The term "Palestine" (in Latin, Palæstina) comes via ancient Greek from a Semitic toponym for the general area dating back to the late second millennium BCE, a reflex of which is also to be found in the Biblical ethnonymPhilistines. The term "Palestine" has been used to refer to the area at the southeast corner of the Mediterranean Sea beside Syria. In the 5th century BCE, Herodotus, in his work The Histories, used the term to describe a "district of Syria, called Palaistínē" (Ancient Greek: Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη),[38] in which Phoenicians interacted with other maritime peoples.[39]
Currently, the terms "Palestine", "State of Palestine", and "occupied Palestinian territory (oPt or OPT)" are interchangeable depending on context. Specifically, the term "occupied Palestinian territory" refers as a whole to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory occupied by Israel since 1967. Palestine can, depending on contexts, be referred to as a country or a state, and its authorities can generally be identified as the Government of Palestine.[40][41]
In 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for a two-state solution in the remaining territory of the mandate. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by the Arab leaders, and Britain refused to implement the plan. On the eve of final British withdrawal, the Jewish Agency for Israel, headed by David Ben-Gurion, declared the establishment of the State of Israel according to the proposed UN plan. The Arab Higher Committee did not declare a state of its own and instead, together with Transjordan, Egypt, and the other members of the Arab League of the time, commenced military action resulting in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel gained additional territories that were designated to be part of the Arab state under the UN plan. Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip, and Transjordan occupied and then annexed the West Bank. Egypt initially supported the creation of an All-Palestine Government but disbanded it in 1959. Transjordan never recognized it and instead decided to incorporate the West Bank with its own territory to form Jordan. The annexation was ratified in 1950 but was rejected by the international community. The Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel fought against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, ended with Israel occupying the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, besides other territories.[42]
In 1964, when the West Bank was controlled by Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Organization was established there with the goal to confront Israel. The Palestinian National Charter of the PLO defines the boundaries of Palestine as the whole remaining territory of the mandate, including Israel. Following the Six-Day War, the PLO moved to Jordan, but later relocated to Lebanon in 1971.[43]
The October 1974 Arab League summit designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" and reaffirmed "the right of the Palestinian people to establish an independent national authority".[44] In November 1974, the PLO was recognized as competent on all matters concerning the question of Palestine by the UN General Assembly granting them observer status as a "non-state entity" at the UN.[45][46] After the 1988 Declaration of Independence, the UN General Assembly officially acknowledged the proclamation and decided to use the designation "Palestine" instead of "Palestine Liberation Organization" in the UN.[24][47] In spite of this decision, the PLO did not participate at the UN in its capacity of the State of Palestine's government.[48]
In 1978, through the Camp David Accords, Egypt signaled an end to any claim of its own over the Gaza Strip. In July 1988, Jordan ceded its claims to the West Bank—with the exception of guardianship over Haram al-Sharif—to the PLO. In November 1988, the PLO legislature, while in exile, declared the establishment of the "State of Palestine". In the month following, it was quickly recognised by many states, including Egypt and Jordan. In the Palestinian Declaration of Independence, the State of Palestine is described as being established on the "Palestinian territory", without explicitly specifying further. Because of this, some of the countries that recognised the State of Palestine in their statements of recognition refer to the "1967 borders", thus recognizing as its territory only the occupied Palestinian territory, and not Israel. The UN membership application submitted by the State of Palestine also specified that it is based on the "1967 borders".[49] During the negotiations of the Oslo Accords, the PLO recognised Israel's right to exist, and Israel recognised the PLO as representative of the Palestinian people. The 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence included a PNC call for multilateral negotiations on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 242 later known as "the Historic Compromise",[50] implying acceptance of a two-state solution and no longer questioning the legitimacy of the State of Israel.[51]
After Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan and Gaza Strip from Egypt, it began to establish Israeli settlements there. Administration of the Arab population of these territories was performed by the Israeli Civil Administration of the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories and by local municipal councils present since before the Israeli takeover. In 1980, Israel decided to freeze elections for these councils and to establish instead Village Leagues, whose officials were under Israeli influence. Later this model became ineffective for both Israel and the Palestinians, and the Village Leagues began to break up, with the last being the Hebron League, dissolved in February 1988.[52]
In 1993, in the Oslo Accords, Israel acknowledged the PLO negotiating team as "representing the Palestinian people", in return for the PLO recognizing Israel's right to exist in peace, acceptance of UN Security Council resolutions242 and 338, and its rejection of "violence and terrorism".[53] As a result, in 1994 the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) territorial administration, that exercises some governmental functions[f] in parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[62][63] In 2007, the Hamastakeover of Gaza Strip politically and territorially divided the Palestinians, with Abbas's Fatah left largely ruling the West Bank and recognized internationally as the official Palestinian Authority,[64] while Hamas secured its control over the Gaza Strip. In April 2011, the Palestinian parties signed an agreement of reconciliation, but its implementation had stalled[64] until a unity government was formed on 2 June 2014.[65]
