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GeezerVison is showing github.com — fullstackpython.github.com/databases.html at gh-pages · luheeslo/fullstackpython.github.com Expand file tree/ Copy pathdatabases.htmlMore file actions 597 lines (590 loc) · 30.9 KB / Copy pathdatabases.htmlFile metadata and controls597 lines (590 loc) · 30.9 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Matt Makai"> <meta name="description" content="Full Stack Python explains each layer of the web application stack, from the server up through the rendering in a user's browser."> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="theme/img/fsp-fav.png"> <title>Databases - Full Stack Python</title> <link href="theme/css/fsp.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="//netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.1.0/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-19910497-7']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body> <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.github.com" class="github"> <img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="http://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_darkblue_121621.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub" /> </a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="logo-header-section"> <a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="theme/img/fsp-logo.png" height="52" width="52" class="logo-image" style="padding-top: 1px;"/></a> <span class="logo-title"><a href="/">Full Stack Python</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h1>Databases</h1> <p>A database is an abstraction on top of an operating system's file system to ease creating, reading, updating, and deleting persistent data. </p> <h2>Why are databases necessary?</h2> <p>At a high level web applications store data and present it to users in a useful way. For example, Google stores data about roads and provides directions to get from one location to another by driving through the <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/">Maps</a> application. Driving directions are possible because the data is stored in a structured way. </p> <p>Databases make structured storage reliable and fast. They also give you a mental framework for how the data should be saved and retrieved instead of having to figure out what to do with the data every time you build a new application.</p> <h2>Relational databases</h2> <p>The database storage abstraction most commonly used in Python web development is sets of relational tables. Alternative storage abstractions are explained in the <a href="../no-sql-datastore.html">NoSQL</a> section of this guide.</p> <p>Relational databases store all data in a series of tables. Interconnections between the tables are specified as <em>foreign keys</em>.</p> <p>Databases storage implementations vary in complexity. SQLite, a database included with Python, creates a single file for all data per database. Other databases such as Oracle, PostgreSQL, and MySQL have more complicated persistence schemes while offering additional advanced features that are useful for web application data storage.</p> <p><a href="http://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> and <a href="http://www.mysql.com/">MySQL</a> are two of the most common open source databases for storing Python web application data.</p> <p><a href="http://www.sqlite.org/">SQLite</a> is a database that is stored in a single file on disk. SQLite is built into Python but is only built for access by a single connection at a time. Therefore is highly recommended to not <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/databases/#database-is-locked-errors">run a production web application with SQLite</a>.</p> <h2>PostgreSQL</h2> <p>PostgreSQL is the recommended relational database for working with Python web applications. PostgreSQL's feature set, active development and stability contribute to its usage as the backend for millions of applications live on the Web today.</p> <h3>PostgreSQL resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p>This post on <a href="http://killtheyak.com/use-postgresql-with-django-flask/">using PostgreSQL with Django or Flask</a> is a great quickstart guide for either framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://postgresweekly.com/">PostgreSQL Weekly</a> is a weekly newsletter of PostgreSQL content from around the web.</p> </li> <li> <p>Braintree wrote about their experiences <a href="https://www.braintreepayments.com/braintrust/scaling-postgresql-at-braintree-four-years-of-evolution">scaling PostgreSQL</a>. The post is an inside look at the evolution of Braintree's usage of the database.</p> </li> <li> <p>This post estimates the <a href="http://hans.io/blog/2014/02/19/postgresql_connection/index.html">costs of a PostgreSQL connection</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>There is no such thing as total security but this IBM article covers <a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/os-postgresecurity/">hardening a PostgreSQL database</a>. </p> </li> <li> <p>Craig Kerstien's wrote a detailed post about <a href="http://www.craigkerstiens.com/2012/10/01/understanding-postgres-performance/">understanding PostgreSQL performance</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/40781627982/handling-growth-with-postgres-5-tips-from-instagram">Handling growth with Postgres</a> provides 5 specific tips from Instagram's engineering team on how to scale the design of your PostgreSQL database.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://patshaughnessy.net/2014/10/13/following-a-select-statement-through-postgres-internals">Following a Select Statement Through Postgres Internals</a> provides a fascinating look into the internal workings of PostgreSQL during a query.</p> </li> <li> <p>This article explains how and why PostgreSQL can handle <a href="http://blog.lostpropertyhq.com/postgres-full-text-search-is-good-enough/">full text searching</a> for many use cases.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>MySQL</h2> <p>MySQL is another viable open source database backend option for Python web applications. MySQL has a slightly easier initial learning curve than PostgreSQL. The database is deployed in production at some of the highest trafficked sites such as <a href="https://blog.twitter.com/2012/mysql-twitter">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/mysql-and-database-engineering-mark-callaghan/10150599729938920">Facebook</a> and <a href="http://www.mysql.com/customers/">many others major organizations</a>. However, since the company focused on MySQL development, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL_AB">MySQL AB</a>, was purchased by Sun Microsystems (which was in turn purchased by Oracle), there have been major defections away from the database by <a href="http://www.zdnet.com/wikipedia-moving-from-mysql-to-mariadb-7000008912/">Wikipedia</a> and <a href="http://readwrite.com/2013/09/14/google-waves-goodbye-to-mysql-in-favor-of-mariadb">Google</a>. MySQL remains a viable database option but I always recommend new Python developers learn PostgreSQL if they do not already know MySQL.</p> <h3>MySQL resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://designm.ag/tutorials/28-beginners-tutorials-for-learning-about-mysql-databases/">28 Beginner's Tutorials for Learning about MySQL Databases</a> is a curated collection on various introductory MySQL topics.</p> </li> <li> <p>This tutorial shows how to install <a href="http://www.cs.wcupa.edu/rkline/index/mysql-lin.html">MySQL on Ubuntu</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.ionelmc.ro/2014/12/28/terrible-choices-mysql/">Terrible Choices: MySQL</a> is a blog post about specific deficiencies in MySQL's implementation that hinder its usage with Django's ORM.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://moderndata.plot.ly/graph-data-from-mysql-database-in-python/">Graph Data From MySQL Database in Python</a> is an interesting study with code of how to pull data out of MySQL and graph the data with Plotly.