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GeezerVison is showing github.com — datafusion-python/python/datafusion/dataframe_formatter.py at main · apache/datafusion-python Expand file tree/ Copy pathdataframe_formatter.pyMore file actions 843 lines (701 loc) · 28 KB / Copy pathdataframe_formatter.pyFile metadata and controls843 lines (701 loc) · 28 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one # or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file # distributed with this work for additional information # regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance # with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, # software distributed under the License is distributed on an # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY # KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the # specific language governing permissions and limitations # under the License. """HTML formatting utilities for DataFusion DataFrames.""" from __future__ import annotations import warnings from typing import ( TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Protocol, runtime_checkable, ) from datafusion._internal import DataFrame as DataFrameInternal if TYPE_CHECKING: from collections.abc import Callable def _validate_positive_int(value: Any, param_name: str) -> None: """Validate that a parameter is a positive integer. Args: value: The value to validate param_name: Name of the parameter (used in error message) Raises: ValueError: If the value is not a positive integer """ if not isinstance(value, int) or value <= 0: msg = f"{param_name} must be a positive integer" raise ValueError(msg) def _validate_bool(value: Any, param_name: str) -> None: """Validate that a parameter is a boolean. Args: value: The value to validate param_name: Name of the parameter (used in error message) Raises: TypeError: If the value is not a boolean """ if not isinstance(value, bool): msg = f"{param_name} must be a boolean" raise TypeError(msg) def _validate_formatter_parameters( max_cell_length: int, max_width: int, max_height: int, max_memory_bytes: int, min_rows: int, max_rows: int | None, repr_rows: int | None, enable_cell_expansion: bool, show_truncation_message: bool, use_shared_styles: bool, custom_css: str | None, style_provider: Any, ) -> int: """Validate all formatter parameters and return resolved max_rows value. Args: max_cell_length: Maximum cell length value to validate max_width: Maximum width value to validate max_height: Maximum height value to validate max_memory_bytes: Maximum memory bytes value to validate min_rows: Minimum rows to display value to validate max_rows: Maximum rows value to validate (None means use default) repr_rows: Deprecated repr_rows value to validate enable_cell_expansion: Boolean expansion flag to validate show_truncation_message: Boolean message flag to validate use_shared_styles: Boolean styles flag to validate custom_css: Custom CSS string to validate style_provider: Style provider object to validate Returns: The resolved max_rows value after handling repr_rows deprecation Raises: ValueError: If any numeric parameter is invalid or constraints are violated TypeError: If any parameter has invalid type DeprecationWarning: If repr_rows parameter is used """ # Validate numeric parameters _validate_positive_int(max_cell_length, "max_cell_length") _validate_positive_int(max_width, "max_width") _validate_positive_int(max_height, "max_height") _validate_positive_int(max_memory_bytes, "max_memory_bytes") _validate_positive_int(min_rows, "min_rows") # Handle deprecated repr_rows parameter if repr_rows is not None: warnings.warn( "repr_rows parameter is deprecated, use max_rows instead", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=4, ) _validate_positive_int(repr_rows, "repr_rows") if max_rows is not None and repr_rows != max_rows: msg = "Cannot specify both repr_rows and max_rows; use max_rows only" raise ValueError(msg) max_rows = repr_rows # Use default if max_rows was not provided if max_rows is None: max_rows = 10 _validate_positive_int(max_rows, "max_rows") # Validate constraint: min_rows <= max_rows if min_rows > max_rows: msg = "min_rows must be less than or equal to max_rows" raise ValueError(msg) # Validate boolean parameters _validate_bool(enable_cell_expansion, "enable_cell_expansion") _validate_bool(show_truncation_message, "show_truncation_message") _validate_bool(use_shared_styles, "use_shared_styles") # Validate custom_css if custom_css is not None and not isinstance(custom_css, str): msg = "custom_css must be None or a string" raise TypeError(msg) # Validate style_provider if style_provider