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English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.
Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, "rough", "rugged"”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)
- Not smooth; uneven.
- Synonyms: abrasive, coarse, rugose; see also Thesaurus:rough
- Antonym: smooth
- rough hands
- rough stone
- rough surface
1922 October 26, Virginia Woolf, chapter 1, in Jacob’s Room, Richmond, London: […] Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, →OCLC; republished London: The Hogarth Press, 1960, →OCLC:The rock was one of those tremendously solid brown, or rather black, rocks which emerge from the sand like something primitive. Rough with crinkled limpet shells and sparsely strewn with locks of dry seaweed, a small boy has to stretch his legs far apart, and indeed to feel rather heroic, before he gets to the top.
- Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.
- Synonyms: almost, back-of-the-envelope, ballpark, near
- a rough copy
- a rough estimate
- a rough guess
- a rough plan
a rough sketch of a building
- Turbulent.
- Synonyms: agitated, tempestuous, tumultuous
- rough sea
- rough water
- rough weather
1927, M[ohandas] K[aramchand] Gandhi, chapter XII, in Mahadev Desai, transl., The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Translated from the Original in Gujarati, volume I, Ahmedabad, Gujarat: Navajivan Press, →OCLC:With my mother's permission and blessings, I set off exultantly for Bombay, leaving my wife with a baby of a few months. But on arrival there, friends told my brother that the Indian Ocean was rough in June and July, and as this was my first voyage, I should not be allowed to sail until November.
- Difficult; trying.
- Synonyms: challenging, hard, tough; see also Thesaurus:difficult
Being a teenager nowadays can be rough.
- Crude; unrefined.
- Synonyms: rudimentary, undeveloped; barbaric, uncouth; see also Thesaurus:crude, Thesaurus:impolite
His manners are a bit rough, but he means well.
- Worn; shabby; weather-beaten.
- Synonyms: dilapidated, ragged, wrecksome; see also Thesaurus:deteriorated
1914, Ernest Bramah [pseudonym; Ernest Brammah Smith], Max Carrados:"You find us a bit rough," apologized the young man, with something of contempt towards his surroundings. "We weren't expecting visitors."
- (of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous.
- Synonyms: bad, poor
- the rough bit of town
- Violent; not careful or subtle.
- Synonyms: lax, negligent, slipshod; see also Thesaurus:careless
- rough words
This box has been through some rough handling.
- Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.
- Synonyms: discordant, raucous, unlistenable; see also Thesaurus:cacophonous
- a rough tone
- a rough voice
1711 May, [Alexander Pope], An Essay on Criticism, London: […] W[illiam] Lewis […]; and sold by W[illiam] Taylor […], T[homas] Osborn[e] […], and J[ohn] Graves […], →OCLC:But most by Numbers judge a Poet's song, / And smooth or rough, with them
- (of a gem) Not polished; uncut.
- Synonym: unpolished
- Harsh-tasting.
- Synonyms: distasteful, unstomachable; see also Thesaurus:unpalatable
- rough wine
1880, The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art[1], volume 40, page 833:the wine, rough as it is, more wholesome than the half-melted ices, flavored with unholy essences.
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition.
- Synonyms: poorly, sickly, unwell; see also Thesaurus:ill
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover.
- Synonyms: baked, cooked, hangoverish, Mondayish
- Of or relating to the rough breathing in the Greek language.
Derived terms
Translations
- Arabic: خَشِن (ar) (ḵašin)
- Aromanian: ascuru
- Assamese: খহটা (khohota)
- Asturian: aspru (ast)
- Belarusian: гру́бы (hrúby), грубы́ (hrubý)
- Bikol:
- Central Bikol: maragkot
- Bulgarian: грапав (bg) (grapav), неравен (bg) (neraven)
- Burmese: ကြမ်း (my) (kram:)
- Catalan: aspre (ca)
- Cherokee: ᎤᏐᏅ (usonv)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 粗糙 (zh) (cūcāo)
- Czech: hrubý (cs) m
- Dutch: ruw (nl), ruig (nl)
- Esperanto: malglata
- Estonian: kare (et)
- Finnish: karhea (fi), rosoinen (fi)
- French: rude (fr), rugueux (fr), brut (fr) m
- Frisian:
- West Frisian: rûch (fy)
- Galician: áspero (gl), esgrevio
- German: rau (de), grob (de)
- Greek:
- Ancient Greek: τραχύς (trakhús)
- Hungarian: durva (hu), érdes (hu), egyenetlen (hu)
- Ido: aspera (io)
- Indonesian: kasar (id)
- Ingrian: karhia, karskia
- Irish: garbh
- Italian: ruvido (it), rugoso (it), scabro (it) m
- Japanese: 凸凹な (ja) (でこぼこな, dekoboko na), 粗い (ja) (あらい, arai)
- Korean: 거칠다 (ko) (geochilda)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: زوور (zûr)
- Northern Kurdish: zivir (ku)
- Latin: asper
- Latvian: raupjš, rupjš, ass (lv), negluds
- Lithuanian: šiurkštus
- Macedonian: груб (grub)
- Māori: tuarangaranga (refers to a land surface), kaitara (of texture), whakanokenoke (refers to land surface), mātoretore, tuarangaranga (of water), mātoetoe, torehapehape
- Marathi: खरबरीत (kharabrīt)
- Navajo: dichʼíízh
- Norman: rude m or f
- Occitan: aspre (oc)
- Persian: زبر (fa) (zebr), زمخت (fa) (zomoxt), خشن (fa) (xašen)
- Plautdietsch: ruch, schroff
- Polish: szorstki (pl), zgrubny (pl), chropowaty (pl)
- Portuguese: áspero (pt)
- Quechua: taku, qhachqa
- Romanian: dur (ro), aspru (ro)
- Russian: гру́бый (ru) (grúbyj), шерохова́тый (ru) (šeroxovátyj), жёсткий (ru) (žóstkij)
- Scots: roch
- Scottish Gaelic: garbh
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: груб
