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GeezerVison is showing github.com — python-docs-id/tutorial/classes.po at 3.14 · python/python-docs-id Expand file tree/ Copy pathclasses.poMore file actions 1607 lines (1453 loc) · 65.6 KB / Copy pathclasses.poFile metadata and controls1607 lines (1453 loc) · 65.6 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation # This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # # Translators: # python-doc bot, 2025 # Hengky Kurniawan, 2025 # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Python 3.15\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-10-23 18:01+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2025-09-16 00:02+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Hengky Kurniawan, 2025\n" "Language-Team: Indonesian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/" "id/)\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Language: id\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" msgid "Classes" msgstr "Classes" msgid "" "Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together. " "Creating a new class creates a new *type* of object, allowing new " "*instances* of that type to be made. Each class instance can have " "attributes attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can " "also have methods (defined by its class) for modifying its state." msgstr "" "*Classes* atau kelas-kelas menyediakan sarana untuk menggabungkan data dan " "fungsionalitas bersama. Membuat sebuah *class* baru menghasilkan objek " "dengan *type* baru, memungkinkan dibuat *instance* baru dari tipe itu. " "Setiap *instance* dari *class* dapat memiliki atribut yang melekat padanya " "untuk mempertahankan kondisinya. *Instance* dari sebuah *class* juga dapat " "memiliki metode (ditentukan oleh *class*) untuk memodifikasi kondisinya." msgid "" "Compared with other programming languages, Python's class mechanism adds " "classes with a minimum of new syntax and semantics. It is a mixture of the " "class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3. Python classes provide all the " "standard features of Object Oriented Programming: the class inheritance " "mechanism allows multiple base classes, a derived class can override any " "methods of its base class or classes, and a method can call the method of a " "base class with the same name. Objects can contain arbitrary amounts and " "kinds of data. As is true for modules, classes partake of the dynamic " "nature of Python: they are created at runtime, and can be modified further " "after creation." msgstr "" "Dibandingkan dengan bahasa pemrograman lain, mekanisme kelas Python menambah " "kelas dengan minimum sintaksis dan semantik baru. Ini adalah campuran dari " "mekanisme kelas yang ditemukan dalam C++ dan Modula-3. Kelas Python " "menyediakan semua fitur standar Pemrograman Berorientasi Objek: mekanisme " "pewarisan kelas memungkinkan beberapa kelas dasar, kelas turunan dapat " "menimpa metode apa pun dari kelas dasar atau kelasnya, dan metode dapat " "memanggil metode kelas dasar dengan nama yang sama . Objek dapat berisi " "jumlah dan jenis data yang berubah-ubah. Seperti halnya untuk modul, kelas " "mengambil bagian dari sifat dinamis Python: mereka dibuat pada saat runtime, " "dan dapat dimodifikasi lebih lanjut setelah pembuatan." msgid "" "In C++ terminology, normally class members (including the data members) are " "*public* (except see below :ref:`tut-private`), and all member functions are " "*virtual*. As in Modula-3, there are no shorthands for referencing the " "object's members from its methods: the method function is declared with an " "explicit first argument representing the object, which is provided " "implicitly by the call. As in Smalltalk, classes themselves are objects. " "This provides semantics for importing and renaming. Unlike C++ and " "Modula-3, built-in types can be used as base classes for extension by the " "user. Also, like in C++, most built-in operators with special syntax " "(arithmetic operators, subscripting etc.) can be redefined for class " "instances." msgstr "" "Dalam terminologi C++, biasanya anggota kelas (termasuk anggota data) adalah " "*public* (kecuali lihat di bawah :ref:`tut-private`), dan semua fungsi " "anggota adalah *virtual*. Seperti dalam Modula-3, tidak ada singkatan untuk " "merujuk anggota objek dari metodenya: fungsi metode dideklarasikan dengan " "argumen pertama eksplisit yang mewakili objek, yang diberikan secara " "implisit oleh panggilan. Seperti dalam Smalltalk, kelas itu sendiri adalah " "objek. Ini memberikan semantik untuk mengimpor dan mengganti nama. Tidak " "seperti C++ dan Modula-3, tipe bawaan dapat digunakan sebagai kelas dasar " "untuk ekstensi oleh pengguna. Juga, seperti di C++, sebagian besar operator " "bawaan dengan sintaks khusus (operator aritmatika, *subscripting* dll) dapat " "didefinisikan ulang untuk *instance* kelas." msgid "" "(Lacking universally accepted terminology to talk about classes, I will make " "occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms. I would use Modula-3 terms, " "since its object-oriented semantics are closer to those of Python than C++, " "but I expect that few readers have heard of it.)" msgstr "" "(Kurangnya terminologi yang diterima secara universal untuk berbicara " "tentang kelas, saya akan sesekali menggunakan istilah Smalltalk dan C++. " "Saya akan menggunakan istilah Modula-3, karena semantik berorientasi " "objeknya lebih dekat dengan Python daripada C++, tapi saya berharap bahwa " "beberapa pembaca pernah mendengarnya.)" msgid "A Word About Names and Objects" msgstr "Sepatah Kata Tentang Nama dan Objek" msgid "" "Objects have individuality, and multiple names (in multiple scopes) can be " "bound to the same object. This is known as aliasing in other languages. " "This is usually not appreciated on a first glance at Python, and can be " "safely ignored when dealing with immutable basic types (numbers, strings, " "tuples). However, aliasing has a possibly surprising effect on the " "semantics of Python code involving mutable objects such as lists, " "dictionaries, and most other types. This is usually used to the benefit of " "the program, since aliases behave like pointers in some respects. For " "example, passing an object is cheap since only a pointer is passed by the " "implementation; and if a function modifies an object passed as an argument, " "the caller will see the change --- this eliminates the need for two " "different argument passing mechanisms as in Pascal." msgstr "" "Objek memiliki individualitas, dan banyak nama (dalam berbagai lingkup) " "dapat terikat ke objek yang sama. Ini dikenal sebagai *aliasing* dalam " "bahasa lain. Ini biasanya tidak dihargai pada pandangan pertama pada Python, " "dan dapat diabaikan dengan aman ketika berhadapan dengan tipe dasar yang " "tidak dapat diubah (angka, string, *tuple*). Namun, *aliasing* memiliki efek " "yang mungkin mengejutkan pada semantik kode Python yang melibatkan objek " "yang bisa berubah seperti daftar *list*, kamus *dictionary*, dan sebagian " "besar jenis lainnya. Ini biasanya digunakan untuk kepentingan program, " "karena alias berperilaku seperti *pointers* dalam beberapa hal. Sebagai " "contoh, melewatkan objek adalah murah karena hanya sebuah *pointer* " "dilewatkan oleh implementasi; dan jika suatu fungsi memodifikasi objek yang " "dilewatkan sebagai argumen, pemanggil akan melihat perubahan --- ini " "menghilangkan kebutuhan untuk dua mekanisme yang berbeda melewatkan argumen " "*argument passing* seperti dalam Pascal." msgid "Python Scopes and Namespaces" msgstr "Lingkup Python dan *Namespaces*" msgid "" "Before introducing classes, I first have to tell you something about " "Python's scope rules. Class definitions play some neat tricks with " "namespaces, and you need to know how scopes and namespaces work to fully " "understand what's going on. Incidentally, knowledge about this subject is " "useful for any advanced Python programmer." msgstr "" "Sebelum memperkenalkan kelas, pertama-tama saya harus memberi tahu Anda " "tentang aturan ruang lingkup *scope* Python. Definisi kelas memainkan " "beberapa trik rapi dengan ruang nama *namespaces*, dan Anda perlu tahu " "bagaimana ruang lingkup dan ruang nama *namespaces* bekerja untuk sepenuhnya " "memahami apa yang terjadi. Kebetulan, pengetahuan tentang subjek ini berguna " "untuk programmer Python tingkat lanjut." msgid "Let's begin with some definitions." msgstr "Mari kita mulai dengan beberapa definisi." msgid "" "A *namespace* is a mapping from names to objects. Most namespaces are " "currently implemented as Python dictionaries, but that's normally not " "noticeable in any way (except for performance), and it may change in the " "future. Examples of namespaces are: the set of built-in names (containing " "functions such as :func:`abs`, and built-in exception names); the global " "names in a module; and the local names in a function invocation. In a sense " "the set of attributes of an object also form a namespace. The important " "thing to know about namespaces is that there is absolutely no relation " "between names in different namespaces; for instance, two different modules " "may both define a function ``maximize`` without confusion --- users of the " "modules must prefix it with the module name." msgstr "" "Sebuah *namespace* adalah pemetaan dari nama ke objek. Sebagian besar ruang " "nama *namespace* saat ini diimplementasikan sebagai kamus *dictionary* " "Python, tetapi itu biasanya tidak terlihat dengan cara apa pun (kecuali " "untuk kinerja), dan itu mungkin berubah di masa depan. Contoh ruang nama " "*namespace* adalah: himpunan nama bawaan (berisi fungsi seperti :func:`abs`, " "dan nama pengecualian bawaan); nama-nama global dalam sebuah modul; dan nama-" "nama lokal dalam pemanggilan fungsi. Dalam arti himpunan atribut suatu objek " "juga membentuk *namespace*. Hal penting yang perlu diketahui tentang ruang " "nama *namespace* adalah sama sekali tidak ada hubungan antara nama dalam " "ruang nama *namespace* yang berbeda; misalnya, dua modul yang berbeda dapat " "mendefinisikan fungsi ``maximize`` tanpa kebingungan --- pengguna modul " "harus memberikan awalan dengan nama modul." msgid "" "By the way, I use the word *attribute* for any name following a dot --- for " "example, in the expression ``z.real``, ``real`` is an attribute of the " "object ``z``. Strictly speaking, references to names in modules are " "attribute references: in the expression ``modname.funcname``, ``modname`` is " "a module object and ``funcname`` is an attribute of it. In this case there " "happens to be a straightforward mapping between the module's attributes and " "the global names defined in the module: they share the same namespace! [#]_" msgstr "" "Ngomong-ngomong, saya menggunakan kata *attribute* untuk nama apa pun yang " "mengikuti titik --- misalnya, dalam ekspresi ``z.real``, ``real`` adalah " "atribut dari objek ``z`` . Sebenarnya, referensi ke nama dalam modul adalah " "referensi atribut: dalam ekspresi ``modname.funcname``, ``modname`` adalah " "objek modul dan ``funcname`` adalah atributnya. Dalam kasus ini akan terjadi " "pemetaan langsung antara atribut modul dan nama global yang didefinisikan " "dalam modul: mereka berbagi namespace yang sama! [#]_" msgid "" "Attributes may be read-only or writable. In the latter case, assignment to " "attributes is possible. Module attributes are writable: you can write " "``modname.the_answer = 42``. Writable attributes may also be deleted with " "the :keyword:`del` statement. For example, ``del modname.the_answer`` will " "remove the attribute :attr:`!the_answer` from the object named by " "``modname``." msgstr "" msgid "" "Namespaces are created at different moments and have different lifetimes. " "The namespace containing the built-in names is created when the Python " "interpreter starts up, and is never deleted. The global namespace for a " "module is created when the module definition is read in; normally, module " "namespaces also last until the interpreter quits. The statements executed " "by the top-level invocation of the interpreter, either read from a script " "file or interactively, are considered part of a module " "called :mod:`__main__`, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-" "in names actually also live in a module; this is called :mod:`builtins`.)" msgstr "" "*Namespace* dibuat pada saat yang berbeda dan memiliki masa hidup yang " "berbeda. *Namespace* yang berisi nama-nama bawaan dibuat ketika interpreter " "Python dimulai, dan tidak pernah dihapus. *Namespace* global untuk modul " "dibuat ketika definisi modul dibaca; biasanya, *namespace* modul juga " "bertahan hingga *interpreter* berhenti. Pernyataan yang dieksekusi oleh " "pemanggilan *interpreter* tingkat atas, baik membaca dari file skrip atau " "secara interaktif, dianggap sebagai bagian dari modul yang " "disebut :mod:`__main__`, sehingga mereka memiliki namespace global sendiri. " "(Nama bawaan sebenarnya juga hidup dalam modul; ini disebut :mod:`builtins`.)" msgid "" "The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, " "and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not " "handled within the function. (Actually, forgetting would be a better way to " "describe what actually happens.) Of course, recursive invocations each have " "their own local namespace." msgstr "" "*Namespace* lokal untuk suatu fungsi dibuat ketika fungsi dipanggil, dan " "dihapus ketika fungsi kembali *returns* atau memunculkan pengecualian yang " "tidak ditangani dalam fungsi tersebut. (Sebenarnya, melupakan akan menjadi " "cara yang lebih baik untuk menggambarkan apa yang sebenarnya terjadi.) Tentu " "saja, pemanggilan rekursif masing-masing memiliki ruang-nama *namespace* " "lokal mereka sendiri." msgid "" "A *scope* is a textual region of a Python program where a namespace is " "directly accessible. \"Directly accessible\" here means that an unqualified " "reference to a name attempts to find the name in the namespace." msgstr "" "Suatu *scope* adalah wilayah tekstual dari program Python di mana " "*namespace* dapat diakses secara langsung. \"Directly accessible\" di sini " "berarti bahwa referensi yang tidak memenuhi syarat untuk suatu nama berusaha " "menemukan nama tersebut di *namespace*." msgid "" "Although scopes are determined statically, they are used dynamically. At any " "time during execution, there are 3 or 4 nested scopes whose namespaces are " "directly accessible:" msgstr "" "Meskipun cakupan *scopes* ditentukan secara statis, mereka digunakan secara " "dinamis. Setiap saat selama eksekusi, setidaknya ada 3 atau 4 cakupan " "bersarang yang ruang nama-nya *namespaces* dapat diakses secara langsung:" msgid "the innermost scope, which is searched first, contains the local names" msgstr "" "ruang lingkup *scope* terdalam, yang dicari pertama kali, berisi nama-nama " "lokal" msgid "" "the scopes of any enclosing functions, which are searched starting with the " "nearest enclosing scope, contain non-local, but also non-global names" msgstr "" msgid "the next-to-last scope contains the current module's global names" msgstr "lingkup berikutnya *next-to-last* berisi nama global modul saat ini" msgid "" "the outermost scope (searched last) is the namespace containing built-in " "names" msgstr "" "ruang lingkup *scope* terluar (dicari terakhir) adalah *namespace* yang " "mengandung nama bawaan" msgid "" "If a name is declared global, then all references and assignments go " "directly to the next-to-last scope containing the module's global names. To " "rebind variables found outside of the innermost scope, " "the :keyword:`nonlocal` statement can be used; if not declared nonlocal, " "those variables are read-only (an attempt to write to such a variable will " "simply create a *new* local variable in the innermost scope, leaving the " "identically named outer variable unchanged)." msgstr "" msgid "" "Usually, the local scope references the local names of the (textually) " "current function. Outside functions, the local scope references the same " "namespace as the global scope: the module's namespace. Class definitions " "place yet another namespace in the local scope." msgstr "" "Biasanya, cakupan lokal merujuk nama lokal dari fungsi (secara tekstual) " "saat