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<!--

Author: W3layouts

Author URL: http://w3layouts.com

-->

<!doctype html>

<head>

<title>Liquid Java</title>

</head>

<body>

<!-- <section class="w3l-bootstrap-header">

<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.html">Catarina Gamboa</a> -->

<!-- if logo is image enable this

</a> -->

<!-- <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarSupportedContent"

aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">

</button> -->

<!-- <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="projects.html">Papers</a>

</li>

<a class="nav-link" href="activities.html">Other Activities</a>

</li>

</ul>

</div> -->

<!-- </div>

</nav>

</section> -->

<!-- <section class="w3l-about-breadcrum">

<p> <br/></p>

</div>

</section>

<p>Project developed at

<!-- <img src="assets/images/normal.png" alt="Lasige logo" width="150" height="55">

</p>

</div>

</div>

<h3>Extending Java with <br/>Liquid Types</h3>

<b>Extend your Java code with Refinement Types and catch bugs earlier!</b><br/>

LiquidJava implements an additional type system with Refinement Types on top of Java.

It allows developers to express better restrictions on the code and discover more bugs before executing the program.

</p>

</div>

<br/>

</div>

</div>

<h4><b>Learn more</b> about LiquidJava!</h4>

<span class="lj-resource-title">GitHub organization</span>

<span class="lj-resource-sub">Verifier, API, examples, external libs — all in one place.</span>

</a>

<span class="lj-resource-title">Documentation</span>

<span class="lj-resource-sub">Annotation reference and language guide.</span>

</a>

<span class="lj-resource-title">Tutorial</span>

<span class="lj-resource-sub">A hands-on interactive introduction to LiquidJava with examples and exercises.</span>

</a>

<span class="lj-resource-title">Research paper</span>

<span class="lj-resource-sub">Usability-Oriented Design of Liquid Types for Java — ICSE 2023.</span>

</a>

</div>

<span class="lj-install-eyebrow">Get started</span>

<h3 class="lj-install-title">Refine your Java in three steps</h3>

The LiquidJava plugin runs inside Visual Studio Code and gives you inline diagnostics

as you type — no separate verifier window to babysit.

</p>

<a class="lj-install-btn lj-install-btn--primary"

href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=AlcidesFonseca.liquid-java"

target="_blank" rel="noopener">

Install for VS Code

</a>

<a class="lj-install-btn lj-install-btn--secondary"

href="https://open-vsx.org/extension/AlcidesFonseca/liquid-java"

target="_blank" rel="noopener">

Get on Open VSX

</a>

</div>

<h5 class="lj-step-title">Set up your toolchain</h5>

<p class="lj-step-desc">You'll need the basics installed first.</p>

<li><a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/#alt-downloads" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Visual Studio Code <span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li>

<li><a href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=redhat.java" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Red Hat Java extension <span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li>

</ul>

</li>

<h5 class="lj-step-title">Install the plugin</h5>

One click from the Marketplace, or search <code class="lj-step-code">LiquidJava</code> inside VS Code's extensions panel.

</p>

</li>

<h5 class="lj-step-title">Add the API to your project</h5>

Drop the LiquidJava API dependency into your build, sprinkle <code class="lj-step-code">@Refinement</code> annotations, and watch the diagnostics light up.

</p>

<a href="https://github.com/liquid-java/liquidjava-docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maven / Gradle setup →</a>

<a href="https://liquid-java.github.io/liquidjava-interactive-tutorial/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tutorial →</a>

</p>

</li>

</ol>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-eyebrow-mini">Reference</span>

<h3 class="lj-pred-title">Predicates</h3>

Refinement Types extend the language with predicates over basic types.

<code class="lj-inline">@Refinement("x > 0") int x;</code> declares an

<code class="lj-inline">int</code> refined by <code class="lj-inline">x > 0</code>.

Predicates live in <i>quantifier-free linear integer arithmetic</i>.

</p>

</header>

<label class="lj-pred-pickerlabel" for="ljPredSelect">Browse predicates</label>

<option value="op-eq">==   Equals</option>

<option value="op-neq">!=   Different</option>

<option value="op-ineq">< <= > >=   Inequalities</option>

<option value="op-not">!   Negate</option>

<option value="op-add">+ −   Add & subtract</option>

<option value="op-mul">* / %   Multiplicative</option>

<option value="op-wild">_   This-variable wildcard</option>

</optgroup>

<option value="al-def">@RefinementAlias   Define</option>

<option value="al-use">Percentage(_)   Apply</option>

</optgroup>

<option value="st-set">@StateSet   Class states</option>

<option value="st-ref">@StateRefinement   Use states</option>

<option value="st-ghost">@Ghost   Class ghost</option>

<option value="st-old">old(this)   Use ghost</option>

</optgroup>

</select>

</div>

</div>

</article>

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'op-neq': { group: 'Operators', glyph: '!=', name: 'Different',

blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("x != 0")\nint x;' },

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blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("y <= 0")\nint y = 0;' },