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Connecting to a database with Python</h2> <p>To work with a relational database using Python, you need to use a code library. The most common libraries for relational databases are:</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://initd.org/psycopg/">psycopg2</a> for PostgreSQL</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/MySQL-python/1.2.4">MySQLdb</a> for MySQL</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://cx-oracle.sourceforge.net/">cx_Oracle</a> for Oracle</p> </li> </ul> <p>SQLite support is built into Python 2.7+ and therefore a separate library is not necessary. Simply "import sqlite3" to begin interfacing with the single file-based database.</p> <h2>Object-Relational Mapping</h2> <p>Object-relational mappers (ORMs) allow developers to access data from a backend by writing Python code instead of SQL queries. Each web application framework handles integrating ORMs differently. </p> <p>Django provides an ORM with its core functionality. Flask leaves using an ORM up to an extension, such as <a href="http://pythonhosted.org/Flask-SQLAlchemy/">Flask-SQLALchemy</a>. </p> <p>Developers can also use ORMs without a web framework, such as when creating a data analysis tool or a batch script without a user interface. Currently, the most widely used stand-alone ORM written for Python is <a href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>.</p> <p>If you're interested in the differences between SQLAlchemy and the Django ORM I highly recommend reading <a href="http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2011/7/19/sqlachemy-and-you/">SQLAlchemy and You</a> by Armin Ronacher.</p> <h2>Database third-party services</h2> <p>Numerous companies run scalable database servers as a hosted service. Hosted databases can often provide automated backups and recovery, tightened security configurations and easy vertical scaling, depending on the provider.</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://aws.amazon.com/rds/">Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)</a> provides pre-configured MySQL and PostgreSQL instances. The instances can be scaled to larger or smaller configurations based on storage and performance needs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://developers.google.com/cloud-sql/">Google Cloud SQL</a> is a service with managed, backed up, replicated, and auto-patched MySQL instances. Cloud SQL integrates with Google App Engine but can be used independently as well.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.gobitcan.com/">BitCan</a> provides both MySQL and MongoDB hosted databases with extensive backup services.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Database resources</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://medium.com/@jeeyoungk/why-i-love-databases-1d4cc433685f">Why I Love Databases</a> is a great read on the CAP Theorem, distributed systems and other topics that are at the core of database theory and implementation. Well worth the time to read.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.pg-versus-ms.com/">PostgreSQL vs. MS SQL Server</a> is one perspective on the differences between the two database servers from a data analyst.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://db-engines.com/en/ranking">DB-Engines</a> ranks the most popular database management systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://dbweekly.com/">DB Weekly</a> is a weekly roundup of general database articles and resources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.pythoncentral.io/sqlalchemy-vs-orms/">SQLAlchemy vs Other ORMs</a> provides a detailed comparison of SQLAlchemy against alternatives.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.isotoma.com/2014/05/a-different-view/">A different view</a> provides some perspective on the impedance mismatch between ORMs and traditional SQL queries.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://julien.danjou.info/blog/2014/db-integration-testing-strategies-python">Databases integration testing strategies</a> covers a difficult topic that comes up on every real world project.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Databases learning checklist</h2> <p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Install PostgreSQL on your server. 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On GitHub you can <a href="https://github.com/makaimc">follow Matt</a> to see the daily changes. </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-success"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head">Table of Contents</h3> </div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Introduction</a> <a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Frameworks</a> <a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Django</a> <a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Flask</a> <a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Bottle</a> <a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Morepath</a> <a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Other Web Frameworks</a> <a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Deployment</a> <a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Servers</a> <a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Platform-as-a-service</a> <a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Operating Systems</a> <a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Servers</a> <a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WSGI Servers</a> <a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Source Control</a> <a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Dependencies</a> <a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active">Databases</a> <a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">NoSQL Data Stores</a> <a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Design</a> <a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Cascading Style Sheets</a> <a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">JavaScript</a> <a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Continuous Integration</a> <a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Code Metrics</a> <a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Configuration Management</a> <a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Static Content</a> <a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Caching</a> <a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Task Queues</a> <a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Application Programming Interfaces</a> <a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Integration</a> <a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">API Creation</a> <a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Logging</a> <a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Monitoring</a> <a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Analytics</a> <a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Web Application Security</a> <a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Best Python Resources</a> <a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Development Environments</a> <a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">About the Author</a> <a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Change Log</a> <a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Future Directions</a> <a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">What "Full Stack" Means</a> <a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Why Use Python?</a> <a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">WebSockets</a> <a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item ">Docker</a> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr/> <div class="footer pull-right"> <a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a> 2014 </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> setTimeout(function(){var a=document.createElement("script"); var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; a.src=document.location.protocol+"//dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0016/5846.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000); a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b)}, 1); </script></body> </html> |
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