ini. Fungsi luar, lingkup lokal merujuk *namespace* yang sama dengan " "lingkup global: *namespace* modul. Definisi kelas menempatkan namespace lain " "dalam lingkup lokal." msgid "" "It is important to realize that scopes are determined textually: the global " "scope of a function defined in a module is that module's namespace, no " "matter from where or by what alias the function is called. On the other " "hand, the actual search for names is done dynamically, at run time --- " "however, the language definition is evolving towards static name resolution, " "at \"compile\" time, so don't rely on dynamic name resolution! (In fact, " "local variables are already determined statically.)" msgstr "" "Penting untuk menyadari bahwa cakupan *scope* ditentukan secara tekstual: " "ruang lingkup global dari suatu fungsi yang didefinisikan dalam modul adalah " "ruang nama *namespace* modul itu, tidak peduli dari mana atau oleh apa alias " "fungsi itu dipanggil. Di sisi lain, pencarian nama sebenarnya dilakukan " "secara dinamis, pada saat *run time* --- namun, definisi bahasa berkembang " "menuju resolusi nama statis, pada waktu \"compile\", jadi jangan " "mengandalkan resolusi nama dinamis! (Faktanya, variabel lokal sudah " "ditentukan secara statis.)" msgid "" "A special quirk of Python is that -- if no :keyword:`global` " "or :keyword:`nonlocal` statement is in effect -- assignments to names always " "go into the innermost scope. Assignments do not copy data --- they just bind " "names to objects. The same is true for deletions: the statement ``del x`` " "removes the binding of ``x`` from the namespace referenced by the local " "scope. In fact, all operations that introduce new names use the local " "scope: in particular, :keyword:`import` statements and function definitions " "bind the module or function name in the local scope." msgstr "" "Sebuah kekhasan khusus dari Python adalah bahwa -- jika tidak ada " "pernyataan :keyword:`global` atau pernyataan :keyword:`nonlocal` yang " "berlaku -- pemberian nilai untuk nama selalu masuk ke ruang lingkup " "terdalam. Pemberian nilai tidak menyalin data --- mereka hanya mengikat nama " "ke objek. Hal yang sama berlaku untuk penghapusan: pernyataan ``del x`` " "menghapus pengikatan ``x`` dari *namespace* yang dirujuk oleh lingkup " "*scope* lokal. Bahkan, semua operasi yang memperkenalkan nama-nama baru " "menggunakan lingkup lokal: khususnya, pernyataan :keyword:`import` dan " "definisi fungsi mengikat modul atau nama fungsi di lingkup lokal." msgid "" "The :keyword:`global` statement can be used to indicate that particular " "variables live in the global scope and should be rebound there; " "the :keyword:`nonlocal` statement indicates that particular variables live " "in an enclosing scope and should be rebound there." msgstr "" "Pernyataan :keyword:`global` dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa " "variabel tertentu hidup dalam lingkup global dan harus kembali ke sana; " "pernyataan :keyword:`nonlocal` menunjukkan bahwa variabel tertentu hidup " "dalam cakupan terlampir dan harus dikembalikan ke sana." msgid "Scopes and Namespaces Example" msgstr "Contoh Lingkup *Scopes* dan Ruang Nama *Namespaces*" msgid "" "This is an example demonstrating how to reference the different scopes and " "namespaces, and how :keyword:`global` and :keyword:`nonlocal` affect " "variable binding::" msgstr "" "Ini adalah contoh yang menunjukkan cara mereferensikan lingkup *scopes* dan " "ruang nama *namespaces* yang berbeda, dan bagaimana :keyword:`global` " "dan :keyword:`nonlocal` memengaruhi pengikatan variabel::" msgid "" "def scope_test():\n" " def do_local():\n" " spam = \"local spam\"\n" "\n" " def do_nonlocal():\n" " nonlocal spam\n" " spam = \"nonlocal spam\"\n" "\n" " def do_global():\n" " global spam\n" " spam = \"global spam\"\n" "\n" " spam = \"test spam\"\n" " do_local()\n" " print(\"After local assignment:\", spam)\n" " do_nonlocal()\n" " print(\"After nonlocal assignment:\", spam)\n" " do_global()\n" " print(\"After global assignment:\", spam)\n" "\n" "scope_test()\n" "print(\"In global scope:\", spam)" msgstr "" msgid "The output of the example code is:" msgstr "Keluaran dari contoh kode adalah:" msgid "" "After local assignment: test spam\n" "After nonlocal assignment: nonlocal spam\n" "After global assignment: nonlocal spam\n" "In global scope: global spam" msgstr "" msgid "" "Note how the *local* assignment (which is default) didn't change " "*scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*. The :keyword:`nonlocal` assignment " "changed *scope_test*\\'s binding of *spam*, and the :keyword:`global` " "assignment changed the module-level binding." msgstr "" "Perhatikan bagaimana pemberian nilai *local* (yang bawaan) tidak mengubah " "*scope_test*\\s pengikatan *spam*. Pemberian nilai :keyword:`nonlocal` " "mengubah *scope_test*\\'s pengikatan *spam*, dan pemberian " "nilai :keyword:`global` mengubah pengikatan level modul." msgid "" "You can also see that there was no previous binding for *spam* before " "the :keyword:`global` assignment." msgstr "" "Anda juga dapat melihat bahwa tidak ada pengikatan sebelumnya untuk *spam* " "sebelum pemberian nilai :keyword:`global`." msgid "A First Look at Classes" msgstr "Pandangan Pertama tentang Kelas" msgid "" "Classes introduce a little bit of new syntax, three new object types, and " "some new semantics." msgstr "" "Kelas memperkenalkan sedikit sintaks baru, tiga tipe objek baru, dan " "beberapa semantik baru." msgid "Class Definition Syntax" msgstr "Sintaks Definisi Kelas" msgid "The simplest form of class definition looks like this::" msgstr "Bentuk definisi kelas paling sederhana terlihat seperti ini::" msgid "" "class ClassName:\n" " <statement-1>\n" " .