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GeezerVison is showing github.com — fullstackpython.com/python-2-or-3.html at gh-pages · nazifberat/fullstackpython.com Expand file tree/ Copy pathpython-2-or-3.htmlMore file actions 272 lines (272 loc) · 28.7 KB / Copy pathpython-2-or-3.htmlFile metadata and controls272 lines (272 loc) · 28.7 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Matt Makai"> <meta name="description" content="Learn about whether you should use Python version 2 or 3 to build your applications."> <title>Python 2 or 3? - Full Stack Python</title> <link href="/f.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/fsp-fav.png"> </head> <body> <div style="margin: 0 0 12px;background-color: #22B24C;"> <div class="container"> <p class="banner sans-font"><a href="https://www.gumroad.com/l/python-deployments" style="color: #fff">Learning web development? Check out the newly-updated Guide to Deployments book</a>!</p> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="logo-header-section"> <a href="/" style="text-decoration: none; border: none;"><img src="/img/logo-sm.png" class="logo-image" alt="Full Stack Python logo"></a> <span class="logo-title"><a href="https://www.fullstackpython.com/">Full Stack Python</a></span> </div> <div class="sans-font"> <!--<a href="/blog.html" class="submenu-item-first">Blog</a> | <a href="/books.html" class="submenu-item">Books</a> | --> <a href="/table-of-contents.html">All topics</a> <span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span> <a href="/blog.html">Blog</a> <span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span> <a href="/email.html">Newsletter</a> <span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span> <a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a> <span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/fullstackpython">Facebook</a> <span style="margin:0 12px 0 12px">|</span> <a href="https://github.com/mattmakai/fullstackpython.com">Source</a> </div> </div> </div><div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h1>Python 2 or 3?</h1> <p>The Python programming language is currently in the midst of a long-term transition from version 2 to version 3. New programmers typically have many questions about which version they should learn. It's confusing to hear that Python 3, which was originally released in 2008, is still not the default installation on many operating systems.</p> <p>Here's the good news: you can't go wrong starting with either version. While there are differences in unicode and syntax, for the most part if you start with Python 2 and then learn Python 3 you won't be starting from scratch. Likewise, you'll be able to read and write Python 2 code if you started with Python 3.</p> <p>My personal recommendation for new programmers as of right now is to use Python 3. There are enough <a href="/best-python-resources.html">great resources</a> out there that teach version 3 from the ground up. Python 3 is the future and you will not regret starting with the "correct" version of the programming language.</p> <p>However, if you are interested in DevOps-type work with <a href="/configuration-management.html">configuration management tools</a> such as Ansible or Fabric, then you'll have to stick to Python 2 because they have yet to upgrade to support Python 3. If you know there are libraries you must use in a project, check the <a href="https://python3wos.appspot.com/">Python Walls of Superpowers</a>. If you're using Django, there is also a wall specifically for <a href="http://djangowos.com/">Python 3 compatibility of popular Django packages</a>.</p> <h3>Visualizations and Projects</h3> <p>Since upgrading from Python 2 to 3 has been such a huge undertaking within the community, many projects have sprung up to make the transition easier.</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://pythonhosted.org/six/">six</a> is a 2/3 compatibility library that is a dependency for many popular Python projects to make it easier to support both Python 2 and 3 at the same time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://py3readiness.org/">Python 3 Readiness</a> is a visualization of which most popular 360 libraries (by downloads) are ready to be used with Python 3.</p> </li> <li> <p>The <a href="https://pythonclock.org/">Python clock</a> counts down the time until Python 2.x is no longer maintained. While in 2016 Python 2's retirement may seem a long time away, it can take a lot of time and effort to migrate existing application to the modified syntax in 3.x.</p> </li> </ul> <h3>Porting to Python 3 resources</h3> <p>Moving an existing codebase to Python 3 from 2 can be a daunting task, These resources were created by fellow developers who've previously gone through the process and have advice for making it less painful.</p> <ul> <li> <p><a href="http://python3porting.com/">Python 3 Porting</a> is an entire book with details for how to upgrade your existing projects and libraries to Python 3.x.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/imprint_downloads/informit/promotions/python/python2python3.pdf">Moving from Python 2 to Python 3</a> is a PDF cheatsheet for porting your Python code.</p> </li> <li> <p>The official <a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PortingToPy3k/">porting code to Python 3</a> page links to resources on porting Python code as well as underlying C implementations. There is also a <a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PortingToPy3k/BilingualQuickRef">quick reference for writting code with Python 2 and 3 compatibility</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://godjango.com/96-django-and-python-3-how-to-setup-pyenv-for-multiple-pythons/">Django and Python 3 How to Setup pyenv for Multiple Pythons</a> is a screencast showing how to run both Python 2 and 3 for different projects using pyenv.</p> </li> </ul> <h3>Python 2 to 3 resources</h3> <ul> <li> <p><a href="https://eev.ee/blog/2016/07/31/python-faq-why-should-i-use-python-3/">Why should I use Python 3?</a> is a detailed FAQ on important topics such as unicode support, iteration improvements and async upgrades provided by 3.x.</p> </li> <li> <p>Want to know all of the advantages and what's changed in Python 3 compared to Python 2? There's <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/index.html">an official guide to Python 3 changes</a> you'll want to read.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://hynek.me/articles/python3-2016/">Python 3 in 2016</a> explains that many newer Python developers have only used Python 3 and as that cohort continues to grow it will have an outsized impact on further adoption.