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GeezerVison is showing github.com — fullstackpython.com/servers.html at gh-pages · PengYingChuan/fullstackpython.com Expand file tree/ Copy pathservers.htmlMore file actions 314 lines (313 loc) · 27 KB / Copy pathservers.htmlFile metadata and controls314 lines (313 loc) · 27 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Matt Makai"> <meta name="description" content="Servers are required to run web applications. Learn more about setting up servers on Full Stack Python."> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//static.fullstackpython.com/fsp-fav.png"> <title>Servers - Full Stack Python</title> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="theme/css/f.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <div style="padding: 0 0 20px 0; margin: 0 0 20px 0; background-color: #22B24C;"> <div class="container"> <h2 style="color: #fff; margin: 20px 40px 0 0;"><a href="https://www.gumroad.com/l/python-deployments" style="color: #fff">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a> has been released!</h2> </div> </div> <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="/theme/img/fork.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub"></a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="logo-header-section"> <a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="theme/img/logo.png" height="52" width="52" class="logo-image" style="padding-top: 1px;" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a> <span class="logo-title"><a href="/">Full Stack Python</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h1>Servers</h1> <p>Servers are the physical infrastructure to run all the layers of software so your web application can respond to requests from clients such as web browsers.</p> <h2>Why are servers necessary?</h2> <p>Your web application must live somewhere other than your own desktop or laptop. Servers should ideally be accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with no unplanned downtime. The servers that host your web application for actual users (as opposed to test users) are known as <em>production</em> servers. Production servers hold real data (again as opposed to test data) and must be secure against unauthorized access.</p> <h2>"Bare metal" servers</h2> <p>The term <em>bare metal</em> refers to purchasing the actual hardware and hooking it up to the Internet either through a business-class internet service provider (ISP) or <a href="http://webdesign.about.com/od/colocation/a/what_colocation.htm">co-locating the server</a> with other servers. A "business-class" ISP is necessary because most residential Internet service agreements explicitly prohibit running web servers on their networks. You may be able to get away with low traffic volume but if your site serves a lot of traffic it will alert an ISP's filters.</p> <p>The bare metal option offers the most control over the server configuration, usually has the highest performance for the price, but also is the most expensive upfront option and the highest ongoing maintenance. With bare metal servers the ongoing operating cost is the electricity the server(s) use as well as handling repairs when server components malfunction. You're taking on manual labor working with hardware as well as the rest of the software stack.</p> <p>Buy actual hardware from a vendor either pre-built or as a collection of components that you assemble yourself. You can also buy pre-configured servers from Dell or HP. Those servers tend to be in smaller case form factors (called "blades") but are correspondingly more expensive than putting off-the-shelf components together yourself in a standard computer case.</p> <h2>Virtualized servers</h2> <p>Virtual private servers (VPSs) are slices of hardware on top of a larger bare metal server. Virtualization software such as <a href="http://www.xen.org/">Xen</a> and <a href="http://www.vmware.com/virtualization/what-is-virtualization.html">VMWare</a> allow providers such as <a href="http://www.linode.com/">Linode</a> and <a href="http://prgmr.com/xen/">prgmr</a> (as well as a many others) to provide fractions of a full server that appear as their own instances. For example, a server with an 8-core Xeon processor and 16 gigabytes of memory can be sliced into 8 pieces with the equivalent of 1-core and 2 gigabytes of memory.</p> <p>The primary disadvantage of virtualized servers is that there is resource overhead in the virtualization process. In addition, physical constraints such as heavy I/O operations by a single virtualized instance on persistent storage can cause performance bottlenecks for other virtualized instances on the shared server. Choosing virtualized server hosting should be based on your needs for urgency of service ticket requests and the frequency you require for ongoing maintenance such as persistent storage backups.</p> <h3>Virtualized servers resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.redfern.me/choosing-a-low-cost-vps/">Choosing a low cost VPS</a> reviews the factors that you should weigh when deciding on hosting providers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://feross.org/how-to-setup-your-linode/">How to set up your Linode for maximum awesomeness</a> shows how to work with a VPS once you've got the server up and running.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Infrastructure-as-a-service</h2> <p>Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) overlaps with virtualized servers because the resources are often presented in the same way. The difference between virtualized servers and IaaS is the granularity of the billing cycle. IaaS generally encourages a finer granularity based on minutes or hours of server usage instead of on monthly billing cycles.</p> <p>IaaS can be used in combination with virtualized servers to provide dynamic upscaling for heavy traffic. When traffic is low then virtualized servers can solely be used. This combination of resources reduces cost at the expense of greater complexity in the dynamically scaled infrastructure. </p> <p>The most common IaaS platforms are <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/">Amazon Web Services</a> and <a href="http://www.rackspace.com/cloud/">Rackspace Cloud</a>.