\n" " .\n" " .\n" " <statement-N>" msgstr "" msgid "" "Class definitions, like function definitions (:keyword:`def` statements) " "must be executed before they have any effect. (You could conceivably place " "a class definition in a branch of an :keyword:`if` statement, or inside a " "function.)" msgstr "" "Definisi kelas, seperti definisi fungsi (pernyataan :keyword:`def`) harus " "dieksekusi sebelum mereka memiliki efek. (Anda dapat menempatkan definisi " "kelas di cabang dari pernyataan :keyword:`if`, atau di dalam suatu fungsi.)" msgid "" "In practice, the statements inside a class definition will usually be " "function definitions, but other statements are allowed, and sometimes useful " "--- we'll come back to this later. The function definitions inside a class " "normally have a peculiar form of argument list, dictated by the calling " "conventions for methods --- again, this is explained later." msgstr "" "Dalam praktiknya, pernyataan di dalam definisi kelas biasanya akan menjadi " "definisi fungsi, tetapi pernyataan lain diizinkan, dan terkadang berguna --- " "kami akan kembali ke sini nanti. Definisi fungsi di dalam kelas biasanya " "memiliki bentuk khusus daftar argumen, didikte oleh konvensi pemanggilan " "untuk metode --- sekali lagi, ini dijelaskan nanti." msgid "" "When a class definition is entered, a new namespace is created, and used as " "the local scope --- thus, all assignments to local variables go into this " "new namespace. In particular, function definitions bind the name of the new " "function here." msgstr "" "Ketika definisi kelas dimasukkan, *namespace* baru dibuat, dan digunakan " "sebagai lingkup *scope* lokal --- dengan demikian, semua tugas untuk " "variabel lokal masuk ke *namespace* baru ini. Secara khusus, definisi fungsi " "mengikat nama fungsi baru di sini." msgid "" "When a class definition is left normally (via the end), a *class object* is " "created. This is basically a wrapper around the contents of the namespace " "created by the class definition; we'll learn more about class objects in the " "next section. The original local scope (the one in effect just before the " "class definition was entered) is reinstated, and the class object is bound " "here to the class name given in the class definition header (:class:`!" "ClassName` in the example)." msgstr "" msgid "Class Objects" msgstr "Objek Kelas *Class Objects*" msgid "" "Class objects support two kinds of operations: attribute references and " "instantiation." msgstr "" "Objek kelas mendukung dua jenis operasi: referensi atribut dan instansiasi." msgid "" "*Attribute references* use the standard syntax used for all attribute " "references in Python: ``obj.name``. Valid attribute names are all the names " "that were in the class's namespace when the class object was created. So, " "if the class definition looked like this::" msgstr "" "*Attribute references* menggunakan sintaks standar yang digunakan untuk " "semua referensi atribut dalam Python: ``obj.name``. Nama atribut yang valid " "adalah semua nama yang ada di *namespace* kelas saat objek kelas dibuat. " "Jadi, jika definisi kelas tampak seperti ini::" msgid "" "class MyClass:\n" " \"\"\"A simple example class\"\"\"\n" " i = 12345\n" "\n" " def f(self):\n" " return 'hello world'" msgstr "" msgid "" "then ``MyClass.i`` and ``MyClass.f`` are valid attribute references, " "returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes " "can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of ``MyClass.i`` by " "assignment. :attr:`~type.__doc__` is also a valid attribute, returning the " "docstring belonging to the class: ``\"A simple example class\"``." msgstr "" msgid "" "Class *instantiation* uses function notation. Just pretend that the class " "object is a parameterless function that returns a new instance of the class. " "For example (assuming the above class)::" msgstr "" "*instantiation* kelas menggunakan notasi fungsi. Hanya berpura-pura bahwa " "objek kelas adalah fungsi tanpa parameter yang mengembalikan instance baru " "dari kelas. Misalnya (dengan asumsi kelas di atas)::" msgid "x = MyClass()" msgstr "" msgid "" "creates a new *instance* of the class and assigns this object to the local " "variable ``x``." msgstr "" "membuat *instance* baru dari kelas dan menetapkan objek ini ke variabel " "lokal ``x``." msgid "" "The instantiation operation (\"calling\" a class object) creates an empty " "object. Many classes like to create objects with instances customized to a " "specific initial state. Therefore a class may define a special method " "named :meth:`~object.__init__`, like this::" msgstr "" msgid "" "def __init__(self):\n" " self.data = []" msgstr "" msgid "" "When a class defines an :meth:`~object.__init__` method, class instantiation " "automatically invokes :meth:`!__init__` for the newly created class " "instance. So in this example, a new, initialized instance can be obtained " "by::" msgstr "" msgid "" "Of course, the :meth:`~object.__init__` method may have arguments for " "greater flexibility. In that case, arguments given to the class " "instantiation operator are passed on to :meth:`!