Demonstration against road block, Kafr Qaddum, March 2012
As envisioned in the Oslo Accords, Israel allowed the PLO to establish interim administrative institutions in the Palestinian territories, which came in the form of the PNA. It was given civilian control in Area B and civilian and security control in Area A, and remained without involvement in Area C. In 2005, following the implementation of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan, the PNA gained full control of the Gaza Strip with the exception of its borders, airspace, and territorial waters.[f] Following the inter-Palestinian conflict in 2006, Hamas took over control of the Gaza Strip (it already had majority in the PLC), and Fatah took control of the West Bank. From 2007, the Gaza Strip was governed by Hamas, and the West Bank by Fatah.[66]
In an attempt to keep alive the possibility of peace and a two-state solution following the Gaza war, the UK, Australia, Canada and France recognized a Palestinian state in late 2025.[77]
Areas claimed by the country, known as the Palestinian territories, lie in the Southern Levant of the Middle East region. Palestine is part of the Fertile Crescent, along with Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and Syria. The Gaza Strip borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Egypt to the south, and Israel to the north and east. The West Bank is bordered by Jordan to the east, and Israel to the north, south, and west. Palestine shares its maritime borders with Israel, Egypt and Cyprus. Thus, the two enclaves constituting the area claimed by the State of Palestine have no geographical border with one another, being separated by Israel.[78] These areas would constitute the world's 163rd largest country by land area.[13][78][79]
Palestine, which experiences hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters, is located in the subtropical Mediterranean region on the edge of the desert.[82] The climate in the West Bank is mostly Mediterranean, slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. In the east, the West Bank includes much of the Judean Desert including the western shoreline of the Dead Sea, characterized by dry and hot climate. Gaza has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) with mild winters and dry hot summers.[83] Along the coast and mountains, the average annual rainfall ranges from 25 to 27 inches. Gaza has an annual average of roughly 16 inches of rain.[82]
It is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change despite its negligible contribution to global emissions. Palestine is facing substantial environmental challenges due to its delicate environmental resources, lack of sovereignty and its limited financial assets.[84]
Palestine connects Africa and Eurasia and features a rich flora and fauna shaped by its geological history and varied topography. It encompasses 5 ecological zones (Central Highlands, Semi-coastal Region, Eastern Slopes, Jordan Rift Valley, and Coastal Regions) and 5 phytogeographical areas (Coastal, Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Arabian, and Sudanese/Ethiopian). A total of 373 bird species belonging to 23 orders, 69 families, 21 subfamilies, and 172 genera have been recorded in the occupied Palestinian areas. Historically, these mild climate conditions and rich natural resources allowed early human populations to transition from hunter-gatherers to agricultural and nomadic shepherd communities.[85]
Despite its ecological significance, local biodiversity faces severe pressure from habitat fragmentation, desertification, industrial pollution, and ongoing colonization. 81% of designated protected areas lie within Area C under Israeli military rule. The annual flow of the Jordan River has plummeted from 1,250 million cubic meters (mcm) per year to less than 20 mcm. Factors such as settlement expansion, military zoning, wastewater dumping, and land confiscation have fragmented habitats and compromised native ecosystems.[85]
The State of Palestine is divided into sixteen administrative divisions. The governorates in the West Bank are grouped into three areas per the Oslo II Accord. Area A forms 18% of the West Bank by area and is administered by the Palestinian government. Area B forms 22% of the West Bank and is under Palestinian civil control and joint Israeli–Palestinian security control.[94][95]
Area C, except East Jerusalem, forms 60% of the West Bank and is administered by the Israeli Civil Administration. The Palestinian government provides the education and medical services to the 150,000 Palestinians in the area,[94] an arrangement agreed upon in the Oslo II accord by Israeli and Palestinian leadership.
More than 99% of Area C is off-limits to Palestinians, due to security concerns, and is a point of ongoing negotiation.[96][97] In the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, there are over 750,000 Israeli settlers living in 147 settlements and outposts.[98] Although Area C is under martial law, Israelis living there are entitled to full civic rights.[99]Palestinian enclaves currently under Palestinian administration in red (Areas A and B; not including Gaza Strip, which is under Hamas rule).
Governorates of Palestine
East Jerusalem, comprising the small pre-1967 Jordanian eastern-sector Jerusalem municipality, together with a significant area of the pre-1967 West Bank demarcated by Israel in 1967, is administered as part of the Jerusalem District of Israel. It is claimed by Palestine as part of the Jerusalem Governorate. It was effectively annexed by Israel in 1967, by application of Israeli law, jurisdiction and administration under a 1948 law amended for the purpose, this purported annexation being constitutionally reaffirmed (by implication) in Basic Law: Jerusalem 1980,[94] but this annexation is not recognized by any other country.[100]
In 2010, of the 456,000 people in East Jerusalem, roughly 60% were Palestinians and 40% were Israelis.[94][101]
Nations with which Palestine has diplomatic relations.
Representation of the State of Palestine is performed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In states that recognise the State of Palestine it maintains embassies. The Palestine Liberation Organization is represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine, by the PLO as a non-state entity or by the PNA.