- Latin: grub (sh)
- Slovak: hrubý
- Slovene: grob (sl)
- Spanish: áspero (es), cerdoso (es)
- Sundanese: keusrak
- Swedish: ojämn (sv)
- Telugu: గరుకు (te) (garuku)
- Tocharian B: aśāwe, śāwe
- Turkish: kaba (tr), pürtüklü (tr)
- Ukrainian: гру́бий (hrúbyj), шорстки́й (šorstkýj)
- Walloon: graevleus (wa) m, rexhe (wa) m or f
- Zazaki: xısn
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- Bulgarian: приблизителен (bg) (priblizitelen)
- Catalan: aproximat (ca), quasi (ca)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 粗略 (zh) (cūlüè)
- Czech: hrubý (cs) m
- Estonian: ligilähedane
- Finnish: karkea (fi), alustava (fi)
- French: approximatif (fr) m, grossier (fr), brouillon (fr)
- Galician: esmo m, acaroado m, aproximado m, aproximada f
- Georgian: დაახლოებითი (daaxloebiti), მიახლოებითი (miaxloebiti)
- German: grob (de)
- Hungarian: hozzávetőleges (hu), nyers (hu)
- Italian: approssimato (it)
- Portuguese: aproximado (pt)
- Russian: приблизи́тельный (ru) (priblizítelʹnyj), приме́рный (ru) (primérnyj), черново́й (ru) (černovój)
- Telugu: సుమారు (te) (sumāru)
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- Bulgarian: бурен (bg) (buren), развълнуван (bg) (razvălnuvan)
- Catalan: turbulent
- Czech: bouřlivý m
- Finnish: aallokkoinen (fi), kuoppainen (fi)
- French: turbulent (fr), agité (fr)
- Galician: barullento m, torboento m
- Hungarian: zord (hu), kemény (hu)
- Irish: garbh
- Italian: mosso (it)
- Latin: turbulentus
- Māori: tuarangaranga, whenewhene, kōrawarawa (of waves), ngarungaru (of waves), pohepohe (of the sea), tuke (of the sea)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: urolig (no)
- Portuguese: turbulento (pt)
- Russian: бу́рный (ru) (búrnyj)
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- Bulgarian: труден (bg) (truden), неприятен (bg) (neprijaten)
- Catalan: difícil (ca)
- Czech: nepříjemný (cs) m
- Finnish: kova (fi)
- French: difficile (fr) m or f, dur (fr), rude (fr)
- Galician: galludo m, enfesto m, carizolo m, desdoado m, caroso m, arrevesado m
- Hungarian: kemény (hu), nehéz (hu)
- Italian: difficile (it)
- Latin: difficilis (la)
- Portuguese: duro (pt), difícil (pt)
- Russian: суро́вый (ru) (suróvyj), тру́дный (ru) (trúdnyj), тяжёлый (ru) (tjažólyj)
- Telugu: కష్టమైన (te) (kaṣṭamaina)
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crude, unrefined — see also rude
- Bulgarian: суров (bg) (surov), необработен (bg) (neobraboten)
- Catalan: rude (ca) m or f, tosc (ca) m
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 粗魯 / 粗鲁 (zh) (cūlǔ), 粗野 (zh) (cūyě)
- Czech: surový (cs) m, neomalený (cs) m
- Finnish: karkea (fi)
- French: brut (fr) m, rustre (fr), grossier (fr), impoli (fr)
- Galician: áspero (gl), rude m, caxoto m, tarosco m, xoto m, brután m, burdallo m, zamarrón m, taleigán m
- German: roh (de)
- Hindi: अनगढ़ (hi) (angaṛh)
- Hungarian: durva (hu), faragatlan (hu), műveletlen (hu), nyers (hu)
- Indonesian: kasar (id)
- Irish: amhchaoin
- Italian: rude (it)
- Japanese: 粗野 (ja) (soya)
- Latin: rudis, impolītus
- Latvian: raupjš, rupjš
- Māori: kōkau, pūhungahunga
- Portuguese: grosseiro (pt), tosco (pt)
- Romanian: brut (ro)
- Russian: гру́бый (ru) (grúbyj)
- Spanish: tosco (es)
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Translations to be checked Noun
rough (plural roughs)
- The unmowed part of a golf course.
- A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 124:In Wellington Street my brother met a couple of sturdy roughs, who had just rushed out of Fleet Street with still wet newspapers and staring placards. "Dreadful catastrophe!" they bawled one to the other down Wellington Street. "Fighting at Weybridge!"
- (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
- The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
- A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
- (obsolete) Boisterous weather.
1633, Phineas Fletcher, Eclog 1. Amyntas:In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances.
- A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.
Derived terms
Translations
unmowed part of golf-course Verb
rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)
- To create in an approximate form.
Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.
1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.
- (boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.
- 1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)
- […] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules.
- (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
- To render rough; to roughen.
- To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.
1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.
- To endure primitive conditions.
- to rough it
2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.
- (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.
Derived terms
Translations
to create in approximate form ice hockey: to perform roughing Adverb
rough (comparative more rough, superlative most rough)
- In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.
1826, [Walter Scott], chapter IV, in Woodstock; Or, The Cavalier. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, →OCLC, page 93:I will warrant they prove such roaring boys as I knew when I served under Lumford and Goring, [...] —sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Ah! those merry days are gone.
Derived terms
Swedish
Noun
rough c
- (golf) alternative form of ruff (“rough”)
Declension
References
- “rough”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
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