__init__`. For example, ::" msgstr "" msgid "" ">>> class Complex:\n" "... def __init__(self, realpart, imagpart):\n" "... self.r = realpart\n" "... self.i = imagpart\n" "...\n" ">>> x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)\n" ">>> x.r, x.i\n" "(3.0, -4.5)" msgstr "" msgid "Instance Objects" msgstr "Objek *Instance*" msgid "" "Now what can we do with instance objects? The only operations understood by " "instance objects are attribute references. There are two kinds of valid " "attribute names: data attributes and methods." msgstr "" "Sekarang apa yang bisa kita lakukan dengan objek instan? Satu-satunya " "operasi yang dipahami oleh objek instan adalah referensi atribut. Ada dua " "jenis nama atribut yang valid: atribut data, dan metode." msgid "" "*Data attributes* correspond to \"instance variables\" in Smalltalk, and to " "\"data members\" in C++. Data attributes need not be declared; like local " "variables, they spring into existence when they are first assigned to. For " "example, if ``x`` is the instance of :class:`!MyClass` created above, the " "following piece of code will print the value ``16``, without leaving a " "trace::" msgstr "" msgid "" "x.counter = 1\n" "while x.counter < 10:\n" " x.counter = x.counter * 2\n" "print(x.counter)\n" "del x.counter" msgstr "" msgid "" "The other kind of instance attribute reference is a *method*. A method is a " "function that \"belongs to\" an object." msgstr "" msgid "" "Valid method names of an instance object depend on its class. By " "definition, all attributes of a class that are function objects define " "corresponding methods of its instances. So in our example, ``x.f`` is a " "valid method reference, since ``MyClass.f`` is a function, but ``x.i`` is " "not, since ``MyClass.i`` is not. But ``x.f`` is not the same thing as " "``MyClass.f`` --- it is a *method object*, not a function object." msgstr "" "Nama metode yang valid dari objek *instance* bergantung pada kelasnya. " "Menurut definisi, semua atribut dari kelas yang merupakan objek fungsi " "menentukan metode yang sesuai dari *instance*-nya. Jadi dalam contoh kita, " "``x.f`` adalah referensi metode yang valid, karena ``MyClass.f`` adalah " "fungsi, tetapi ``x.i`` tidak, karena ``MyClass.i`` tidak. Tetapi ``x.f`` " "bukan hal yang sama dengan ``MyClass.f`` --- itu adalah *method object*, " "bukan objek fungsi." msgid "Method Objects" msgstr "Metode Objek" msgid "Usually, a method is called right after it is bound::" msgstr "Biasanya, metode dipanggil tepat setelah itu terikat::" msgid "x.f()" msgstr "" msgid "" "If ``x = MyClass()``, as above, this will return the string ``'hello " "world'``. However, it is not necessary to call a method right away: ``x.f`` " "is a method object, and can be stored away and called at a later time. For " "example::" msgstr "" msgid "" "xf = x.f\n" "while True:\n" " print(xf())" msgstr "" msgid "will continue to print ``hello world`` until the end of time." msgstr "akan terus mencetak ``hello world`` hingga akhir waktu." msgid "" "What exactly happens when a method is called? You may have noticed that " "``x.f()`` was called without an argument above, even though the function " "definition for :meth:`!f` specified an argument. What happened to the " "argument? Surely Python raises an exception when a function that requires an " "argument is called without any --- even if the argument isn't actually " "used..." msgstr "" msgid "" "Actually, you may have guessed the answer: the special thing about methods " "is that the instance object is passed as the first argument of the " "function. In our example, the call ``x.f()`` is exactly equivalent to " "``MyClass.f(x)``. In general, calling a method with a list of *n* arguments " "is equivalent to calling the corresponding function with an argument list " "that is created by inserting the method's instance object before the first " "argument." msgstr "" "Sebenarnya, Anda mungkin sudah menebak jawabannya: hal khusus tentang metode " "adalah objek *instance* dilewatkan sebagai argumen pertama dari fungsi. " "Dalam contoh kita, panggilan ``x.f()`` persis sama dengan ``MyClass.f(x)``. " "Secara umum, memanggil metode dengan daftar argumen *n* setara dengan " "memanggil fungsi yang sesuai dengan daftar argumen yang dibuat dengan " "menyisipkan objek contoh metode sebelum argumen pertama." msgid "" "In general, methods work as follows. When a non-data attribute of an " "instance is referenced, the instance's class is searched. If the name " "denotes a valid class attribute that is a function object, references to " "both the instance object and the function object are packed into a method " "object. When the method object is called with an argument list, a new " "argument list is constructed from the instance object and the argument list, " "and the function object is called with this new argument list." msgstr "" msgid "Class and Instance Variables" msgstr "Variabel Kelas dan *Instance*" msgid "" "Generally speaking, instance variables are for data unique to each instance " "and class variables are for attributes and methods shared by all instances " "of the class::" msgstr "" "Secara umum, variabel *instance* adalah untuk data unik untuk setiap " "*instance* dan variabel kelas adalah untuk atribut dan metode yang dibagikan " "oleh semua *instance* kelas::" msgid "" "class Dog:\n" "\n" " kind = 'canine' # class variable shared by all instances\n" "\n" " def __init__(self, name):\n" " self.name = name # instance variable unique to each instance\n" "\n" ">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n" ">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n" ">>> d.kind # shared by all dogs\n" "'canine'\n" ">>> e.kind # shared by all dogs\n" "'canine'\n" ">>> d.name # unique to d\n" "'Fido'\n" ">>> e.name # unique to e\n" "'Buddy'" msgstr "" msgid "" "As discussed in :ref:`tut-object`, shared data can have possibly surprising " "effects involving :term:`mutable` objects such as lists and dictionaries. " "For example, the *tricks* list in the following code should not be used as a " "class variable because just a single list would be shared by all *Dog* " "instances::" msgstr "" msgid "" "class Dog:\n" "\n" " tricks = [] # mistaken use of a class variable\n" "\n" " def __init__(self, name):\n" " self.name = name\n" "\n" " def add_trick(self, trick):\n" " self.tricks.append(trick)\n" "\n" ">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n" ">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n" ">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n" ">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n" ">>> d.tricks # unexpectedly shared by all dogs\n" "['roll over', 'play dead']" msgstr "" msgid "Correct design of the class should use an instance variable instead::" msgstr "" "Desain kelas yang benar harus menggunakan variabel *instance* sebagai " "gantinya::" msgid "" "class Dog:\n" "\n" " def __init__(self, name):\n" " self.name = name\n" " self.tricks = [] # creates a new empty list for each dog\n" "\n" " def add_trick(self, trick):\n" " self.tricks.append(trick)\n" "\n" ">>> d = Dog('Fido')\n" ">>> e = Dog('Buddy')\n" ">>> d.add_trick('roll over')\n" ">>> e.add_trick('play dead')\n" ">>> d.tricks\n" "['roll over']\n" ">>> e.tricks\n" "['play dead']" msgstr "" msgid "Random Remarks" msgstr "Keterangan Acak" msgid "" "If the same attribute name occurs in both an instance and in a class, then " "attribute lookup prioritizes the instance::" msgstr "" "Jika nama atribut yang sama muncul di kedua *instance* dan di kelas, maka " "pencarian atribut memprioritaskan *instance*::" msgid "" ">>> class Warehouse:\n" "... purpose = 'storage'\n" "... region = 'west'\n" "...\n" ">>> w1 = Warehouse()\n" ">>> print(w1.purpose, w1.region)\n" "storage west\n" ">>> w2 = Warehouse()\n" ">>> w2.region = 'east'\n" ">>> print(w2.purpose, w2.region)\n" "storage east" msgstr "" msgid "" "Data attributes may be referenced by methods as well as by ordinary users " "(\"clients\") of an object. In other words, classes are not usable to " "implement pure abstract data types. In fact, nothing in Python makes it " "possible to enforce data hiding --- it is all based upon convention. (On " "the other hand, the Python implementation, written in C, can completely hide " "implementation details and control access to an object if necessary; this " "can be used by extensions to Python written in C.)" msgstr "" "Atribut data dapat dirujuk oleh metode dan juga oleh pengguna biasa " "(\"clients\") dari suatu objek. Dengan kata lain, kelas tidak dapat " "digunakan untuk mengimplementasikan tipe data abstrak murni. Faktanya, tidak " "ada dalam Python yang memungkinkan untuk menegakkan *enforce* data yang " "disembunyikan --- semuanya didasarkan pada konvensi. (Di sisi lain, " "implementasi Python, ditulis dalam C, dapat sepenuhnya menyembunyikan detail " "implementasi dan mengontrol akses ke objek jika perlu; ini dapat digunakan " "oleh ekstensi ke Python yang ditulis dalam C.)" msgid "" "Clients should use data attributes with care --- clients may mess up " "invariants maintained by the methods by stamping on their data attributes. " "Note that clients may add data attributes of their own to an instance object " "without affecting the validity of the methods, as long as name conflicts are " "avoided --- again, a naming convention can save a lot of headaches here." msgstr "" "Klien harus menggunakan atribut data dengan hati-hati --- klien dapat " "mengacaukan invarian yang dikelola oleh metode dengan menginjak *stamping* " "atribut data mereka. Perhatikan bahwa klien dapat menambahkan atribut data " "mereka sendiri ke objek *instance* tanpa memengaruhi validitas metode, " "asalkan konflik nama dihindari --- sekali lagi, konvensi penamaan dapat " "menghindarkan dari banyak sakit kepala di sini." msgid "" "There is no shorthand for referencing data attributes (or other methods!) " "from within methods. I find that this actually increases the readability of " "methods: there is no chance of confusing local variables and instance " "variables when glancing through a method." msgstr "" "Tidak ada istilah untuk referensi atribut data (atau metode lain!) dari " "dalam metode. Saya menemukan bahwa ini sebenarnya meningkatkan keterbacaan " "metode: tidak ada kemungkinan membingungkan variabel lokal dan variabel " "*instance* ketika melirik *glancing* melalui metode." msgid "" "Often, the first argument of a method is called ``self``. This is nothing " "more than a convention: the name ``self`` has absolutely no special meaning " "to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code " "may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable " "that a *class browser* program might be written that relies upon such a " "convention." msgstr "" "Seringkali, argumen pertama dari suatu metode disebut ``self``. Ini tidak " "lebih dari sebuah konvensi: nama ``self`` sama sekali