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GeezerVison is showing github.com — fullstackpython.github.com/servers.html at gh-pages · huachen0216/fullstackpython.github.com Expand file tree/ Copy pathservers.htmlMore file actions 506 lines (499 loc) · 27.1 KB / Copy pathservers.htmlFile metadata and controls506 lines (499 loc) · 27.1 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Matt Makai"> <meta name="description" content="Full Stack Python explains each layer of the web application stack, from the server up through the rendering in a user's browser."> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="theme/img/fsp-fav.png"> <title>Servers - Full Stack Python</title> <link href="theme/css/fsp.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.1.0/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-19910497-7']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body> <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.github.com" class="github"> <img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub" /> </a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="logo-header-section"> <a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="theme/img/fsp-logo.png" height="52" width="52" class="logo-image" style="padding-top: 1px;"/></a> <span class="logo-title"><a href="/">Full Stack Python</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h1>Servers</h1> <p>Servers are the physical infrastructure to run all the layers of software so your web application can respond to requests from clients such as web browsers.</p> <h2>Why are servers necessary?</h2> <p>Your web application must live somewhere other than your own desktop or laptop. Servers should ideally be accessible 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with no unplanned downtime. The servers that host your web application for actual users (as opposed to test users) are known as <em>production</em> servers. Production servers hold real data (again as opposed to test data) and must be secure against unauthorized access.</p> <h2>"Bare metal" servers</h2> <p>The term <em>bare metal</em> refers to purchasing the actual hardware and hooking it up to the Internet either through a business-class internet service provider (ISP) or <a href="http://webdesign.about.com/od/colocation/a/what_colocation.htm">co-locating the server</a> with other servers. A "business-class" ISP is necessary because most residential Internet service agreements explicitly prohibit running web servers on their networks. You may be able to get away with low traffic volume but if your site serves a lot of traffic it will alert an ISP's filters.</p> <p>The bare metal option offers the most control over the server configuration, usually has the highest performance for the price, but also is the most expensive upfront option and the highest ongoing maintenance. With bare metal servers the ongoing operating cost is the electricity the server(s) use as well as handling repairs when server components malfunction. You're taking on manual labor working with hardware as well as the rest of the software stack.</p> <p>Buy actual hardware from a vendor either pre-built or as a collection of components that you assemble yourself. You can also buy pre-configured servers from Dell or HP. Those servers tend to be in smaller case form factors (called "blades") but are correspondingly more expensive than putting off-the-shelf components together yourself in a standard computer case.</p> <h2>Virtualized servers</h2> <p>Virtual private servers (VPSs) are slices of hardware on top of a larger bare metal server. Virtualization software such as <a href="http://www.xen.org/">Xen</a> and <a href="http://www.vmware.com/virtualization/what-is-virtualization.html">VMWare</a> allow providers such as <a href="http://www.linode.com/">Linode</a> and <a href="http://prgmr.com/xen/">prgmr</a> (as well as a many others) to provide fractions of a full server that appear as their own instances. For example, a server with an 8-core Xeon processor and 16 gigabytes of memory can be sliced into 8 pieces with the equivalent of 1-core and 2 gigabytes of memory.</p> <p>The primary disadvantage of virtualized servers is that there is resource overhead in the virtualization process. In addition, physical constraints such as heavy I/O operations by a single virtualized instance on persistent storage can cause performance bottlenecks for other virtualized instances on the shared server. Choosing virtualized server hosting should be based on your needs for urgency of service ticket requests and the frequency you require for ongoing maintenance such as persistent storage backups.</p> <h3>Virtualized servers resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.redfern.me/choosing-a-low-cost-vps/">Choosing a low cost VPS</a> reviews the factors that you should weigh when deciding on hosting providers.</p> </li> <li> <p>This post covers hosting types and host to <a href="http://www.purefiremedia.com/choose-a-web-host/">choose a web host</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Infrastructure-as-a-service</h2> <p>Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) overlaps with virtualized servers because the resources are often presented in the same way. The difference between virtualized servers and IaaS is the granularity of the billing cycle. IaaS generally encourages a finer granularity based on minutes or hours of server usage instead of on monthly billing cycles.</p> <p>IaaS can be used in combination with virtualized servers to provide dynamic upscaling for heavy traffic. When traffic is low then virtualized servers can solely be used. This combination of resources reduces cost at the expense of greater complexity in the dynamically scaled infrastructure. </p> <p>The most common IaaS platforms are <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/">Amazon Web Services</a> and <a href="http://www.rackspace.com/cloud/">Rackspace Cloud</a>.</p> <p>The disadvantage to IaaS platforms is the lock-in if you have to write custom code to deploy, dynamically scale, and generally understand your infrastructure. Every platform has its quirks. For example, Amazon's standard <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/ebs/">Elastic Block Store</a> storage infrastructure has at least an order of magnitude worse I/O throughput than working with your local disk. Your application's database queries may work great locally but then when you deploy the performance is inadequate. Amazon has <a href="http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2012/07/31/announcing-provisioned-iops-for-amazon-ebs/">higher throughput EBS instances</a> but you will pay correspondingly more for them. EBS throughput is just one of many quirks you need to understand before committing to an IaaS platform.</p> <h3>Infrastructure-as-a-service resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://www.screamingatmyscreen.com/2012/12/the-cloud-vs-dedicated-servers/">The cloud versus dedicated servers</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/5-common-server-setups-for-your-web-application">5 common server setups for your web application</a> is a great introduction to how hosting can be arranged.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://libcloud.apache.org/">Apache Libcloud</a> is a Python library that provides a unified API for many cloud service providers.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://aws.amazon.com/python/">Amazon Web Services has official documentation</a> for running Python web applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/boto/boto">boto</a> is an extensive and well-tested Python library for working with Amazon Web Services.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/changhiskhan/poseidon">Poseidon</a> is a Python commandline interface for managing Digital Ocean droplets (servers).