In 2013 the Swedish Parliament upgraded the status of the Palestinian representative office in the country to full embassy status.[107] On 3 October 2014, new Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven used his inaugural address in parliament to announce that Sweden would recognise the state of Palestine. The official decision to do so was made on 30 October, making Sweden the first EU member state outside of the former communist bloc to recognise the state of Palestine. In February 2015, Mahmoud Abbas visited Sweden to open the new embassy, and Löfven said "According to our view, Palestine is from now on a state."[108] As of 2025, 16 of the EU's 27 member states recognise Palestine.[109]
On 13 October 2014, the UK House of Commons voted by 274 to 12 in favour of recognising Palestine as a state.[110] The House of Commons backed the move "as a contribution to securing a negotiated two-state solution"—although less than half of MPs took part in the vote. However, the UK government is not bound to do anything as a result of the vote: its current policy is that it "reserves the right to recognise a Palestinian state bilaterally at the moment of our choosing and when it can best help bring about peace".[111]
On 2 December 2014, the French parliament voted by 339 to 151 in favour of urging their government to recognise Palestine as a state. The text, proposed by the ruling Socialists and backed by left-wing parties and some conservatives, asked the government to "use the recognition of a Palestinian state with the aim of resolving the conflict definitively".[112]
On 31 December 2014, the United Nations Security Council voted down a resolution demanding the end of Israeli occupation and statehood by 2017. Eight members voted for the Resolution (Russia, China, France, Argentina, Chad, Chile, Jordan, Luxembourg), however following strenuous US and Israeli efforts to defeat the resolution,[113] it did not get the minimum of nine votes needed to pass the resolution. Australia and the United States voted against the resolution, with five other nations abstaining.[114][115][116]
Children waving a Palestinian flag, West Bank.
On 16 January 2015, the International Criminal Court announced that, since Palestine was granted observer State status in the UN by the UNGA, it must be considered a "State" for the purposes of accession to the Rome Statute.[117]
On 13 May 2015, the Vatican announced it was shifting recognition from the PLO to the State of Palestine, confirming recognition of Palestine as a state after the UN vote of 2012.[118] Monsignor Antoine Camilleri, Vatican foreign minister, said the change was in line with the evolving position of the Holy See, which has referred unofficially to the State of Palestine since Pope Francis's visit to the Holy Land in May 2014.[119]
On 23 December 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over the natural resources in the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation. It called on Israel to desist from the exploitation, damage, cause of loss or depletion and endangerment of Palestinian natural resources, the right of Palestinians to seek restitution for extensive destruction. The motion was passed by 164 votes to 5, with Canada, Federated States of Micronesia, Israel, Marshall Islands, and the United States opposing.[120]
As of23September2025,157 (81.3%) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine. Many of the countries that do not recognise the State of Palestine nevertheless recognise the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people". The PLO's executive committee is empowered by the PNC to perform the functions of government of the State of Palestine.[121]
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the establishment of the State of Palestine on 15 November 1988. There is a wide range of views on the legal status of the State of Palestine, both among international states and legal scholars.[122] The existence of a state of Palestine is recognized by the states that have established bilateral diplomatic relations with it.[123][124] In January 2015, the International Criminal Court affirmed Palestine's "State" status after its UN observer recognition,[117] a move condemned by Israeli leaders as a form of "diplomatic terrorism".[125]
In December 2015, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution demanding Palestinian sovereignty over natural resources in the occupied territories.[126] It called on Israel to cease exploitation and damage while granting Palestinians the right to seek restitution. In 1988, the State of Palestine's declaration of independence was acknowledged by the General Assembly with Resolution 43/177.[103] In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 67/19, granting Palestine "non-member observer state" status, effectively recognizing it as a sovereign state.[89][104]
In August 2015, Palestine's representatives at the United Nations presented a draft resolution that would allow the non-member observer states Palestine and the Holy See to raise their flags at the United Nations headquarters. Initially, the Palestinians presented their initiative as a joint effort with the Holy See, which the Holy See denied.[127] In a letter to the Secretary General and the President of the General Assembly, Israel's Ambassador at the UN Ron Prosor called the step "another cynical misuse of the UN ... in order to score political points".[128] After the vote, which was passed by 119 votes to 8 with 45 countries abstaining,[129][130][131] the US Ambassador Samantha Power said that "raising the Palestinian flag will not bring Israelis and Palestinians any closer together".[132] US Department of State spokesman Mark Toner called it a "counterproductive" attempt to pursue statehood claims outside of a negotiated settlement.[133]
At the ceremony itself, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said the occasion was a "day of pride for the Palestinian people around the world, a day of hope",[134] and declared "Now is the time to restore confidence by both Israelis and Palestinians for a peaceful settlement and, at last, the realization of two states for two peoples."[129]
On 29 November 2012, in a 138–9 vote (with 41 abstentions and 5 absences),[104] the United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 67/19, upgrading Palestine from an "observer entity" to a "non-member observer state" within the United Nations System, which was described as recognition of the PLO's sovereignty.[135][136][138][89][105] Palestine's UN status is equivalent to that of the Holy See.[139]
The UN has permitted Palestine to title its representative office to the UN as "The Permanent Observer Mission of the State of Palestine to the United Nations".[140] Palestine has instructed its diplomats to officially represent "The State of Palestine"—no longer the Palestinian National Authority.[105]
On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol Yeocheol Yoon declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents",[141] thus recognizing the title 'State of Palestine' as the state's official name for all UN purposes. On 21 December 2012, a UN memorandum discussed appropriate terminology to be used following GA 67/19. It was noted therein that there was no legal impediment to using the designation Palestine to refer to the geographical area of the Palestinian territory. At the same time, it was explained that there was also no bar to the continued use of the term "Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem" or such other terminology as might customarily be used by the Assembly.[142]
On 2 April 2024, Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian ambassador to the UN, requested that the Security Council consider a renewed application for membership. As of April, seven UNSC members recognize Palestine but the US has indicated that it opposes the request and in addition, US law stipulates that US funding for the UN would be cut off in the event of full recognition without an Israeli–Palestinian agreement.[144] On 18 April, the US vetoed a widely supported UN resolution that would have admitted Palestine as a full UN member.[145][146][147]
A May 2024 UNGA resolution came into force with the 2024 general assembly. The resolution, which recognized the Palestinian right to become a full member state, also granted the right to Palestinians to submit proposals and amendments and Palestine was permitted to take a seat with other member states in the assembly.[148][149]
The State of Palestine has a number of security forces, including a Civil Police Force, National Security Forces and Intelligence Services, with the function of maintaining security and protecting Palestinian citizens and the Palestinian State.