is not None and not isinstance(style_provider, StyleProvider): msg = "style_provider must implement the StyleProvider protocol" raise TypeError(msg) return max_rows @runtime_checkable class CellFormatter(Protocol): """Protocol for cell value formatters.""" def __call__(self, value: Any) -> str: """Format a cell value to string representation.""" ... @runtime_checkable class StyleProvider(Protocol): """Protocol for HTML style providers.""" def get_cell_style(self) -> str: """Get the CSS style for table cells.""" ... def get_header_style(self) -> str: """Get the CSS style for header cells.""" ... class DefaultStyleProvider: """Default implementation of StyleProvider.""" def get_cell_style(self) -> str: """Get the CSS style for table cells. Returns: CSS style string """ return ( "border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px; text-align: left; " "white-space: nowrap;" ) def get_header_style(self) -> str: """Get the CSS style for header cells. Returns: CSS style string """ return ( "border: 1px solid black; padding: 8px; text-align: left; " "background-color: #f2f2f2; white-space: nowrap; min-width: fit-content; " "max-width: fit-content;" ) class DataFrameHtmlFormatter: """Configurable HTML formatter for DataFusion DataFrames. This class handles the HTML rendering of DataFrames for display in Jupyter notebooks and other rich display contexts. This class supports extension through composition. Key extension points: - Provide a custom StyleProvider for styling cells and headers - Register custom formatters for specific types - Provide custom cell builders for specialized cell rendering Args: max_cell_length: Maximum characters to display in a cell before truncation max_width: Maximum width of the HTML table in pixels max_height: Maximum height of the HTML table in pixels max_memory_bytes: Maximum memory in bytes for rendered data (default: 2MB) min_rows: Minimum number of rows to display (must be <= max_rows) max_rows: Maximum number of rows to display in repr output repr_rows: Deprecated alias for max_rows enable_cell_expansion: Whether to add expand/collapse buttons for long cell values custom_css: Additional CSS to include in the HTML output show_truncation_message: Whether to display a message when data is truncated style_provider: Custom provider for cell and header styles use_shared_styles: Whether to load styles and scripts only once per notebook session """ def __init__( self, max_cell_length: int = 25, max_width: int = 1000, max_height: int = 300, max_memory_bytes: int = 2 * 1024 * 1024, # 2 MB min_rows: int = 10, max_rows: int | None = None, repr_rows: int | None = None, enable_cell_expansion: bool = True, custom_css: str | None = None, show_truncation_message: bool = True, style_provider: StyleProvider | None = None, use_shared_styles: bool = True, ) -> None: """Initialize the HTML formatter. Parameters ---------- max_cell_length Maximum length of cell content before truncation. max_width Maximum width of the displayed table in pixels. max_height Maximum height of the displayed table in pixels. max_memory_bytes Maximum memory in bytes for rendered data. Helps prevent performance issues with large datasets. min_rows Minimum number of rows to display even if memory limit is reached. Must not exceed ``max_rows``. max_rows Maximum number of rows to display. Takes precedence over memory limits when fewer rows are requested. repr_rows Deprecated alias for ``max_rows``. Use ``max_rows`` instead. enable_cell_expansion Whether to allow cells to expand when clicked. custom_css Custom CSS to apply to the HTML table. show_truncation_message Whether to show a message indicating that content has been truncated. style_provider Provider of CSS styles for the HTML table. If None, DefaultStyleProvider is used. use_shared_styles Whether to use shared styles across multiple tables. This improves performance when displaying many DataFrames in a single notebook. Raises: ------ ValueError If max_cell_length, max_width, max_height, max_memory_bytes, min_rows or max_rows is not a positive integer, or if min_rows exceeds max_rows. TypeError If enable_cell_expansion, show_truncation_message, or use_shared_styles is not a boolean, or if custom_css is provided but is not a string, or if style_provider is provided but does not implement the StyleProvider protocol. """ # Validate all parameters and get resolved max_rows resolved_max_rows = _validate_formatter_parameters( max_cell_length, max_width, max_height, max_memory_bytes, min_rows, max_rows, repr_rows, enable_cell_expansion, show_truncation_message, use_shared_styles, custom_css, style_provider, ) self.max_cell_length = max_cell_length self.max_width = max_width self.max_height = max_height self.max_memory_bytes = max_memory_bytes self.min_rows = min_rows self._max_rows = resolved_max_rows self.enable_cell_expansion = enable_cell_expansion self.custom_css = custom_css self.show_truncation_message = show_truncation_message self.style_provider = style_provider or DefaultStyleProvider() self.use_shared_styles = use_shared_styles # Registry for custom type formatters self._type_formatters: dict[type, CellFormatter] = {} # Custom cell builders self._custom_cell_builder: Callable[[Any, int, int, str], str] | None = None self._custom_header_builder: Callable[[Any], str] | None = None @property def max_rows(self) -> int: """Get the maximum number of rows to display. Returns: The maximum number of rows to display in repr output """ return self._max_rows @max_rows.setter def max_rows(self, value: int) -> None: """Set the maximum number of rows to display. Args: value: The maximum number of rows """ self._max_rows = value @property def repr_rows(self) -> int: """Get the maximum number of rows (deprecated name). .. deprecated:: Use :attr:`max_rows` instead. This property is provided for backward compatibility. Returns: The maximum number of rows to display """ return self._max_rows @repr_rows.setter def repr_rows(self, value: int) -> None: """Set the maximum number of rows using deprecated name. .. deprecated:: Use :attr:`max_rows` setter instead. This property is provided for backward compatibility. Args: value: The maximum number of rows """ warnings.warn( "repr_rows is deprecated, use max_rows instead", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) self._max_rows = value def register_formatter(self, type_class: type, formatter: CellFormatter) -> None: """Register a custom formatter for a specific data type. Args: type_class: The type to register a formatter for formatter: Function that takes a value of the given type and returns a formatted string """ self._type_formatters[type_class] = formatter def set_custom_cell_builder( self, builder: Callable[[Any, int, int, str], str] ) -> None: """Set a custom cell builder function. Args: builder: Function that takes (value, row, col, table_id) and returns HTML """ self._custom_cell_builder = builder def set_custom_header_builder(self, builder: Callable[[Any], str]) -> None: """Set a custom header builder function. Args: builder: Function that takes a field and returns HTML """ self._custom_header_builder = builder def format_html( self, batches: list, schema: Any, has_more: bool = False, table_uuid: str | None = None, ) -> str: """Format record batches as HTML. This method is used by DataFrame's _repr_html_ implementation and can be called directly when custom HTML rendering is needed. Args: batches: List of Arrow RecordBatch objects schema: Arrow Schema object has_more: Whether there are more batches not shown table_uuid: Unique ID for the table, used for JavaScript interactions Returns: HTML string representation of the data Raises: TypeError: If schema is invalid and no batches are provided """ if not batches: return "No data to display" # Validate schema if schema is None or not hasattr(schema, "__iter__"): msg = "Schema must be provided" raise TypeError(msg) # Generate a unique ID if none provided table_uuid = table_uuid or f"df-{id(batches)}" # Build HTML components html = [] html.extend(self._build_html_header()) html.extend(self._build_table_container_start()) # Add table header and body html.extend(self._build_table_header(schema)) html.extend(self._build_table_body(batches, table_uuid)) html.append("</table>") html.append("</div>") # Add footer (JavaScript and messages) if self.enable_cell_expansion: html.append(self._get_javascript()) # Always add truncation message if needed (independent of styles) if has_more and self.show_truncation_message: html.append("<div>Data truncated due to size.</div>") return "\n".join(html) def format_str( self, batches: list, schema: Any, has_more: bool = False, table_uuid: str | None = None, ) -> str: """Format record batches as a string. This method is used by DataFrame's __repr__ implementation and can be called directly when string rendering is needed. Args: batches: List of Arrow RecordBatch objects schema: Arrow Schema object has_more: Whether there are more batches not shown table_uuid: Unique ID for the table, used for JavaScript interactions Returns: String representation of the data Raises: TypeError: If schema is invalid and no batches are provided """ return DataFrameInternal.default_str_repr(batches, schema, has_more, table_uuid) def _build_html_header(self) -> list[str]: """Build the HTML header with CSS styles.""" default_css = self._get_default_css() if self.enable_cell_expansion else "" script = f""" <script> if (!document.getElementById('df-styles')) {{ const style = document.createElement('style'); style.id = 'df-styles'; style.textContent = `{default_css}`; document.head.appendChild(style); }} </script> """ html = [script] if self.custom_css: html.append(f"<style>{self.custom_css}</style>") return html def _build_table_container_start(self) -> list[str]: """Build the opening tags for the table container.""" html = [] html.append( f'<div style="width: 100%; max-width: {self.max_width}px; ' f"max-height: {self.max_height}px; overflow: auto; border: " '1px solid #ccc;">' ) html.append('<table style="border-collapse: collapse">') return html def _build_table_header(self, schema: Any) -> list[str]: """Build the HTML table header with column names.""" html = [] html.append("<thead>") html.append("<tr>") for field in schema: if self._custom_header_builder: html.append(self._custom_header_builder(field)) else: html.append( f"<th style='{self.style_provider.get_header_style()}'>" f"{field.name}</th>" ) html.append("</tr>") html.append("</thead>") return html def _build_table_body(self, batches: list, table_uuid: str) -> list[str]: """Build the HTML table body with data rows.""" html = [] html.append("<tbody>") row_count = 0 for batch in batches: for row_idx in range(batch.num_rows): row_count += 1 html.append("<tr>") for col_idx, column in enumerate(batch.columns): # Get the raw value from the column raw_value = self._get_cell_value(column, row_idx) # Always check for type formatters first to format the value formatted_value = self._format_cell_value(raw_value) # Then apply either custom cell builder or standard cell formatting if self._custom_cell_builder: # Pass both the raw value and formatted value to let the # builder decide cell_html = self._custom_cell_builder( raw_value, row_count, col_idx, table_uuid ) html.append(cell_html) else: # Standard cell formatting with formatted value if ( len(str(raw_value)) > self.max_cell_length and self.enable_cell_expansion ): cell_html = self._build_expandable_cell( formatted_value, row_count, col_idx, table_uuid ) else: cell_html = self._build_regular_cell(formatted_value) html.append(cell_html) html.append("</tr>") html.append("</tbody>") return html def _get_cell_value(self, column: Any, row_idx: int) -> Any: """Extract a cell value from a column. Args: column: Arrow array row_idx: Row index Returns: The raw cell value """ try: value = column[row_idx] if hasattr(value, "as_py"): return value.as_py() except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass else: return value def _format_cell_value(self, value: Any) -> str: """Format a cell value for display. Uses registered type formatters if available. Args: value: The cell value to format Returns: Formatted cell value as string """ # Check for custom type formatters for type_cls, formatter in self._type_formatters.items(): if isinstance(value, type_cls): return formatter(value) # If no formatter matched, return string representation return str(value) def _build_expandable_cell( self, formatted_value: str, row_count: int, col_idx: int, table_uuid: str ) -> str: """Build an expandable cell for long content.""" short_value = str(formatted_value)[: self.max_cell_length] return ( f"<td style='{self.style_provider.get_cell_style()}'>" f"<div class='expandable-container'>" "<span class='expandable' " f"id='{table_uuid}-min-text-{row_count}-{col_idx}'>" f"{short_value}</span>" "<span class='full-text' " f"id='{table_uuid}-full-text-{row_count}-{col_idx}'>" f"{formatted_value}</span>" f"<button class='expand-btn' " f"onclick=\"toggleDataFrameCellText('{table_uuid}',{row_count},{col_idx})\">" f"...</button>" f"</div>" f"</td>" ) def _build_regular_cell(self, formatted_value: str) -> str: """Build a regular table cell.""" return ( f"<td style='{self.style_provider.get_cell_style()}'>{formatted_value}</td>" ) def _build_html_footer(self, has_more: bool) -> list[str]: """Build the HTML footer with JavaScript and messages.""" html = [] # Add JavaScript for interactivity only if cell expansion is enabled # and we're not using the shared styles approach if self.enable_cell_expansion and not self.use_shared_styles: html.append(self._get_javascript()) # Add truncation message if needed if has_more and self.show_truncation_message: html.append("<div>Data truncated due to size.