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GeezerVison is showing github.com — fullstackpython.com/flask.html at gh-pages · m4s0/fullstackpython.com Expand file tree/ Copy pathflask.htmlMore file actions 480 lines (474 loc) · 33.3 KB / Copy pathflask.htmlFile metadata and controls480 lines (474 loc) · 33.3 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Matt Makai"> <meta name="description" content="Flask is a Python web framework built with a small core and many extensions. Learn more about Flask on Full Stack Python."> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static.fullstackpython.com/fsp-fav.png"> <title>Flask - Full Stack Python</title> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/html5shiv/3.7.0/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="https://oss.maxcdn.com/libs/respond.js/1.3.0/respond.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="theme/css/f.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <div style="padding: 0 0 20px 0; margin: 0 0 20px 0; background-color: #22B24C;"> <div class="container"> <h2 style="color: #fff; margin: 20px 40px 0 0;"><a href="https://www.gumroad.com/l/python-deployments" style="color: #fff">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a> has been released!</h2> </div> </div> <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com"><img style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;" src="/theme/img/fork.png" alt="Fork me on GitHub"></a> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="logo-header-section"> <a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="theme/img/logo.png" height="52" width="52" class="logo-image" style="padding-top: 1px;" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a> <span class="logo-title"><a href="/">Full Stack Python</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h1>Flask</h1> <p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> is a Python web framework built with a <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/design/">small core and easy-to-extend philosophy</a>. <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/" style="border: none;"><img src="theme/img/flask.jpg" width="100%" alt="Official Flask logo. Flask Artwork License." class="technical-diagram"></a></p> <h2>Why is Flask a good web framework choice?</h2> <p>Flask is considered more <a href="http://blog.startifact.com/posts/older/what-is-pythonic.html">Pythonic</a> than Django because Flask web application code is in most cases more explicit. Flask is easy to get started with as a beginner because there is little boilerplate code for getting a simple app up and running. </p> <p>For example, here's a valid "hello world" web application with Flask (the equivalent in Django would be significantly more code):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">flask</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Flask</span> <span class="n">app</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Flask</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nd">@app.route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">hello_world</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">'Hello World!'</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">app</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> <p>Flask was also written several years after Django and therefore learned from the Python community's reactions as the framework evolved. Jökull Sólberg wrote a great piece articulating to this effect in his <a href="http://jokull.calepin.co/my-flask-to-django-experience.html">experience switching between Flask and Django</a>.</p> <div class="well see-also"> If you're learning about Flask you should also understand <a href="/web-frameworks.html">web frameworks</a> and read how to <a href="/deployment.html">deploy web applications</a>. </div> <h2>Flask resources</h2> <ul> <li> <p>The Flask mega tutorial by <a href="https://twitter.com/miguelgrinberg">Miguel Grinberg</a> is a perfect starting resource for using this web framework. Each post focuses on a single topic and builds on previous posts. The series includes 18 parts: <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-i-hello-world">#1 Hello World</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ii-templates">#2 Templates</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iii-web-forms">#3 Web Forms</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-iv-database">#4 Database</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-v-user-logins">#5 User Logins</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vi-profile-page-and-avatars">#6 Profile Page and Avatars</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-vii-unit-testing">#7 Unit Testing</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-viii-followers-contacts-and-friends">#8 Followers, Contacts, and Friends</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-ix-pagination">#9 Pagination</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-x-full-text-search">#10 Full Text Search</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xi-email-support">#11 Email Support</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xii-facelift">#12 Facelift</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiii-dates-and-times">#13 Dates and Times</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xiv-i18n-and-l10n">#14 I18n and L10n</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xv-ajax">#15 Ajax</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvi-debugging-testing-and-profiling">#16 Debugging, Testing and Profiling</a>, <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xvii-deployment-on-linux-even-on-the-raspberry-pi">#17 Deployment on Linux</a> and <a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/the-flask-mega-tutorial-part-xviii-deployment-on-the-heroku-cloud">#18 Deployment on the Heroku Cloud</a>. Miguel also wrote the <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920031116.do">O'Reilly Flask Web Development</a> book which is also an excellent learning resource.