The State of Palestine's overall gross-domestic-product (GDP) declined by 35% in the first quarter of 2024, due to the ongoing war in Gaza, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) reports.[153][154]
Agriculture is a mainstay in the economy of Palestine. The production of agricultural goods supports the population's sustenance needs and fuels Palestine's export economy. According to the Council for European Palestinian Relations, the agricultural sector formally employs 13.4% of the population and accounts for 90% of informal employment[155] In the late 2000s unemployment rates in Palestine increased, and the agricultural sector became the most impoverished sector in Palestine. Unemployment rates peaked in 2008 when they reached 41% in the Gaza Strip.[156]
According to World Bank, Palestinian agriculture suffers from widespread use of land for nature reserves as well as military and settler use.[157] Because the root of the conflict is with land, the disputes between Israel and Palestine are well-manifested in the agriculture of Palestine.
Water supply and sanitation in the Palestinian territories are characterized by severe water shortage and are highly influenced by the Israeli occupation. The water resources of Palestine are partially controlled by Israel, due in part to historical and geographical complexities, with Israel granting partial autonomy in 2017.[158] The division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord, agreed upon by both Israeli and Palestinian leadership.[159] Israel provides the Palestinian territories water from its own water supply and desalinated water supplies, in 2012 supplying 52 MCM.[160][161]
Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza Strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.[162][163]
Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution.[164] The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.[165]
Palestine produces no oil or natural gas, and is predominantly dependent on the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) for electricity.[166][167] Between 2000 and 2023, Palestine's energy consumption grew from 6TWh to 24TWh. In the same period, generation of energy in Palestine grew from 0.03TWh (approximately 0.5% of consumption) to 1.02TWh (4%).[168] The only domestic source of energy is the disputed Gaza Marine gas field, which has not yet been developed.[167] According to UNCTAD, the Palestinian Territory "lies above sizeable reservoirs of oil and natural gas wealth" but "occupation continues to prevent Palestinians from developing their energy fields so as to exploit and benefit from such assets."[169][170] In 2012, electricity available in the West Bank and Gaza was 5,370 GW-hour (3,700 in the West Bank and 1,670 in Gaza), while the annual per capita consumption of electricity (after deducting transmission loss) was 950 kWh.[171] National sources only produce 445 GWh of electricity, supplying less than 10% of demand.[172]
The reserves of natural gas were found offshore in the Gaza Strip in 2000, within the framework of licensing to British Gas by the Palestinian Authority.[173][174] The discovered Gaza Marine gas field, though mediocre in size, had been considered at the time as one of the possible drives to boost Palestinian economy and promote regional cooperation.
With the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, the chances for developing the gas field reduced, due to a stand-off with the Palestinian administration and Israel's refusal to deal with Hamas.[175] The chances further diminished with the discovery of major gas fields in the Israeli economic waters in 2009 and 2010, making Israel an unlikely customer for the Palestinian gas. In 2023 Israel has given preliminary approval for the development of the Gaza Marine gas field, with the involvement of the Palestinian Authority and Egypt,[176][177] but, as of 2024, Gaza's natural gas was still underwater.
There were three defunct airports in the Palestinian territories. The Yasser Arafat International Airport (previously called Gaza International Airport), located in the Gaza Strip. The airport was closed in October 2000 by Israeli order after the breakout of the Second Intifada.[181]
The Rafah Crossing is the only land crossing between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. There exists also the Kerem Shalom border crossing, managed by Israel, but used exclusively for the crossing of goods from Egypt into Gaza. The Karni crossing was a cargo terminal on the Israel-Gaza Strip barrier located in the north-eastern end of the Gaza Strip to allow Palestinian merchants to export and import goods. This was done as a 'back-to-back' transfer, meaning that Palestinian products meant for export were removed from a Palestinian truck and placed in an Israeli truck, or vice versa for incoming goods.[184] Israel closed the Karni crossing after Hamas took over the Gaza Strip in June 2007, and the closure was made permanent at the end of March 2011.[185]
Al Mashtal Hotel in Gaza, before the Gaza war.Jerusalem is holy for three of the world's major religions — Christianity, Islam and Judaism.