</div>") return html def _get_default_css(self) -> str: """Get default CSS styles for the HTML table.""" return """ .expandable-container { display: inline-block; max-width: 200px; } .expandable { white-space: nowrap; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; display: block; } .full-text { display: none; white-space: normal; } .expand-btn { cursor: pointer; color: blue; text-decoration: underline; border: none; background: none; font-size: inherit; display: block; margin-top: 5px; } """ def _get_javascript(self) -> str: """Get JavaScript code for interactive elements.""" return """ <script> if (!window.__df_formatter_js_loaded__) { window.__df_formatter_js_loaded__ = true; window.toggleDataFrameCellText = function (table_uuid, row, col) { var shortText = document.getElementById( table_uuid + "-min-text-" + row + "-" + col ); var fullText = document.getElementById( table_uuid + "-full-text-" + row + "-" + col ); var button = event.target; if (fullText.style.display === "none") { shortText.style.display = "none"; fullText.style.display = "inline"; button.textContent = "(less)"; } else { shortText.style.display = "inline"; fullText.style.display = "none"; button.textContent = "..."; } }; } </script> """ class FormatterManager: """Manager class for the global DataFrame HTML formatter instance.""" _default_formatter: DataFrameHtmlFormatter = DataFrameHtmlFormatter() @classmethod def set_formatter(cls, formatter: DataFrameHtmlFormatter) -> None: """Set the global DataFrame HTML formatter. Args: formatter: The formatter instance to use globally """ cls._default_formatter = formatter _refresh_formatter_reference() @classmethod def get_formatter(cls) -> DataFrameHtmlFormatter: """Get the current global DataFrame HTML formatter. Returns: The global HTML formatter instance """ return cls._default_formatter def get_formatter() -> DataFrameHtmlFormatter: """Get the current global DataFrame HTML formatter. This function is used by the DataFrame._repr_html_ implementation to access the shared formatter instance. It can also be used directly when custom HTML rendering is needed. Returns: The global HTML formatter instance Example: >>> from datafusion.dataframe_formatter import get_formatter >>> formatter = get_formatter() >>> formatter.max_cell_length = 50 # Increase cell length """ return FormatterManager.get_formatter() def set_formatter(formatter: DataFrameHtmlFormatter) -> None: """Set the global DataFrame HTML formatter. Args: formatter: The formatter instance to use globally Example: >>> from datafusion.dataframe_formatter import get_formatter, set_formatter >>> custom_formatter = DataFrameHtmlFormatter(max_cell_length=100) >>> set_formatter(custom_formatter) """ FormatterManager.set_formatter(formatter) def configure_formatter(**kwargs: Any) -> None: """Configure the global DataFrame HTML formatter. This function creates a new formatter with the provided configuration and sets it as the global formatter for all DataFrames. Args: **kwargs: Formatter configuration parameters like max_cell_length, max_width, max_height, enable_cell_expansion, etc. Raises: ValueError: If any invalid parameters are provided Example: >>> from datafusion.dataframe_formatter import configure_formatter >>> configure_formatter( ... max_cell_length=50, ... max_height=500, ... enable_cell_expansion=True, ... use_shared_styles=True ... ) """ # Valid parameters accepted by DataFrameHtmlFormatter valid_params = { "max_cell_length", "max_width", "max_height", "max_memory_bytes", "min_rows", "max_rows", "repr_rows", "enable_cell_expansion", "custom_css", "show_truncation_message", "style_provider", "use_shared_styles", } # Check for invalid parameters invalid_params = set(kwargs) - valid_params if invalid_params: msg = ( f"Invalid formatter parameters: {', '.join(invalid_params)}. " f"Valid parameters are: {', '.join(valid_params)}" ) raise ValueError(msg) # Create and set formatter with validated parameters set_formatter(DataFrameHtmlFormatter(**kwargs)) def reset_formatter() -> None: """Reset the global DataFrame HTML formatter to default settings. This function creates a new formatter with default configuration and sets it as the global formatter for all DataFrames. Example: >>> from datafusion.dataframe_formatter import reset_formatter >>> reset_formatter() # Reset formatter to default settings """ formatter = DataFrameHtmlFormatter() set_formatter(formatter) def _refresh_formatter_reference() -> None: """Refresh formatter reference in any modules using it. This helps ensure that changes to the formatter are reflected in existing DataFrames that might be caching the formatter reference. """ # This is a no-op but signals modules to refresh their reference |
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