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blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("!(y > 0)")\nint y = -200;' },

'op-and': { group: 'Operators', glyph: '&&', name: 'And',

blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("(0 <= y) && (y <= 100)")\nint y = 25;' },

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blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("(x == 0) || (x == 100)")\nint y = 100;' },

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blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("(odd % 2) != 0")\nint odd = 5;' },

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blurb: 'The underscore stands in for the value being refined.',

code: '@Refinement("_ > 0")\nint y = 100;' },

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blurb: '', code: '@Refinement("(a > b) ? (_ == a) : (_ == b)")\npublic int max(int a, int b) {...}' },

'al-def': { group: 'Aliases', glyph: '@RefinementAlias', name: 'Define',

blurb: 'Give a predicate a name so you can reuse it across @Refinement annotations.',

code: '@RefinementAlias("Percentage(int v) { 0 <= v && v <= 100 }")\npublic class X {...}' },

'al-use': { group: 'Aliases', glyph: 'Percentage(_)', name: 'Apply',

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code: '@Refinement("Percentage(y)")\nint y = 25;' },

'st-set': { group: 'Object state & ghost', glyph: '@StateSet', name: 'Class states',

blurb: 'Declare the named states an object can occupy.',

code: '@StateSet({"open", "close"})\npublic class ReadFile {...}' },

'st-ref': { group: 'Object state & ghost', glyph: '@StateRefinement', name: 'Use states',

blurb: 'Constrain the state before and after a method call.',

code: '@StateRefinement(from="open(this)", to="close(this)")\npublic void closeFile() {...}' },

'st-ghost': { group: 'Object state & ghost', glyph: '@Ghost', name: 'Class ghost',

blurb: 'Track an auxiliary value that is not in the source code.',

code: '@Ghost("int size")\npublic class List {...}' },

'st-old': { group: 'Object state & ghost', glyph: 'old(this)', name: 'Use ghost',

blurb: 'Refer to the ghost value before the method ran.',

code: '@StateRefinement(to = "size(this) == (size(old(this)) + 1)")\npublic void add(int elem) {...}' }

};

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</div>

</section>

<h3 class="head text-white">LiquidJava Examples</h3>

<p class="my-3 head text-white"> Find examples of LiquidJava in different parts of code.</p>

</div>

<h4>Variables</h4>

<p>Examples of refinements in variables and class fields</p>

</div></a>

<h4>Methods</h4>

<p>Examples of methods with refinements in their parameters and return value.</p>

</div></a>

<h4>Classes</h4>

<p>Examples of object type state modelling using State Sets and Ghost attributes</p>

</div></a>

</div>

</section>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-section-eyebrow">Variables</span>

<h3 class="lj-section-title">Refinements in Variables</h3>

Add a <code class="lj-inline">@Refinement</code> wherever you already have a basic type — local variables, fields, or anywhere else.

</p>

</header>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-mini-eyebrow">Variable</span>

<h5 class="lj-mini-title">Positive</h5>

</header>

<p class="lj-mini-desc">The variable has a value greater than zero.</p>

<pre class="lj-mini-code"><code class="language-java">@Refinement("positive > 0")

int positive;

positive = 50; // Correct

positive = -1; // Error</code></pre>

</article>

<span class="lj-mini-eyebrow">Variable</span>

<h5 class="lj-mini-title">Percentage</h5>

</header>

<p class="lj-mini-desc">Lower and upper bounds set on a variable. The <code class="lj-inline">_</code> wildcard refers to the variable being refined.</p>

<pre class="lj-mini-code"><code class="language-java">@Refinement("_ >= 0 && _ <= 100")

int percentage;

percentage = 50; // Correct

percentage = 10 + 99; // Error</code></pre>

</article>

<span class="lj-mini-eyebrow">Class fields · alias</span>

<h5 class="lj-mini-title">RGB fields</h5>

</header>

<p class="lj-mini-desc">Class fields can be refined like any local variable. The <code class="lj-inline">RGB</code> alias keeps each channel between 0 and 255.</p>

<pre class="lj-mini-code"><code class="language-java">@RefinementAlias("RGB(int x) { x >= 0 && x <= 255 }")

class MyColor {

@Refinement("RGB(r)") int r;

@Refinement("RGB(_)") int g;

@Refinement("RGB(_)") int b;

}</code></pre>

</article>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-section-eyebrow">Methods</span>

<h3 class="lj-section-title">Refinements in Methods</h3>

Both parameters and return values can be refined. Parameter refinements constrain how the method may be called; the return refinement constrains what the body may return.