In 2010, 4.6million people visited the Palestinian territories, compared to 2.6million in 2009. Of that number, 2.2million were foreign tourists, while 2.7million were domestic.[186] Most tourists come for only a few hours or as part of a day trip itinerary. In the last quarter of 2012 over 150,000 guests stayed in West Bank hotels. 40% were European and 9% were from the United States and Canada.[187]Lonely Planet travel guide writes that "the West Bank is not the easiest place in which to travel but the effort is richly rewarded."[188]
In 2013, Palestinian Authority Tourism minister Rula Ma'aya stated that her government aims to encourage international visits to Palestine, but the occupation is the main factor preventing the tourism sector from becoming a major income source to Palestinians.[189] There are no visa conditions imposed on foreign nationals other than those imposed by the visa policy of Israel. Access to Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza is completely controlled by the government of Israel. Entry to the occupied Palestinian territories requires only a valid international passport.[190]
The high tech industry in Palestine, have experienced good growth since 2008. In 2020, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) and the Ministry of Telecom and Information Technology said there were 4.2million cellular mobile subscribers in Palestine compared to 2.6million at the end of 2010. The number of ADSL subscribers in Palestine increased to about 363 thousand by the end of 2019, from 119 thousand over the same period. In 2020, 97% of Palestinian households had at least one cellular mobile line. At least one smartphone is owned by 86% of households (91% in the West Bank and 78% in Gaza Strip). About 80% of the Palestinian households have access to the internet in their homes and about a third have a computer.[191]
In June 2020, the World Bank approved a US$15million grant for the Technology for Youth and Jobs (TechStart) Project aiming to help the Palestinian IT sector upgrade the capabilities of firms and create more high-quality jobs. Kanthan Shankar, World Bank Country Director for West Bank and Gaza said "The IT sector has the potential to make a strong contribution to economic growth. It can offer opportunities to Palestinian youth, who constitute 30% of the population and suffer from acute unemployment."[192]
The Palestine Monetary Authority has issued guidelines for the operation and provision of electronic payment services including e-wallet and prepaid cards.[193]
Impact of Israeli policies
The Gaza War and Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war caused a severe economic contraction. In the West Bank, the gross domestic product (GDP) shrank by more than 17%, regressing to 2014 levels, with per capita GDP returning to 2008 levels. Gaza's economy collapsed with GDP contracting to one-eighth of its levels in 2022. The cumulative losses incurred as of 2024 were estimated by UNCTAD to be $170 billion, representing 17 times West Bank's 2024 GDP.[194]
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), as of 26 May 2021, the State of Palestine 2021 mid-year population is 5,227,193. Ola Awad, the president of the PCBS, estimated a population of 5.3million at year end, 2021.[195] Within an area of 6,020 square kilometers (2,320mi2), there is a population density of about 827 people per square kilometer. To put this in a wider context, the average population density of the world was 25 people per square kilometer in 2017.[196]
In 1919, Palestinian Muslims and Christians constituted 90 percent of the population of Palestine, just before the third wave of Jewish immigration and the setting up of British Mandatory Palestine after World War I.[200][201] Opposition to Jewish immigration spurred the consolidation of a unified national identity, though Palestinian society was still fragmented by regional, class, religious, and family differences.[202][203] The history of the Palestinian national identity is a disputed issue amongst scholars.[204][205] For some, the term "Palestinian" is used to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by Palestinian Arabs from the late 19th century and in the pre-World War I period, while others assert the Palestinian identity encompasses the heritage of all eras from pre-biblical times up to the Ottoman period.[206][207][208] After the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the 1948 Palestinian expulsion, and more so after the 1967 Palestinian exodus, the term "Palestinian" evolved into a sense of a shared future in the form of aspirations for a Palestinian state.[206] Though the concept of Palestinian citizenship for the purpose of international law has been revived, the in fierirealization of self-determination is still insufficient, thus Palestinians remain over the threshold of eligibility to receive international protection as refugees and stateless persons.[209]
Arabic is the official language of the State of Palestine, specifically the Palestinian Arabic dialect which is commonly spoken by the local population. Hebrew and English are also widely spoken. Around 16% of the population consists of Israeli settlers, whose primary language is typically Hebrew. Many Palestinians use Hebrew as a second or third language.[210]
The literacy rate of Palestine was 96.3% according to a 2014 report by the United Nations Development Programme, which is high by international standards. There is a gender difference in the population aged above 15 with 5.9% of women considered illiterate compared to 1.6% of men.[218] Illiteracy among women has fallen from 20.3% in 1997 to less than 6% in 2014.[218]
According to the Palestinian Ministry of Health (MOH), as of 2017, there were 743 primary health care centers in Palestine (583 in the West Bank and 160 in Gaza), and 81 hospitals (51 in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and 30 in Gaza).[219]
Operating under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO),[220] the Health Cluster for the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) was established in 2009 and represents a partnership of over 70 local and international nongovernmental organizations and UN agencies providing a framework for health actors involved in the humanitarian response for the oPt. The Cluster is co-chaired by the MOH to ensure alignment with national policies and plans.[221]
The report of WHO Director-General of 1 May 2019 describes health sector conditions in the oPt identifying strategic priorities and current obstacles to their achievement[222] pursuant to the country cooperation strategy for WHO and the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2017–2020.[223]
The culture has influenced by the many diverse cultures and religions which have existed in the historical region of Palestine. The cultural and linguistic heritage of Palestinian Arabs along with Lebanese, Syrians, and Jordanians is integral part of Levantine Arab culture.[224] Palestinians also have their own dialect of Arabic, the Palestinian dialect.