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/pythonengineering/2016/03/08/python-3-is-winning/">Python 3 is winning</a> presents data and graphs from PyPI to show that at the current rate, by mid-2016 overall Python 3 library support will overtake Python 2 support.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://www.snarky.ca/the-stages-of-the-python-3-transition">The stages of the Python 3 transition</a> provides perspective from a core Python developer on how the transition from Python 2 to 3 is going as of the end of 2015.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRtp9NgtXiA">Rules for Radicals: Changing the Culture of Python at Facebook</a> is a fascinating look at how Facebook moved from primarily Python 2 up to Python 3 due to the efforts of a small passionate group of developers within the company. Definitely worth watching to understand how to shift a large organization with an established codebase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://nothingbutsnark.svbtle.com/porting-to-python-3-is-like-eating-your-vegetables">Porting to Python 3 is like eating your vegetables</a> explains that there are treats in Python 3 that are worth porting for and has some tips on making the transition easier.</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="http://blog.scrapinghub.com/2015/08/19/scrapy-on-the-road-to-python-3-support/">Scrapy on the road to Python 3 support</a> explains from the perspective of a widely used Python project what their plan is for supporting Python 3 and why it has taken so long to make it happen.</p> </li> <li> <p>All major scientific Python libraries have <a href="https://python3statement.github.io/">pledged to drop Python 2 support</a> no later than 2020, when Python 2's maintenance life is over. The pledge strongly encourages Python 3 adoption by publicly stating their intentions. </p> </li> </ul> <h3>What's next now that you know about Python versions?</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/development-environments.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="34" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1728 992v-832q0-13-9.5-22.5t-22.5-9.5h-1600q-13 0-22.5 9.5t-9.5 22.5v832q0 13 9.5 22.5t22.5 9.5h1600q13 0 22.5-9.5t9.5-22.5zm128-832v1088q0 66-47 113t-113 47h-544q0 37 16 77.5t32 71 16 43.5q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-512q-26 0-45-19t-19-45q0-14 16-44t32-70 16-78h-544q-66 0-113-47t-47-113v-1088q0-66 47-113t113-47h1600q66 0 113 47t47 113z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">What editor should I use to code my Python app?</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M553 1399l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23t-10 23l-393 393 393 393q10 10 10 23t-10 23zm591-1067l-373 1291q-4 13-15.5 19.5t-23.5 2.5l-62-17q-13-4-19.5-15.5t-2.5-24.5l373-1291q4-13 15.5-19.5t23.5-2.5l62 17q13 4 19.5 15.5t2.5 24.5zm657 651l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23t-10 23z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">I want to learn how to code a Python web application using a framework.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="well select-next"> <a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="btn btn-success btn-full"><svg width="28" height="30" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1703 478q40 57 18 129l-275 906q-19 64-76.5 107.5t-122.5 43.5h-923q-77 0-148.5-53.5t-99.5-131.5q-24-67-2-127 0-4 3-27t4-37q1-8-3-21.5t-3-19.5q2-11 8-21t16.5-23.5 16.5-23.5q23-38 45-91.5t30-91.5q3-10 .5-30t-.5-28q3-11 17-28t17-23q21-36 42-92t25-90q1-9-2.5-32t.5-28q4-13 22-30.5t22-22.5q19-26 42.5-84.5t27.5-96.5q1-8-3-25.5t-2-26.5q2-8 9-18t18-23 17-21q8-12 16.5-30.5t15-35 16-36 19.5-32 26.5-23.5 36-11.5 47.5 5.5l-1 3q38-9 51-9h761q74 0 114 56t18 130l-274 906q-36 119-71.5 153.5t-128.5 34.5h-869q-27 0-38 15-11 16-1 43 24 70 144 70h923q29 0 56-15.5t35-41.5l300-987q7-22 5-57 38 15 59 43zm-1064 2q-4 13 2 22.5t20 9.5h608q13 0 25.5-9.5t16.5-22.5l21-64q4-13-2-22.5t-20-9.5h-608q-13 0-25.5 9.5t-16.5 22.5zm-83 256q-4 13 2 22.5t20 9.5h608q13 0 25.5-9.5t16.5-22.5l21-64q4-13-2-22.5t-20-9.5h-608q-13 0-25.5 9.5t-16.5 22.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg></a> <p class="under-btn">Show me a list of the best Python learning resources.</p> </div> </div> </div><div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <h4>Sign up here to receive a monthly email with major updates to this site, tutorials and discount codes for Python books.</h4> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9"> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <div class="clear"><input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"></div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-offset-1 col-md-3" id="sidebar"> <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-body"> <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"><img src="/img/sponsored/fsp-deployment-guide.png" alt="The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments" width="100%"></a> <p style="font-size: .8em; margin-top: 10px;">Searching for a complete, step-by-step deployment walkthrough? Learn more about <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book</a>. </p> </div> </div><div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head">Email Updates</h3> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="//mattmakai.us2.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d&id=b22335388d" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_blank" novalidate> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <h5>Sign up to get a monthly email with Python tutorials and major updates to this site.</h5> <input type="email" value="" name="EMAIL" class="email form-control" id="mce-EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_b7e774f0c4f05dcebbfee183d_b22335388d" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="btn btn-success" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; margin-top: 5px;"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div><div class="panel" id="full-toc"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Table of Contents</a></h3> </div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Learning Programming</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Why Use Python?</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Python 2 or 3?</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Enterprise Python</a><a href="/python-community.