</p>

</header>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-mini-eyebrow">Method · return</span>

<h5 class="lj-mini-title">Absolute</h5>

</header>

<p class="lj-mini-desc">Refine the <b>return type</b> with an annotation above the method. The <code class="lj-inline">_</code> wildcard refers to the return value.</p>

<pre class="lj-mini-code"><code class="language-java">@Refinement("_ >= 0 && _ >= n")

public static int absolute(int n) {

if (0 <= n) return n;

else return 0 - n;

}</code></pre>

</article>

<span class="lj-mini-eyebrow">Method · parameters</span>

<h5 class="lj-mini-title">Add Bonus — Grade</h5>

</header>

<p class="lj-mini-desc">Refine method <b>parameters</b>. Both must satisfy the <code class="lj-inline">Percentage</code> alias, and <code class="lj-inline">bonus</code> can refer to <code class="lj-inline">grade</code> (later parameters can mention earlier ones, never the reverse).</p>

<pre class="lj-mini-code"><code class="language-java">@RefinementAlias("Percentage(int x) { x >= 0 && x <= 100 }")

public class Grade {

@Refinement("Percentage(_)")

public static int addBonus(

@Refinement("Percentage(_)") int grade,

@Refinement("Percentage(_) && bonus < grade") int bonus) {

if ((bonus + grade) > 100) return 100;

else return grade + bonus;

}

}</code></pre>

</article>

</div>

</section>

<span class="lj-section-eyebrow">Classes</span>

<h3 class="lj-section-title">Refinements in Classes</h3>

LiquidJava models object lifecycles with two primitives: <code class="lj-inline">@StateSet</code> for named states and <code class="lj-inline">@Ghost</code> for auxiliary integer/boolean properties. Methods declare allowed transitions with <code class="lj-inline">@StateRefinement(from = …, to = …)</code>; use <code class="lj-inline">old(this)</code> inside <code class="lj-inline">to</code> to refer to the pre-call state. Browse real JDK protocols below.

</p>

</header>

</div>

</section>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip" data-value="simple">Simple</button>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip" data-value="moderate">Moderate</button>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip" data-value="complex">Complex</button>

</div>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip lj-chip--small" data-value="typestate">typestate</button>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip lj-chip--small" data-value="refinement">refinement</button>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip lj-chip--small" data-value="conditional">conditional</button>

<button type="button" class="lj-chip lj-chip--small" data-value="orthogonal">orthogonal</button>

</div>

</aside>

</header>

<figcaption class="lj-figcap">State diagram</figcaption>

</figure>

<button type="button" class="lj-tab lj-tab--err" data-tab="incorrect" role="tab" aria-selected="false"><span class="lj-glyph">✕</span> Misuse</button>

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<span class="lj-verifier-label">verifier</span>

<button type="button" class="lj-run" id="ljRun">▶ Run verifier</button>

</div>

</div>

</article>

</div>

</section>

</div>

</div>

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$('ljCount').textContent =

visible.length + ' of ' + state.examples.length + ' examples';

for (const ex of visible) {

const li = document.createElement('li');

li.className = 'lj-item' + (ex.id === state.activeId ? ' lj-item--active' : '');

li.dataset.id = ex.id;

li.innerHTML =

'<span class="lj-item-title">' + ex.title + '</span>' +

'<span class="lj-item-class">' + ex.className + '</span>' +

'<span class="lj-badge lj-badge--' + ex.complexity + '">' + ex.complexity + '</span>';

li.addEventListener('click', () => selectExample(ex.id));

list.appendChild(li);

}

if (visible.length && !visible.some(e => e.id === state.activeId)) {

selectExample(visible[0].id);

}

async function renderDetail() {

const ex = state.examples.find(e => e.id === state.activeId);

if (!ex) return;

$('ljClass').textContent = ex.className;

$('ljTitle').textContent = ex.title;

$('ljBlurb').textContent = ex.blurb;

const meta = $('ljMeta');

meta.innerHTML =

'<span class="lj-badge lj-badge--' + ex.complexity + '">' + ex.complexity + '</span>' +

ex.factors.map(f =>

'<span class="lj-factor">' + f + '</span>').join('');

// mermaid diagram

const mer = await fetchText('assets/examples/data/' + ex.id + '/state.mmd');

const mountId = 'ljMermaidGraph_' + Date.now();

const host = $('ljMermaid');

host.innerHTML = '';

if (state.mermaidReady && window.mermaid) {

try {

const { svg } = await window.mermaid.render(mountId, mer);

host.innerHTML = svg;

