The shell of Z. nitidus is reddish brown. The umbilicus is large: almost 25% of shell diameter. The shell has radial growth lines. It is wider than it is tall. It is 6–7mm (0.24–0.28in) wide and 3.5–4.0mm (0.14–0.16in) tall.[5]
The body of the adult animal is black with an orange dash: the (mantle gland is visible under the shell's aperture). Juveniles are whitish grey with light brown translucent shells.[5]
Ecology
Zonitoides nitidus occurs in wet meadows and river woods, usually near water bodies, swamps and swampy forests, in the zone of emergent vegetation.[5] Man-made habitats such as pools in old quarries are sometimes colonized after a few years.[5] In Switzerland it is found up to 2100m (6900ft) of altitude.[5]
Zonitoides nitidus is largely herbivorous, but is malacophagous in summer.[10]Z. nitidus feed on disintegrating leaves, mushrooms, roots and fruit, but they do not eat dry leaves. When consuming soft food such as mushrooms or soft fruits, Z. nitidus penetrates perpendicularly inside; the entire animal including its shell can penetrate inside the fruit.[5] In summer, Z. nitidus prey upon snails and bivalves.[10][11]
In Germany up to three clutches of 2–9 eggs per individual are laid in all seasons, with some days or weeks spacing between egg-laying.[5] Egg diameter is 1.0–1.6mm (0.04–0.06in).[5] Eggs are laid loose into the soil.[5] Juveniles have 1.5 whorls (diameter 1–1.2mm, 0.04–0.05in) after hatching.[5] They start feeding on disintegrating plant remains in the soil.[5] After 3 months the shell diameter reaches up to 3mm (0.12in) under favourable conditions, after 10 months 6mm (0.24in), and full size after slightly more than one year.[5] Maximum age is 18 months under laboratory conditions.[5]
↑Müller O. F. 1774. Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXVI [= 1-36], 1-214, [1-10]. Havniæ & Lipsiæ. (Heineck & Faber).
↑"Zonitoides nitida". Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Archived from the original on 2016-12-25. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
↑Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Zonitoides nitidus (O. F. Müller, 1774)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
↑Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91–109.
12Vareille-Morel, C.; Rondelaud, D.; Dreyfuss, G. (2002). "Experimental colonization of new habitats by Galba truncatula O.F. Müller (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) in central France and their susceptibility to experimental infection with the trematode Fasciola hepatica L.". Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology. 38 (1): 35–40. doi:10.1051/limn/2002003.
↑Rondelaud, Daniel; Vignoles, Philippe; Dreyfuss, Gilles; Mage, Christian (2006). "The control of Galba truncatula (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) by the terrestrial snail Zonitoides nitidus on acid soils". Biological Control. 39 (3): 290–299. Bibcode:2006BiolC..39..290R. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2006.07.015.
↑Olsson I.-M., Stéen M. & Mann H. (1993). "Gastropod hosts of Elaphostrongylus spp. (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda)". Rangifer13(1): 53–55. PDF.
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