The architecture which covers a vast historical time frame and a number of different styles and influences over the ages. The urban architecture of the region of Palestine prior to 1850 was relatively sophisticated. While it belonged to greater geographical and cultural context of the Levant and the Arab world, it constituted a distinct tradition, "significantly different from the traditions of Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Egypt." Nonetheless Palestinian townhouse shared in the same basic conceptions regarding the arrangement of living space and apartment types commonly seen throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. The rich diversity and underlying unity of the architectural culture of this wider region stretching from the Balkans to North Africa was a function of the exchange fostered by the caravans of the trade routes, and the extension of Ottoman rule over most of this area, beginning in the early 16th century through until the end of World War I.[227]
Contemporary Palestinian art finds its roots in folk art and traditional Christian and Islamic painting popular in Palestine over the ages. After the Nakba of 1948, nationalistic themes have predominated as Palestinian artists use diverse media to express and explore their connection to identity and land.[229]
The most popular recorded musicians at the time were in Arab classical music, especially Umm Kulthum and Sayed Darwish. The centers for Palestinian music were in the Palestinian towns of Nazareth and Haifa, where performers composed in the classical styles of Cairo and Damascus. A shared Palestinian identity was reflected in a new wave of performers who emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes, relating to the dreams of statehood and the burgeoning nationalist sentiment.
In the 1970s, a new wave of popular Palestinian stars emerged, including Sabreen, Mustafa Al-Kurd and Al Ashiqeen. After the First Intifada (1987), a more hard-edged group of performers and songwriters emerged, such as al- Funoun, Suhail Khoury, Jameel al-Sayih, Thaer Barghouti's Doleh song and Sabreen's Mawt a'nabi.
In the 1990s, the Palestinian National Authority was established, and Palestinian cultural expression began to stabilize. Other performers to emerge later in the included Yuad, Washem, Mohsen Subhi, Adel Salameh, Issa Boulos, Wissam Joubran, Samir Joubran, and Basel Zayed with his new sound of Palestine and Turab group founded in 2004 with the CD Hada Liel.
The Diaspora Palestinian Reem Kelani is one of the foremost present day researchers and performers of music with a specifically Palestinian narrative and heritage.[230] Her 2006 debut solo album Sprinting Gazelle – Palestinian Songs from the Motherland and the Diaspora comprised Kelani's research and arrangement of five traditional Palestinian songs, whilst the other five songs were her own musical settings of popular and resistance poetry by the likes of Mahmoud Darwish, Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Rashid Husain and Mahmoud Salim al-Hout.[231] All the songs on the album relate to pre-1948 Palestine.
Although the popular music was limited to the genre of folk music that served the needs of ritual and social events varied, but the beginnings of a serious musical phenomenon began to form in Palestine with the presence of profound composers of the first generation, such as Augustin Lama, Yousef Khasho, Salvador Arnita and others. The second generation of composers included among others, Patrick Lama, Amin Nasser, Nasri Fernando Dueri, and Saleem Zoughbi. The third generation includes younger musicians such as, Habib Hasan Touma, Mounir Anastas, Bichara El Khail and Sam Gebran.
At the same time, Palestinian classical music continued to develop, with the emergence of new composers and performers and the establishment of major institutions and ensembles. These include the Edward Said National Conservatory of Music, which supports the Palestinian Youth Orchestra; and the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra, founded by Daniel Barenboim and Edward Said. Alongside these, the growth of chamber ensembles, such as string quartets and quintets, gave the Palestinian Territories the highest number of orchestras among Arab countries.
Palestinian war songs prominently feature references to resistance against the occupation of Palestine, calling on Palestinians to fight the occupation and stay in their land, and describing historic events.[232][233][234]
The biggest moments in Palestinian music is Mohammad Assaf (born 1989) won the second season of the competition Arab Idol in 2013. With one of the biggest voter turn outs of all time, he earned support from Palestinians and the Arab world. He would go on to make huge records such as Ana Dammi Falastini (my blood is Palestinian), a national and international treasure. It was one of the highest selling Palestinian artists of all time.
