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The Wheel of Mainz or Mainzer Rad (German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪntsɐ ˈʁaːt]), in German, was the coat of arms of the Archbishopric of Mainz and thus also of the Electorate of Mainz (Kurmainz), in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It consists of a silver wheel with six spokes on a red background. The wheel can also be found in stonemasons' carvings (e.g. landmarks) and similar objects. Currently, the City of Mainz uses a double wheel connected by a silver cross.

The origins of the wheel are not known. One theory traces it back to Bishop Willigis, who was elected Archbishop of Mainz in 975. According to a tale delivered by the Brothers Grimm, his ancestors had been wheelwrights and his adversaries sneered at him for his mean birth. They drew wheels on the walls and doors of his residence, Willigis though made it his personal ensign with the motto "Willigis, remember where you came from". However, this is not proven, and in any case coats of arms only appeared in the 12th century. Most of the archbishops of Mainz used the wheel for the first and third field of their personal coat of arms, using their family's coat of arms for the second and fourth fields.

It is more likely that the wheel refers to Saint Martin,^[2] the patron of both the city itself and of Mainz Cathedral. Insignia dating from 1300 depict the saint with both wheels.

Other theories see the wheel as either:

• a symbol of Christ, i.e., XP (Chi, Ro), enclosed in a nimbus;
• the insignia of Emperor Constantine;
• the sign of Mogons, a Celtic sun-god; or
• the sign of Mithras, a Roman god.

Due to the power wielded by the Elector until 1803, the Wheel of Mainz was recognized across a vast territory, and it can be seen in many coats of arms of towns belonging to the collegiate church, such as Erfurt, which belonged to the archbishopric for centuries. In addition, it is seen in the following coats of arms: Mainz-Hechtsheim, Mainz-Laubenheim, Mainz-Lerchenberg, Mainz-Weisenau, as well as Alzenau, Arenshausen, Bad Hersfeld, Bad Sobernheim, Berlingerode, Biebergemünd, Birkungen in Leinefelde-Worbis, Blankenbach, Bönnigheim, Brehme, Breitenworbis, Bürgstadt, Büttstedt, Cleebronn, Collenberg, Deuna, Dorfprozelten, Dünwald, Effelder, Eichenbühl, Eichsfeld, Elsenfeld, Eltville (ehemalige Residenz), Ortsteil Ershausen der Gemeinde Schimberg, Faulbach, Frammersbach, Frankfurt-Griesheim, Frankfurt-Höchst, Frankfurt-Nied, Freienhagen, Fritzlar, site of an important cathedral chapter, Gau-Algesheim, Geisenheim, Samtgemeinde Gieboldehausen, Gieboldehausen, Goldbach, Großbartloff, Großheubach, Großvargula, Gumbsheim, Haibach (Unterfranken), Hanau-Steinheim, Hausen (bei Aschaffenburg), Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Heppenheim (Bergstraße), Hergenfeld, Heyerode, Hofgeismar, Hofheim am Taunus, Holungen (Landkreis Eichsfeld), Hundeshagen, Johannesberg, Jützenbach, Kahl am Main, Kelkheim (Taunus), Kelkheim-Münster, Kella, Kirchgandern, Kirchheim, Thuringia, Kirchzell (Landkreis Miltenberg), Kleinostheim, Kleinwallstadt, Klingenberg am Main, Krautheim (Landkreis Hohenlohe), Kreuzebra, Langenthal (Hunsrück), Leidersbach, Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Lindenberg/Eichsfeld, Lorch (Rheingau), Mainaschaff, Marth, Miltenberg, Mömbris, Mönchberg, Monzingen, Mühlberg, Thuringia, Naumburg/Hessen, Neudenau (with eight spokes), the former Gemeinde Herbolzheim, since 1973 Herbolzheim, part of the city of Neudenau, Neunkirchen (Unterfranken), Neustadt (Eichsfeld), Niedernberg (Landkreis Miltenberg), Niederwalluf, Nöda, Obergriesheim, Oberlahnstein, Ober-Mörlen, Oberursel (Taunus), Pleitersheim, Rauenthal, Ravenstein, Reinholterode, Rieneck, Rodgau, Rohrberg, Röllbach, Rothenbuch, Sailauf, Schloßböckelheim, Schöllkrippen, Schöneberg (Hunsrück), Seesbach, Seligenstadt, Sömmerda, Sulzbach am Main (Landkreis Miltenberg), Treffurt, Uder, Viernheim, Waldaschaff, Walldürn, Weibersbrunn, Weilbach (Bayern), Weißenborn-Lüderode, Wiesen, Wittighausen, Worbis in Leinefelde-Worbis, and Wüstheuterode.

It also occurs in the coats of arms of the following Kreise (districts)

• Hohenlohekreis
• Landkreis Aschaffenburg
• the former Landkreis Buchen (merged with Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis in 1973)
• Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg
• Landkreis Eichsfeld
• Landkreis Göttingen
• the former Landkreis Künzelsau (merged with Hohenlohekreis in 1973)
• Landkreis Lohr
• Landkreis Main-Spessart
• Landkreis Mainz-Bingen
• Landkreis Miltenberg
• the former Landkreis Mosbach (merged with Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis in 1973)
• Landkreis Offenbach
• Landkreis Sömmerda
• the former Landkreis Tauberbischofsheim (merged with Main-Tauber-Kreis in 1973)
• Landkreis Weimarer Land
• Main-Tauber-Kreis
• Main-Taunus-Kreis
• Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
• Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis
• Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis

It also features in the arms of Rhineland-Palatinate itself.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheels in heraldry.

• Entwicklung des Erfurter Wappens, Abschnitt über das Mainzer Rad (Arms of Erfurt, with a section on the Wheel of Mainz) (in German)
• Die Gebrüder Grimm: Das Rad im Mainzer Wappen (The Brothers Grimm: the wheel in the arms of Mainz) (in German)
• The various explanations concerning the origins of the Wheel of Mainz are available as a PDF from the Rhineland-Palatinate Landeszentrale für politische Bildung at here (in German)
• Mainz aus heraldischer Sicht - Wappen in Mainz Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (by Dr. B. Peter) (Mainz seen heraldically: arms in Mainz) (in German)