</p> </li> <li> <p>Rackspace also has <a href="http://docs.rackspace.com/sdks/guide/content/python.html">official documentation for Python</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://feross.org/how-to-setup-your-linode/">How to set up your Linode for maximum awesomeness</a> shows how to work with a VPS once you've got the server up and running.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Servers learning checklist</h2> <p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Sign up for a hosting provider. I recommend getting a <a href="https://www.linode.com/?r=bfeecaf55a83cd3dd224a5f2a3a001fdf95d4c3d">Linode VPS</a> to set up your initial infrastructure and deploy your web application there. <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/">Digital Ocean</a> and <a href="http://prgmr.com/xen/">prgrmr</a> are other VPS options. You can change hosting providers later after the deployment process is automated.</p> <p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Provision your first server. It will be ready but in a shutdown state while awaiting your instructions.</p> <p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Move to the <a href="/operating-systems.html">operating systems</a> section to learn how to load Ubuntu 14.04 LTS as a base OS for Python web applications.</p> <h3>Keep going with setting up a server or try a PaaS?</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/operating-systems.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-linux fa-inverse fa-2x"></i></a> <p class="under-btn"> What operating system should I use once the server is set up? </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fa-inverse fa-2x"></i></a> </a> <p class="under-btn"> Forget servers. Give me the easier platform-as-a-service option. </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/web-servers.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><i class="fa fa-cloud fa-2x"></i></a> <p class="under-btn"> I'll install Linux as my OS. Which web server should I use? </p> </div> </div> </div> <style type="text/css"> #mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:12px "Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif; } /* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. 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} else { err_id = 'mce_tmp_error_msg'; html = '<div id="'+err_id+'" style="'+err_style+'"> '+msg+'</div>'; var input_id = '#mc_embed_signup'; var f = $(input_id); if (ftypes[index]=='address'){ input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-addr1'; f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0); } else if (ftypes[index]=='date'){ input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month'; f = $(input_id).parent().parent().get(0); } else { input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]; f = $().parent(input_id).get(0); } if (f){ $(f).append(html); $(input_id).focus(); } else { $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); } } } catch(e){ $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); } } } </script> <!--End mc_embed_signup--> </div> <div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3" id="sidebar"> <div class="panel panel-success"> <div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Servers</h3></div> <div class="panel-body"> <a href="/">Full Stack Python</a> is an open book that explains each Python web application stack layer and provides the best web resources for those topics. <hr/> There's a work-in-progress <a href="/full-stack-python-map.pdf">subjects map (.pdf)</a> that visually lays out each chapter in addition to the table of contents found below. <hr/> Need more detailed tutorials and walkthroughs than what is presented here? <a href="/email.html">Sign up for an email alert when that content is created.</a> <hr/> <a href="http://twitter.com/mattmakai">Matt Makai</a> built this site with assistance from community pull requests. On GitHub you can <a href="https://github.com/makaimc">follow Matt</a> to see the daily changes. </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-success"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head">Table of Contents</h3> </div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Introduction</a> <a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Frameworks</a> <a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Django</a> <a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Flask</a> <a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Bottle</a> <a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Morepath</a> <a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Other Web Frameworks</a> <a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Deployment</a> <a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active">Servers</a> <a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Platform-as-a-service</a> <a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Operating Systems</a> <a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Servers</a> <a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WSGI Servers</a> <a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Source Control</a> <a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Dependencies</a> <a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Databases</a> <a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">NoSQL Data Stores</a> <a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Design</a> <a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Cascading Style Sheets</a> <a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">JavaScript</a> <a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Continuous Integration</a> <a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Code Metrics</a> <a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Configuration Management</a> <a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Static Content</a> <a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Caching</a> <a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Task Queues</a> <a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Programming Interfaces</a> <a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Integration</a> <a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Creation</a> <a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Logging</a> <a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Monitoring</a> <a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Analytics</a> <a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Application Security</a> <a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Best Python Resources</a> <a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Development Environments</a> <a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">About the Author</a> <a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Change Log</a> <a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Future Directions</a> <a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">What "Full Stack" Means</a> <a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Why Use Python?</a> <a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WebSockets</a> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr/> <div class="footer pull-right"> <a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a> 2014 </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> setTimeout(function(){var a=document.createElement("script"); var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; a.src=document.location.protocol+"//dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0016/5846.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000); a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1); </script> <div style="display: none;"> <img src="https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?authToken=zRgB&authType=name&id=3952407" /> </div> </body> </html> |
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