The police headquarters was completely destroyed in the attack, including up to 30 police vehicles and munition stores.[21]
Memorial for the memory of victims of political oppressions in Nazran
Memorial of Remembrance and Glory
Panoramic view
Railway station building
Cinema "Matritsa"
Notes
↑The official founding date of Nazran considered 1781 which is based on the fact that Russian officer L. L. Shteder mentioned the Ingush post on a high cape between the Sunzha and Nazranka rivers in that year. The decision on this historical determination of the date of the founding of the city was made at the conference held by the Nazran city administration on July 15, 2000.[2] However the aul Nazran has been mentioned earlier as Nasranova in the year 1774 on the map "Carte de la partie septentrionale de l'empire otoman" made by Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni. Overall, in the documents of 1780s, there has been mentioned various times about an Ingush village on the Nazranka river as well as the mention of the Nazran by its name.[3]
↑Alimbek Kurkiev who held this point of view, did not rule out the possibility of certain connection of 'Nazran' with the mineral water Narzan, found in present-day Stavropol Krai, or with the Kabardian name of Kislovodsk, Nartsanē/Nartsana (Kabardian: Нарцанэ/Нартсана).[9]
↑Markovin used this as one of the arguments that the spread Christianity by Georgians had strong influence on Chechens and Ingush, in particularly their culture and language.[11]
↑Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). История Ингушетии[History of Ingushetia] (in Russian). Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp.264–266.
Администрация города Назрань (April 3, 2024). "Наш город Назрань"[Our city Nazran]. www.nazrangrad.ru (in Russian).
Алироев, И. Ю. (1978). Вопросы отраслевой лексики[Questions of industry vocabulary] (in Chechen, Ingush, and Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушский гос. унив. pp.1–131.
Гаджиев, З. Т. (2019). Барахоева, Н. М.; Дзарахова, З. М.-Т.; Жеребило, Т. В. (eds.). "К вопросу о датировке основания города Назрань как ингушского поселения, существующего не менее 250 лет"[On the question of dating the founding of the city of Nazran as an Ingush settlement that has existed for at least 250 years](PDF). Вестник Ингушского научно-исследовательского института гуманитарных наук им. Ч.Э. Ахриева (in Russian). No.2. Магас. pp.171–191.
Kurkiev, A. S. (1978). "Вопросы ингушской антропонимики" [Questions of Ingush anthroponymy]. In Aliroev, I. Yu.; Selimov, A. A.; Shekurova, V. G.; Bibulatov, N. S. (eds.). Вопросы отраслевой лексики[Questions of industry vocabulary] (in Russian). Grozny: ChIGU. pp.19–35.
Markovin, V. I. (1987). "О христианизации горцев северо-восточного Кавказа и храме Датуна в Дагестане" [On the Christianization of the Highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus and the Temple of Datong in Dagestan]. In Magomedov, D. M.; Mammaev, M. M. (eds.). Художественная культура средневекового Дагестана: сборник статей[Artistic culture of medieval Dagestan: collection of articles](PDF) (in Russian). Makhachkala: DF AN SSSR. pp.37–48.
Lavrov, L. I. (1966). Bolshakov, O. G.; Gardanov; etal. (eds.). Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа X—XVII вв.[Epigraphic monuments of the North Caucasus in the 10th–17th centuries]. Памятники письменности Востока (in Russian). Vol.1. Moscow: Nauka. pp.1–299.
Сулейманов, А. С. (1980). Лепиев, А. С. (ed.). Часть III: (Предгорная равнина Чечено-Ингушетии)[Part 3: (Piedmont plain of Checheno-Ingushetia)]. Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии: в IV частях (1976–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp.1–220.
Народное Собрание Республики Ингушетия.Закон№5-РЗот23 февраля 2009 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Республики Ингушетия и наделении их статусом сельского поселения, муниципального района и городского округа», в ред. Закона №9-РЗ от4 марта 2014 г.«О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Ингушетия "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Республики Ингушетия и наделении их статусом сельского поселения, муниципального района и городского округа"». Вступил в силусо дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ингушетия", №26–27, 3 марта 2009 г. (People's Assembly of the Republic of Ingushetia.Law#5-RZofFebruary23, 2009 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Ingushetia and on Granting Them the Status of a Rural Settlement, Municipal District, and Urban Okrug, as amended by the Law#9-RZ ofMarch4, 2014 On Amending the Law of the Republic of Ingushetia "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of the Republic of Ingushetia and on Granting Them the Status of a Rural Settlement, Municipal District, and Urban Okrug". Effective as ofthe day of the official publication.).
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