tidak memiliki arti " "khusus untuk Python. Perhatikan, bagaimanapun, bahwa dengan tidak mengikuti " "konvensi kode Anda mungkin kurang dapat dibaca oleh programmer Python lain, " "dan juga dapat dibayangkan bahwa program *class browser* dapat ditulis yang " "bergantung pada konvensi semacam itu." msgid "" "Any function object that is a class attribute defines a method for instances " "of that class. It is not necessary that the function definition is " "textually enclosed in the class definition: assigning a function object to a " "local variable in the class is also ok. For example::" msgstr "" "Objek fungsi apa pun yang merupakan atribut kelas menentukan metode untuk " "*instance* dari kelas itu. Tidak perlu bahwa definisi fungsi tertutup secara " "teks dalam definisi kelas: menetapkan objek fungsi ke variabel lokal di " "kelas juga ok. Sebagai contoh::" msgid "" "# Function defined outside the class\n" "def f1(self, x, y):\n" " return min(x, x+y)\n" "\n" "class C:\n" " f = f1\n" "\n" " def g(self):\n" " return 'hello world'\n" "\n" " h = g" msgstr "" "# Fungsi yang didefinisikan diluar *class*\n" "def f1(self, x, y):\n" " return min(x, x+y)\n" "\n" "class C:\n" " f = f1\n" "\n" " def g(self):\n" " return 'hello world'\n" "\n" " h = g" msgid "" "Now ``f``, ``g`` and ``h`` are all attributes of class :class:`!C` that " "refer to function objects, and consequently they are all methods of " "instances of :class:`!C` --- ``h`` being exactly equivalent to ``g``. Note " "that this practice usually only serves to confuse the reader of a program." msgstr "" msgid "" "Methods may call other methods by using method attributes of the ``self`` " "argument::" msgstr "" "Metode dapat memanggil metode lain dengan menggunakan atribut metode dari " "argumen ``self``::" msgid "" "class Bag:\n" " def __init__(self):\n" " self.data = []\n" "\n" " def add(self, x):\n" " self.data.append(x)\n" "\n" " def addtwice(self, x):\n" " self.add(x)\n" " self.add(x)" msgstr "" "class Bag:\n" " def __init__(self):\n" " self.data = []\n" "\n" " def add(self, x):\n" " self.data.append(x)\n" "\n" " def addtwice(self, x):\n" " self.add(x)\n" " self.add(x)" msgid "" "Methods may reference global names in the same way as ordinary functions. " "The global scope associated with a method is the module containing its " "definition. (A class is never used as a global scope.) While one rarely " "encounters a good reason for using global data in a method, there are many " "legitimate uses of the global scope: for one thing, functions and modules " "imported into the global scope can be used by methods, as well as functions " "and classes defined in it. Usually, the class containing the method is " "itself defined in this global scope, and in the next section we'll find some " "good reasons why a method would want to reference its own class." msgstr "" "Metode dapat merujuk nama global dengan cara yang sama seperti fungsi biasa. " "Ruang lingkup *scope* global yang terkait dengan suatu metode adalah modul " "yang berisi definisinya. (Kelas tidak pernah digunakan sebagai ruang lingkup " "*scope* global.) Sementara seseorang jarang menemukan alasan yang baik untuk " "menggunakan data global dalam suatu metode, ada banyak penggunaan sah " "lingkup global: untuk satu hal, fungsi dan modul yang diimpor ke dalam " "lingkup global dapat digunakan oleh metode, serta fungsi dan kelas yang " "didefinisikan di dalamnya. Biasanya, kelas yang berisi metode itu sendiri " "didefinisikan dalam lingkup global ini, dan di bagian selanjutnya kita akan " "menemukan beberapa alasan bagus mengapa suatu metode ingin merujuk kelasnya " "sendiri." msgid "" "Each value is an object, and therefore has a *class* (also called its " "*type*). It is stored as ``object.__class__``." msgstr "" "Setiap nilai adalah objek, dan karenanya memiliki *kelas* (juga disebut " "sebagai *type*). Ini disimpan sebagai ``object.__class__``." msgid "Inheritance" msgstr "Pewarisan" msgid "" "Of course, a language feature would not be worthy of the name \"class\" " "without supporting inheritance. The syntax for a derived class definition " "looks like this::" msgstr "" "Tentu saja, fitur bahasa tidak akan layak untuk nama \"class\" tanpa " "mendukung pewarisan. Sintaks untuk definisi kelas turunan terlihat seperti " "ini::" msgid "" "class DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):\n" " <statement-1>\n" " .\n" " .\n" " .\n" " <statement-N>" msgstr "" "class DerivedClassName(BaseClassName):\n" " <statement-1>\n" " .\n" " .\n" " .\n" " <statement-N>" msgid "" "The name :class:`!BaseClassName` must be defined in a namespace accessible " "from the scope containing the derived class definition. In place of a base " "class name, other arbitrary expressions are also allowed. This can be " "useful, for example, when the base class is defined in another module::" msgstr "" msgid "class DerivedClassName(modname.BaseClassName):" msgstr "class DerivedClassName(modname.BaseClassName):" msgid "" "Execution of a derived class definition proceeds the same as for a base " "class. When the class object is constructed, the base class is remembered. " "This is used for resolving attribute references: if a requested attribute is " "not found in the class, the search proceeds to look in the base class. This " "rule is applied recursively if the base class itself is derived from some " "other class." msgstr "" |
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