} catch (e) {

host.textContent = mer;

}

} else {

host.textContent = mer;

}

// active tab content

await renderTab();

}

async function renderTab() {

const ex = state.examples.find(e => e.id === state.activeId);

const code = await fetchText(

'assets/examples/data/' + ex.id + '/' + fileFor(ex, state.activeTab));

const codeEl = $('ljCode');

codeEl.className = 'language-java';

codeEl.textContent = code;

if (window.Prism && window.Prism.highlightElement) {

try { window.Prism.highlightElement(codeEl); } catch (e) {}

}

codeEl.classList.remove('lj-code-fade');

// restart fade animation

void codeEl.offsetWidth;

codeEl.classList.add('lj-code-fade');

const verifier = $('ljVerifier');

const body = $('ljVerifierBody');

state.runToken++;

if (state.activeTab === 'incorrect') {

verifier.dataset.state = 'err';

body.textContent = '✕ ' + ex.violation;

} else if (state.activeTab === 'correct') {

verifier.dataset.state = 'ok';

body.textContent = '✓ All refinements verified.';

} else {

verifier.dataset.state = 'spec';

body.textContent = '— Press Run to check a usage in the Misuse / Correct tabs.';

}

function runVerifier() {

const body = $('ljVerifierBody');

const target = body.textContent;

if (!target) return;

const myToken = ++state.runToken;

body.textContent = '';

let i = 0;

const tick = () => {

if (myToken !== state.runToken) return;

body.textContent = target.slice(0, i);

i++;

if (i <= target.length) setTimeout(tick, 12);

};

tick();

}

function selectExample(id) {

state.activeId = id;

// update list active state

for (const li of document.querySelectorAll('#ljList .lj-item')) {

li.classList.toggle('lj-item--active', li.dataset.id === id);

}

renderDetail();

}

function selectTab(tab) {

state.activeTab = tab;

for (const btn of document.querySelectorAll('.lj-tab')) {

const isActive = btn.dataset.tab === tab;

btn.classList.toggle('lj-tab--active', isActive);

btn.setAttribute('aria-selected', isActive ? 'true' : 'false');

}

renderTab();

}

function wireFilters() {

for (const group of document.querySelectorAll('.lj-filters')) {

const kind = group.dataset.group;

for (const chip of group.querySelectorAll('.lj-chip')) {

chip.addEventListener('click', () => {

const v = chip.dataset.value;

if (kind === 'complexity') {

state.complexity = v;

for (const c of group.querySelectorAll('.lj-chip'))

c.classList.toggle('lj-chip--active', c === chip);

} else {

if (state.factors.has(v)) state.factors.delete(v);

else state.factors.add(v);

chip.classList.toggle('lj-chip--active', state.factors.has(v));

}

renderList();

});

}

function wireTabs() {

for (const btn of document.querySelectorAll('.lj-tab')) {

btn.addEventListener('click', () => selectTab(btn.dataset.tab));

}

$('ljRun').addEventListener('click', runVerifier);

}

async function init() {

try {

state.examples = await (await fetch('assets/examples/examples.json', { cache: 'no-cache' })).json();

} catch (e) {

root.innerHTML = '<p class="lj-error">Could not load examples.</p>';

return;

}

if (window.mermaid) {

window.mermaid.initialize({

startOnLoad: false,

theme: 'base',

themeVariables: {

primaryColor: '#ffe7ee',

primaryTextColor: '#212529',

primaryBorderColor: '#cf0e4e',

lineColor: '#cf0e4e',

fontFamily: 'Nunito, system-ui, sans-serif',

fontSize: '14px',

flowchart: { htmlLabels: true },

});

state.mermaidReady = true;

} else {

// mermaid loads with `defer`; poll briefly

const start = Date.now();

while (!window.mermaid && Date.now() - start < 3000) {

await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 50));

}

if (window.mermaid) {

window.mermaid.initialize({

startOnLoad: false,

theme: 'base',

themeVariables: {

primaryColor: '#fff7ec',

primaryTextColor: '#1a1a2e',

primaryBorderColor: '#1a1a2e',

lineColor: '#1a1a2e',

fontFamily: 'JetBrains Mono, monospace',

fontSize: '14px',

});

state.mermaidReady = true;

}

wireFilters();

wireTabs();

state.activeId = state.examples[0].id;

renderList();

renderDetail();

}

if (document.readyState === 'loading') {

document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init);

} else {

init();

}

})();

</script>

</body>

</html>