Modern couching stitch from Beit Jalla traditionally used on panels of malak wedding dress
The traditional clothing is historically and still presently worn by Palestinians in the 19th and early 20th centuries often have the rich variety of the costumes worn, particularly by the fellaheen or village women. Many of the handcrafted garments were richly embroidered and the creation and maintenance of these items played a significant role in the lives of the region's women.
In 1940s, traditional Palestinian clothing reflected a woman's economic and marital status and her town or district of origin, with knowledgeable observers discerning this information from the fabric, colours, cut, and embroidery motifs (or lack thereof) used in the apparel.[235]
Palestinian cinema began in 1935 when Ibrahim Hassan Sirhan produced a twenty-minute film that chronicled Saudi Prince Saud's visit to Jerusalem and Jaffa. Four major periods that correspond to the main stages of the Palestinian national struggle are used by historians to trace the development of Palestinian filmmaking.[239]
The First Period (1935–1948): The early stages of Palestinian filmmaking before the 1948 war (Nakba) and the Palestinian people's mass exodus.[239]
The Second Period (1948–1967): Known as the "Epoch of Silence" this nearly two-decade period saw a near-complete cessation of domestic film production.[239]
The Third Period (1968–1982): Also referred to as the "Cinema of the Palestinian Revolution" or "Cinema of the Palestinian Organizations" it was produced in exile, mostly in Beirut, Lebanon, with support from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and other Palestinian institutions after the 1967 war.[239]
The Fourth Period (1980–present): Known as "Individualistic Cinema" or "Independent Cinema," it is defined by the individual efforts of filmmakers working independently in the homeland and diaspora without institutional support.[239]
↑The United States, a permanent member of the Security Council with veto power, has consistently used its veto or threatened to do so to block Palestine's full membership to the UN.[1]
↑Jerusalem is disputed between Israel and Palestine, claimed as their capital by both. Palestine claims Jerusalem (specially East Jerusalem), including Haram al-Sharif as its capital. Jerusalem, including both East and West, have a population of 971,800 with 542,400 in East, which is recognized legally as part of Palestine
↑Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967"(PDF). The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. ISSN0002-9300. JSTOR2203016. S2CID145514740. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2020. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
↑"Association of Religion Data Archives-Islamic schismatics". Archived from the original on 8 May 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025. Islamic schismatics include Kharijite and other orthodox sects; reform movements (Sanusi, Mahdiya), also heterodox sects (Ahmadiya, Druzes, Sabbateans)
↑United Nations General AssemblySession 67 Resolution19.Status of Palestine in the United NationsA/RES/67/19 29 November 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2026. "Taking into consideration that the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, in accordance with a decision by the Palestine National Council, is entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine"
↑Miskin, Maayana (5 December 2012). "PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport". Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2014. A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with Al-Quds newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said.
↑According to Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol, the State of Palestine has no official currency. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the West Bank, the Israeli new shekel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted, while in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli new shekel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.
↑"About". +972 Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 March 2026. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (2024). "Introduction". In Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (eds.). Routledge Handbook on Palestine (1sted.). Routledge. p.2. doi:10.4324/9781003031994. ISBN9781003031994. In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip
Amnesty International (2024). 'You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza(PDF) (Report). p.13. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 December 2024. This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.
Traverso, Enzo (2024). Gaza Faces History. Other Press. p.8. ISBN978-1-63542-555-0. Archived from the original on 25 August 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025. The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today
B'Tselem (July 2025). Our Genocide(PDF) (Report). p.86. Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 July 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025. The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip.
↑This limited status is largely due to the fact that the United States, a permanent member of the UN Security Council with veto power, has consistently blocked Palestine's full UN membership
↑"Six-Day War". history.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
↑"PLO". history.com. 21 August 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
↑al Madfai, Madiha Rashid (1993). Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991. Cambridge Middle East Library. Vol.28. Cambridge University Press. p.21. ISBN978-0-521-41523-1.
↑United Nations General AssemblySession 55 Agenda item36.54th plenary meeting.Bethlehem 2000 Draft resolution (A/55/L.3)A/55/PV.54 page 10.Al-Kidwa, Nasser (Palestine)(in Arabic). 7 November 2000at 3 p.m. Retrieved 10 June 2014. "Moreover, we are confident that in the near future we will truly be able to join the international community, represented in the Organization as Palestine, the State that encompasses Bethlehem."
↑Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace ProcessArchived 2 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."
Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (2024). "Introduction". In Dumper, Michael; Badran, Amneh (eds.). Routledge Handbook on Palestine (1sted.). Routledge. p.2. doi:10.4324/9781003031994. ISBN9781003031994. In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza strip
Amnesty International (2024). 'You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza(PDF) (Report). p.13. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 December 2024. This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide.
Traverso, Enzo (2024). Gaza Faces History. Other Press. p.8. ISBN978-1-63542-555-0. Archived from the original on 25 August 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025. The only normative definition we have, codified at the United Nations Genocide Convention of 1948, accurately describes the current situation in Palestine ... describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today
B'Tselem (July 2025). Our Genocide(PDF) (Report). p.86. Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 July 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2025. The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip.
