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GeezerVison is showing en.wikipedia.org — Teip - Wikipedia For the Norwegian motion picture production company, see Teip Ltd.
  A teip (/teɪp/ "tape"; Chechen and Ingush: тайпа, romanized: taypa, pronounced [ˈtəɪpə]; lit. 'family, kin, clan, tribe')[1] is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor or geographic location. It is a subunit of the tukkhum and shahar. There are about 150 Chechen and 120 Ingush teips. Teips played an important role in the socioeconomic life of the Chechen and Ingush peoples before and during the Middle Ages, and remain an important part of their cultures. Traditional rules and featuresCommon teip rules and features include:[2]
Identity, land, and descentTeips, as sub-units of tukkhums, are traditionally thought to have members who descend from a common ancestor and are thus considered distant blood relatives. Teip names were often derived from an ancestral founder. As is true for many other North Caucasian peoples, Chechen and Ingush men were traditionally expected to know the names and places of origin of their ancestors on their father's side, tracing back many generations, with seven generations being the most commonly recognized. Many women also memorized this information, and more dedicated individuals could often recite their maternal ancestral lines. Memorizing this information helps instill clan loyalty in younger generations. Among the peoples of the Caucasus, large-scale land disputes were sometimes traditionally resolved through shared knowledge of where and when ancestors had resided.[3] For a teip, ancestral land was considered sacred due to its close connection to the teip's identity. It was typically marked by clan symbols, including the clan cemetery, tower, and sanctuary.[3] Due to the scarcity of land in mountainous Ingushetia and Chechnya, after the feudal system was overthrown, each teip claimed a specific area. Land boundaries were marked by stones bearing specific markings that pointed to a local place of worship. Initially, land was owned collectively, but individual cultivation ultimately became the norm. In the old Chechen and Ingush tradition, women were allowed to own land. The vehement Ingush and Chechen opposition to Soviet collectivization has been attributed to the threat it posed to traditional customs of land allotment.[4] Political functionEach teip had an elected council of elders, a court of justice, and its own set of customs. The civilian chief, referred to as the thamda or kh'alkhancha, chaired the council of elders. The baechcha, meanwhile, was the military leader.[3] SubdivisionsThe teip has its own subdivisions, in order of their progressive nesting: the vaer, the gar, and the neqe. The neqe consists of households sharing the same family name, while the gar is several neqe units that together form a common lineage, which is not always the case. The basic social unit, meanwhile, was the household, consisting of the extended family spanning three or four generations, referred to as the ts'a or the dözal, with married daughters usually living within the household of their spouse. Brothers would share the same land and livestock.[5] Formation of new teipsThe number of teips has been unstable in recent history. While there were 59 Chechen and Ingush teips in the early 19th century, this swelled to a hundred by the mid-19th century, and today there are about 170.[3] New teips could be founded when a large gar broke off and claimed the title of a full-fledged teip.[5] List of teipsBelow is a list of teips with the Chechen tukkhum to which it may belong.
As well as a list of teips included in the ethno-territorial Ingush societies Shahar: See alsoReferences
BibliographyRussian sources
External links
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