</p> <p>The disadvantage to IaaS platforms is the lock-in if you have to write custom code to deploy, dynamically scale, and generally understand your infrastructure. Every platform has its quirks. For example, Amazon's standard <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/ebs/">Elastic Block Store</a> storage infrastructure has at least an order of magnitude worse I/O throughput than working with your local disk. Your application's database queries may work great locally but then when you deploy the performance is inadequate. Amazon has <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2012/07/31/announcing-provisioned-iops-for-amazon-ebs/">higher throughput EBS instances</a> but you will pay correspondingly more for them. EBS throughput is just one of many quirks you need to understand before committing to an IaaS platform.</p> <h3>Infrastructure-as-a-service resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://www.screamingatmyscreen.com/2012/12/the-cloud-vs-dedicated-servers/">The cloud versus dedicated servers</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/5-common-server-setups-for-your-web-application">5 common server setups for your web application</a> is a great introduction to how hosting can be arranged.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://libcloud.apache.org/">Apache Libcloud</a> is a Python library that provides a unified API for many cloud service providers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://aws.amazon.com/python/">Amazon Web Services has official documentation</a> for running Python web applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/boto/boto">boto</a> is an extensive and well-tested Python library for working with Amazon Web Services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/changhiskhan/poseidon">Poseidon</a> is a Python commandline interface for managing Digital Ocean droplets (servers).</p> </li> <li> <p>Rackspace also has <a href="http://docs.rackspace.com/sdks/guide/content/python.html">official documentation for Python</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Servers learning checklist</h2> <ol> <li> <p>Sign up for a hosting provider. I recommend getting a <a href="https://www.linode.com/?r=bfeecaf55a83cd3dd224a5f2a3a001fdf95d4c3d">Linode VPS</a> to set up your initial infrastructure and deploy your web application there. <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/">Digital Ocean</a> and <a href="http://prgmr.com/xen/">prgrmr</a> are other VPS options. You can change hosting providers later after the deployment process is automated.</p> </li> <li> <p>Provision your first server. It will be ready but in a shutdown state while awaiting your instructions.</p> </li> <li> <p>Move to the <a href="/operating-systems.html">operating systems</a> section to learn how to load Ubuntu 14.04 LTS as a base OS for Python web applications.</p> </li> </ol> <h3>Keep going with server set up or try a PaaS deployment?</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/operating-systems.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M791 411q-11 1-15.5 10.5t-8.5 9.5q-5 1-5-5 0-12 19-15h10zm87 14q-4 1-11.5-6.5t-17.5-4.5q24-11 32 2 3 6-3 9zm-351 427q-4-1-6 3t-4.5 12.5-5.5 13.5-10 13q-7 10-1 12 4 1 12.5-7t12.5-18q1-3 2-7t2-6 1.5-4.5.5-4v-3l-1-2.5-3-2zm855 359q0-18-55-42 4-15 7.5-27.5t5-26 3-21.5.5-22.5-1-19.5-3.5-22-4-20.5-5-25-5.5-26.5q-10-48-47-103t-72-75q24 20 57 83 87 162 54 278-11 40-50 42-31 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fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">I have a server, how do I set up the operating system?</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/web-servers.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1728 1098q0 81-44.5 135t-123.5 54q-41 0-77.5-17.5t-59-38-56.5-38-71-17.5q-110 0-110 124 0 39 16 115t15 115v5q-22 0-33 1-34 3-97.5 11.5t-115.5 13.5-98 5q-61 0-103-26.5t-42-83.5q0-37 17.5-71t38-56.5 38-59 17.5-77.5q0-79-54-123.5t-135-44.5q-84 0-143 45.5t-59 127.5q0 43 15 83t33.5 64.5 33.5 53 15 50.5q0 45-46 89-37 35-117 35-95 0-245-24-9-2-27.5-4t-27.5-4l-13-2q-1 0-3-1-2 0-2-1v-1024q2 1 17.5 3.5t34 5 21.5 3.5q150 24 245 24 80 0 117-35 46-44 46-89 0-22-15-50.5t-33.5-53-33.5-64.5-15-83q0-82 59-127.5t144-45.5q80 0 134 44.5t54 123.5q0 41-17.5 77.5t-38 59-38 56.5-17.5 71q0 57 42 83.5t103 26.5q64 0 180-15t163-17v2q-1 2-3.5 17.5t-5 34-3.5 21.5q-24 150-24 245 0 80 35 117 44 46 89 46 22 0 50.5-15t53-33.5 64.5-33.5 83-15q82 0 127.5 59t45.5 143z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">Which web server should I use?</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="32" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1216 864q0-14-9-23l-352-352q-9-9-23-9t-23 9l-351 351q-10 12-10 24 0 14 9 23t23 9h224v352q0 13 9.5 22.5t22.5 9.5h192q13 0 22.5-9.5t9.5-22.5v-352h224q13 0 22.5-9.5t9.5-22.5zm640 288q0 159-112.5 271.5t-271.5 112.5h-1088q-185 0-316.5-131.5t-131.5-316.5q0-130 70-240t188-165q-2-30-2-43 0-212 150-362t362-150q156 0 285.5 87t188.5 231q71-62 166-62 106 0 181 75t75 181q0 76-41 138 130 31 213.5 135.5t83.5 238.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">How do I use a platform-as-a-service to deploy my Python app?.</p> </div> </div> </div><div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form 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Learn more about <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-success"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Table of Contents</a></h3> </div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>Introduction</a> <a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>Learning Programming</a> <a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>Why Use Python?</a> <a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>Python 2 or 3?</a> <a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica 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Learn more about <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-success"> <div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Servers</h3></div> <div class="panel-body"> Major updates are tweeted via <a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>. <hr/> Need more detailed tutorials than you see here? <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">Learn more about The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book.</a> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr/> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="footer pull-right"> <a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a> 2015 </div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-19910497-7', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> var trackOutboundLink = function(url) { ga('send', 'event', 'outbound', 'click', url, {'hitCallback': function () { document.location = url; } }); } </script> </body> </html> |
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