↑Bloxham, Donald (3 April 2025). "The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities". Journal of Genocide Research. 28 (Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies): 23–24. doi:10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546. A study of traumatic injury deaths in Gaza in The Lancet using multiple data sources and capture-recapture analysis suggested that the MoH's methods, far from producing an exaggerated number, actually under-estimated the death toll by around 41 percent. ... When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza.
↑"How many people have died in Gaza?". The Economist. 8 May 2025. Archived from the original on 29 May 2025. Retrieved 5 August 2025. The researchers found that the overlap was so small that the true number of deaths was probably 46-107% higher than the official ministry total. If you assume that the ratio has stayed the same since last June (and not fallen, as systems caught up during the ceasefire, say) and apply them to the current tally, it would suggest that between 77,000 and 109,000 Gazans have been killed, 4-5% of the territory's pre-war population (see chart).
123Sayigh, Yezid (1999). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (illustrateded.). Oxford University Press. p.624. ISBN978-0-19-829643-0. The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established.
↑PLO Body Elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'Archived 1 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine 25 November 2008. Agence France-Presse (via MIFTAH). Retrieved 12 August 2017. "'I announce that the PLO Central Council has elected Mahmud Abbas president of the State of Palestine. He takes on this role from this day, November 23, 2008,' the body's chairman Salem al-Zaanun told reporters."
↑"Palestinian National Council (PNC)". European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation. Medea Institute. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2014. The Palestinian National Council (PNC), Parliament in exile of the Palestinian people, is the most important institution of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO). The PNC elects the Executive Committee of the organization which makes up the leadership between sessions.
↑Kelly, Tobias (May 2009). Von Benda-Beckmann, Franz; Von Benda-Beckmann, Keebet; Eckert, Julia M. (eds.). Laws of Suspicion:Legal Status, Space and the Impossibility of Separation in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Ashgate Publishing. p.91. ISBN978-0-7546-7239-5.
↑Sayigh, Yezid (1999). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 (illustrateded.). Oxford University Press. p.624. ISBN978-0-19-829643-0. "The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."
↑"Q. and A. on Palestinian Statehood". The New York Times. 5 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022. Q. Does Palestine meet that legal definition [Montevideo Convention]? A.Many experts say that it does, though there is considerable complexity surrounding the particular criteria. & Q. What about recognition? A.The Palestinian leadership has been trying for years to garner as much international recognition as possible, hoping to achieve a diplomatic critical mass that would force the hand of Israel and the United States. By November 2012, when the United Nations General Assembly voted to upgrade Palestine's status to that of a nonmember observer state, 132 of the 198 members of the United Nations recognized Palestinian statehood. Several more have done so since then.
↑Victor Matthew Kattan (2021). "The Statehood of Palestine: A Constitutivist View (May 21, 2021)". In Hani Sayed &Thomas Skouteris (ed.). Oxford Handbook on International Law in the Arab World. Oxford University Press, Forthcoming. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3850777. S2CID241140129. It would be difficult to deny that the recognition of Palestine by over two-thirds of the member states of the United Nations (72 per cent of members), its membership of seventeen international organizations, three international courts and its accession to many major multilateral treaties, in pursuit of Palestinian self-determination, means that Palestine is a state under international law even though its territory continues to be occupied – illegally – by the Government of Israel
↑Selby, Jan. "Joint mismanagement: reappraising the Oslo water regime." In Water Resources in the Middle East: Israel-Palestinian Water Issues—From Conflict to Cooperation, pp. 203-212. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
↑Henderson, Simon. "Natural Gas in Palestinian Authority: The Potential of the Gaza Marine Offshore Field." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53.3 (2012): 296. Mar. 2014. Web.
12"West Bank and Gaza Energy Sector Review" Sustainable Development Department, United Nations. May 2007.
↑Likhovski, Assaf (2006). Law and identity in mandate Palestine. The University of North Carolina Press. p.174. ISBN978-0-8078-3017-8.
↑Gelvin, James L. (2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (3ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.93. ISBN978-1-107-47077-4. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023. Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to Zionist immigration and settlement. The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. . . Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".
12Brice, William Charles; Faris, Nabih Amin; Khalidi, Rashid Ismail; Kenyon, Kathleen Mary. "Palestine and the Palestinians (1948–67)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 September 2024: "The Arabs of Palestine began using the term Palestinian widely in the pre-World War I period to indicate the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people. But after 1948—and even more so after 1967—for Palestinians themselves, the term came to signify not only a place of origin but, more importantly, a sense of a shared past and a shared future in the form of a Palestinian state."
↑Lewis, Bernard (1999). Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton and Company. p.169. ISBN978-0-393-31839-5.
↑Lybarger, Loren D. (2007). Identity and Religion in Palestine: The Struggle Between Islamism and Secularism in the Occupied Territories. Princeton University Press. p.114. ISBN978-0-691-12729-3.
↑Lybarger, Loren D. (2007). Identity and Religion in Palestine: The Struggle Between Islamism and Secularism in the Occupied Territories. Princeton University Press. p.114. ISBN978-0-691-12729-3.
12"Education (2014)"(PDF). United Nations Development Programme. United Nations. Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
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