</p> </li> <li> <p>If you're looking for a fun tutorial with Flask and WebSockets, check out my blog post on creating <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/11/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-with-reveal-js-python-and-websockets.html">Choose Your Own Adventure Presentations with Reveal.js, Python and WebSockets</a>. Follow up that tutorial by <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/03/choose-your-own-adventures-presentations-wizard-mode-part-1-of-3.html">building an admin interface in part 1</a>, <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/05/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-wizard-mode-part-2-of-3.html">part 2</a> and <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/07/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations-flask-reveal-js-websockets.html">part 3</a> that'll show you how to use forms and SQLAlchemy. There is also a companion open source <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations">GitHub repository</a> for the app with <a href="https://github.com/makaimc/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations/releases">tags for each step</a> in the blog posts.</p> </li> <li> <p>This <a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2015/09/warm-phone-call-transfers-with-python-flask-and-twilio-voice.html">simple Flask app uses Twilio Voice</a> to do voice calling with three participants. It's a fun introduction to Python and Flask I wrote for the Twilio blog.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://tutsbucket.com/tutorials/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs-part-1/">Building a blog using Flask and AngularJS Part 1</a> is the first of a multipart series on working with Flask and an AngularJS front end. <a href="http://tutsbucket.com/tutorials/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs-part-2/">Part 2</a> and <a href="http://tutsbucket.com/tutorials/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs-part-3/">part 3</a> are also available <a href="https://github.com/basco-johnkevin/building-a-blog-using-flask-and-angularjs">along with the source code</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">The Flask Extensions Registry</a> is a curated list of the best packages that extend Flask. It's the first location to look through when you're wondering how to do something that's not in the core framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://exploreflask.com/">Explore Flask</a> is a public domain book that was previously backed on Kickstarter and cost money for about a year before being open sourced. The book explains best practices and patterns for building Flask apps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://mattupstate.com/python/2013/06/26/how-i-structure-my-flask-applications.html">How I Structure My Flask Application</a> walks through how this developer organizes the components and architecture for his Flask applications.</p> </li> <li> <p>Randall Degges wrote a detailed walkthrough for <a href="https://stormpath.com/blog/build-a-flask-app-in-30-minutes/">building a Flask app in 30 minutes</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>Nice post by Jeff Knupp on <a href="http://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2014/01/29/productionizing-a-flask-application/">Productionizing a Flask App</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://maximebf.com/blog/2012/10/building-websites-in-python-with-flask/#.U06EZ-ZdW4J">Building Websites in Python with Flask</a> is another walkthrough tutorial from first steps through <a href="http://maximebf.com/blog/2012/11/getting-bigger-with-flask/">getting bigger with Flask</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>The Plank & Whittle blog has two posts, one on <a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-web-app/">Packaging a Flask web app</a> and another on <a href="http://www.plankandwhittle.com/packaging-a-flask-app-in-a-debian-package/">Packaging a Flask app in a Debian package</a> once you've built an app and want to deploy it.</p> </li> <li> <p>The Tuts+ <a href="http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/an-introduction-to-pythons-flask-framework--net-28822">Flask tutorial</a> is another great walkthrough for getting started with the framework.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app">Create Your Own Obnoxiously Simple Messaging App Just Like Yo</a> is a silly walkthrough of very basic Flask web application that uses <a href="https://www.nitrous.io/">Nitrous.io</a> to get started and <a href="https://www.twilio.com/">Twilio</a> for SMS.</p> </li> <li> <p>The blog post series "Things which aren't magic" covers how Flask's ubiquitous @app.route decorator works under the covers. There are two parts in the series, <a href="http://ains.co/blog/things-which-arent-magic-flask-part-1.html">part 1</a> and <a href="http://ains.co/blog/things-which-arent-magic-flask-part-2.html">part 2</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-1-project-setup/">Flask by Example: Part 1</a> shows the basic first steps for setting up a Flask project. <a href="http://www.realpython.com/blog/flask-by-example-part-2-postgres-sqlalchemy-and-alembic/">Part 2</a> explains how to use PostgreSQL, SQLAlchemy and Alembic. <a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-part-3-text-processing-with-requests-beautifulsoup-nltk/">Part 3</a> describes text processing with BeautifulSoup and NLTK. <a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/flask-by-example-implementing-a-redis-task-queue/">Part 4</a> shows how to build a task queue with Flask and Redis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/10/branded-mms-coupon-generation-with-python-and-twilio.html">Branded MMS Coupon Generation with Python and Twilio</a> is a Flask tutorial I wrote for building a web application that can send branded barcode coupons via MMS. The post goes through every step from a blank directory until you have a working app that you can deploy to Heroku.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-structure-large-flask-applications">How to Structure Large Flask Applications</a> covers a subject that comes up quickly once you begin adding significant functionality to your Flask application.