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Python Community</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Resources</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Best Python Videos</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Emacs</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Generators</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Comprehensions</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Frameworks</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-frameworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Other Web Frameworks</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Design</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>JavaScript</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WebSockets</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Template Engines</a><a href="/web-application-security.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Application Security</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Site Generators</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Jinja2</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Pelican</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/databases.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Relational Databases</a><a href="/no-sql-datastore.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>NoSQL Data Stores</a><a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Object-relational Mappers</a><a href="/postgresql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>PostgreSQL</a><a href="/mysql.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>MySQL</a><a href="/sqlite.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>SQLite</a><a href="/sqlalchemy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>SQLAlchemy</a><a href="/peewee.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Peewee</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Integration</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>API Creation</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Twilio</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Servers</a><a href="/platform-as-a-service.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Platform-as-a-Service</a><a href="/operating-systems.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Operating Systems</a><a href="/web-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Servers</a><a href="/wsgi-servers.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>WSGI Servers</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Source Control</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Application Dependencies</a><a href="/static-content.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Static Content</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Task Queues</a><a href="/configuration-management.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Configuration Management</a><a href="/continuous-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Continuous Integration</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Logging</a><a href="/monitoring.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Monitoring</a><a href="/web-analytics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Web Analytics</a><a href="/docker.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Docker</a><a href="/caching.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caching</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Microservices</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>DevOps</a><a href="/nginx.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Nginx</a><a href="/apache-http-server.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Apache HTTP Server</a><a href="/caddy.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Caddy</a><a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)</a><a href="/ubuntu.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Ubuntu</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Unit Testing</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Integration Testing</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Code Metrics</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Debugging</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Bots</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a><a href="/change-log.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Change Log</a><a href="/future-directions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>Future Directions</a><a href="/about-author.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left: 27px;'>About the Author</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-head">Python 2 or 3?</h3></div> <div class="panel-body"> Major updates are tweeted via <a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython">@fullstackpython</a>. <hr/> Need more detailed tutorials than you see here? <a href="http://www.deploypython.com/">Learn more about The Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book.</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel" id="mobile-toc"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Chapters</a></h3> </div> <div class="list-group"> <a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a> <a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>» Python 2 or 3?</a> <a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Web Development</a><a href="/data.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>5. Data</a><a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Web APIs</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Deployment</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. Testing</a><a href="/what-full-stack-means.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item " style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>9. Meta</a> <a href="/table-of-contents.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",san-serif;background-color:#22B24C; color: #fff;'>...or <span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;">view the full table of contents</span>.</a> </div> </div></div></div> <hr/> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="footer"> <a href="http://www.mattmakai.com/" class="underline">Matt Makai</a> 2016 </div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-19910497-7', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script><script type='text/javascript'> var trackOutboundLink = function(url) { ga('send', 'event', 'outbound', 'click', url, {'hitCallback': function () { document.location = url; } }); } </script> </body> </html> |
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