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://fewstreet.com/2015/01/16/flask-blueprint-templates.html">Flask Blueprint templates</a> shows a way of structuring your <code>__init__.py</code> file with <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/blueprints/">blueprints</a> for large projects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/video-streaming-with-flask">Video streaming with Flask</a> is another fantastic tutorial by Miguel Grinberg that covers video streaming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://medium.com/@5hreyans/the-one-weird-trick-that-cut-our-flask-page-load-time-by-70-87145335f679">One line of code cut our Flask page load times by 60%</a> is an important note about optimizing Flask template cache size to dramatically increase performance in some cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/2014/03/unit-testing-your-twilio-app-using-pythons-flask-and-nose.html">Unit Testing Your Twilio App Using Python’s Flask and Nose</a> covers integrating the Twilio API into a Flask application and how to test that functionality with <a href="https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">nose</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p>The Flask documentation has some quick examples for how to deploy Flask with <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/deploying/wsgi-standalone/">standalone WSGI containers</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://realpython.com/blog/python/handling-email-confirmation-in-flask/">Handling Email Confirmation in Flask</a> is a great walkthrough for a common use case of ensuring an email address matches with the user's login information.</p> </li> <li> <p>If you're not sure why <code>DEBUG</code> should be set to <code>False</code> in a production <a href="/deployment.html">deployment</a>, be sure to read this article on <a href="http://labs.detectify.com/post/130332638391/how-patreon-got-hacked-publicly-exposed-werkzeug">how Patreon got hacked</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Open source Flask example projects</h2> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/makaimc/choose-your-own-adventure-presentations">Choose Your Own Adventure Presentations</a> combines Flask with <a href="http://lab.hakim.se/reveal-js/">Reveal.js</a> and text messages to create presentations where the audience can vote on how the story should proceed. The code is all open source under an MIT license and also uses the <a href="https://flask-socketio.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Flask-SocketIO</a> and <a href="https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/">Flask-WTF</a> projects to support voting and form input.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/skylines-project/skylines">Skylines</a> is an open source flight tracking web application built with Flask. You can check out a <a href="https://skylines.aero/">running version of the application</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/microblog">Microblog</a> is the companion open source project that goes along with Miguel Grinberg's O'Reilly Flask book.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/mjhea0/flaskr-tdd">Flaskr TDD</a> takes the official Flask tutorial and adds test driven development and JQuery to the project. </p> </li> <li> <p>Here is a <a href="http://charlesleifer.com/blog/saturday-morning-hack-a-little-note-taking-app-with-flask/">note-taking app</a> along with the <a href="https://gist.github.com/coleifer/632d3c9aa6b2ea519384">source code in Gists</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/BouncyNudibranch/bean-counter">Bean Counter</a> is an open source Flask app for tracking coffee.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://flaskbb.org/">FlaskBB</a> is a Flask app for a discussion forum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/Jahaja/psdash">psdash</a> is an app built with Flask and psutils to display information about the computer it is running on.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Flask project templates</h2> <ul> <li> <p>Use the <a href="https://github.com/kamalgill/flask-appengine-template">Flask App Engine Template</a> for getting set up on Google App Engine with Flask.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/JackStouffer/Flask-Foundation">Flask Foundation</a> is a starting point for new Flask projects. There's also a <a href="https://jackstouffer.github.io/Flask-Foundation/">companion website</a> for the project that explains what extensions the base project includes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://github.com/sloria/cookiecutter-flask">Cookiecutter Flask</a> is a project template for use with <a href="https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter">Cookiecutter</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Flask framework learning checklist</h2> <ol> <li> <p><a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/installation/">Install Flask</a> on your local development machine.</p> </li> <li> <p>Work through the 18-part Flask tutorial listed first under "Flask resources" above.</p> </li> <li> <p>Read through <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/">Flask Extensions Registry</a> to find out what extensions you'll need to build your project.</p> </li> <li> <p>Start coding your Flask app based on what you learned from the 18 part Flask tutorial plus open source example applications found below. </p> </li> <li> <p>Move on to the <a href="/deployment.html">deployment section</a> to get your initial Flask project on the web.</p> </li> </ol> <h3>What web development topic do you want to learn next?</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/deployment.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1792 640q0 26-19 45l-512 512q-19 19-45 19t-45-19-19-45v-256h-224q-98 0-175.5 6t-154 21.5-133 42.5-105.5 69.5-80 101-48.5 138.5-17.5 181q0 55 5 123 0 6 2.5 23.5t2.5 26.5q0 15-8.5 25t-23.5 10q-16 0-28-17-7-9-13-22t-13.5-30-10.5-24q-127-285-127-451 0-199 53-333 162-403 875-403h224v-256q0-26 19-45t45-19 45 19l512 512q19 19 19 45z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">I've built a Python web app, now how do I deploy it?</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" 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