GeezerVisonThe World Wide Web, restored to 800 pixels of glory. |
| Home|About|Gaming cabinet|Archives|How it works|Starter sites |
GeezerVison is showing github.com — python-docs-pa/reference/import.po at 3.14 · python/python-docs-pa Expand file tree/ Copy pathimport.poMore file actions 1273 lines (1070 loc) · 46.5 KB / Copy pathimport.poFile metadata and controls1273 lines (1070 loc) · 46.5 KB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation # This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # # Translators: # Bhuvansh Kataria, 2026 # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Python 3.15\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2026-11-09 23:13+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2025-09-16 00:02+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Bhuvansh Kataria, 2026\n" "Language-Team: Panjabi (Punjabi) (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/" "5390/pa/)\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Language: pa\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" msgid "The import system" msgstr "" msgid "" "Python code in one :term:`module` gains access to the code in another module " "by the process of :term:`importing` it. The :keyword:`import` statement is " "the most common way of invoking the import machinery, but it is not the only " "way. Functions such as :func:`importlib.import_module` and built-" "in :func:`__import__` can also be used to invoke the import machinery." msgstr "" msgid "" "The :keyword:`import` statement combines two operations; it searches for the " "named module, then it binds the results of that search to a name in the " "local scope. The search operation of the :keyword:`!import` statement is " "defined as a call to the :func:`__import__` function, with the appropriate " "arguments. The return value of :func:`__import__` is used to perform the " "name binding operation of the :keyword:`!import` statement. See " "the :keyword:`!import` statement for the exact details of that name binding " "operation." msgstr "" msgid "" "A direct call to :func:`__import__` performs only the module search and, if " "found, the module creation operation. While certain side-effects may occur, " "such as the importing of parent packages, and the updating of various caches " "(including :data:`sys.modules`), only the :keyword:`import` statement " "performs a name binding operation." msgstr "" msgid "" "When an :keyword:`import` statement is executed, the standard " "builtin :func:`__import__` function is called. Other mechanisms for invoking " "the import system (such as :func:`importlib.import_module`) may choose to " "bypass :func:`__import__` and use their own solutions to implement import " "semantics." msgstr "" msgid "" "When a module is first imported, Python searches for the module and if " "found, it creates a module object [#fnmo]_, initializing it. If the named " "module cannot be found, a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised. Python " "implements various strategies to search for the named module when the import " "machinery is invoked. These strategies can be modified and extended by " "using various hooks described in the sections below." msgstr "" msgid "" "The import system has been updated to fully implement the second phase " "of :pep:`302`. There is no longer any implicit import machinery - the full " "import system is exposed through :data:`sys.meta_path`. In addition, native " "namespace package support has been implemented (see :pep:`420`)." msgstr "" msgid ":mod:`importlib`" msgstr "" msgid "" "The :mod:`importlib` module provides a rich API for interacting with the " "import system. For example :func:`importlib.import_module` provides a " "recommended, simpler API than built-in :func:`__import__` for invoking the " "import machinery. Refer to the :mod:`importlib` library documentation for " "additional detail." msgstr "" msgid "Packages" msgstr "" msgid "" "Python has only one type of module object, and all modules are of this type, " "regardless of whether the module is implemented in Python, C, or something " "else. To help organize modules and provide a naming hierarchy, Python has a " "concept of :term:`packages <package>`." msgstr "" msgid "" "You can think of packages as the directories on a file system and modules as " "files within directories, but don't take this analogy too literally since " "packages and modules need not originate from the file system. For the " "purposes of this documentation, we'll use this convenient analogy of " "directories and files. Like file system directories, packages are organized " "hierarchically, and packages may themselves contain subpackages, as well as " "regular modules." msgstr "" msgid "" "It's important to keep in mind that all packages are modules, but not all " "modules are packages. Or put another way, packages are just a special kind " "of module. Specifically, any module that contains a ``__path__`` attribute " "is considered a package." msgstr "" msgid "" "All modules have a name. Subpackage names are separated from their parent " "package name by a dot, akin to Python's standard attribute access syntax. " "Thus you might have a package called :mod:`email`, which in turn has a " "subpackage called :mod:`email.mime` and a module within that subpackage " "called :mod:`email.mime.text`." msgstr "" msgid "Regular packages" msgstr "" msgid "" "Python defines two types of packages, :term:`regular packages <regular " "package>` and :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>`. Regular " "packages are traditional packages as they existed in Python 3.2 and earlier. " "A regular package is typically implemented as a directory containing an " "``__init__.py`` file. When a regular package is imported, this " "``__init__.py`` file is implicitly executed, and the objects it defines are " "bound to names in the package's namespace. The ``__init__.py`` file can " "contain the same Python code that any other module can contain, and Python " "will add some additional attributes to the module when it is imported." msgstr "" msgid "" "For example, the following file system layout defines a top level ``parent`` " "package with three subpackages::" msgstr "" msgid "" "parent/\n" " __init__.py\n" " one/\n" " __init__.py\n" " two/\n" " __init__.py\n" " three/\n" " __init__.py" msgstr "" msgid "" "Importing ``parent.one`` will implicitly execute ``parent/__init__.py`` and " "``parent/one/__init__.py``. Subsequent imports of ``parent.two`` or " "``parent.three`` will execute ``parent/two/__init__.py`` and ``parent/three/" "__init__.py`` respectively." msgstr "" msgid "" "A subdirectory inside a regular package that does not contain an " "``__init__.py`` file is treated as an implicit :ref:`namespace package " "<reference-namespace-package>` (a \"namespace subpackage\") rooted in that " "parent. See :pep:`420` for the underlying specification." msgstr "" msgid "Namespace packages" msgstr "" msgid "" "A namespace package is a composite of various :term:`portions <portion>`, " "where each portion contributes a subpackage to the parent package. Portions " "may reside in different locations on the file system. Portions may also be " "found in zip files, on the network, or anywhere else that Python searches " "during import. Namespace packages may or may not correspond directly to " "objects on the file system; they may be virtual modules that have no " "concrete representation." msgstr "" msgid "" "Namespace packages do not use an ordinary list for their ``__path__`` " "attribute. They instead use a custom iterable type which will automatically " "perform a new search for package portions on the next import attempt within " "that package if the path of their parent package (or :data:`sys.path` for a " "top level package) changes." msgstr "" msgid "" "With namespace packages, there is no ``parent/__init__.py`` file. In fact, " "there may be multiple ``parent`` directories found during import search, " "where each one is provided by a different portion. Thus ``parent/one`` may " "not be physically located next to ``parent/two``. In this case, Python will " "create a namespace package for the top-level ``parent`` package whenever it " "or one of its subpackages is imported." msgstr "" msgid "" "Namespace packages may also be nested inside a regular package. When the " "import system searches a regular package's ``__path__`` and encounters a " "subdirectory that does not contain an ``__init__.py`` file, that " "subdirectory becomes a :term:`portion` contributing to a namespace " "subpackage of the enclosing regular package." msgstr "" msgid "See also :pep:`420` for the namespace package specification." msgstr "" msgid "Searching" msgstr "" msgid "" "To begin the search, Python needs the :term:`fully qualified <qualified " "name>` name of the module (or package, but for the purposes of this " "discussion, the difference is immaterial) being imported. This name may " "come from various arguments to the :keyword:`import` statement, or from the " "parameters to the :func:`importlib.import_module` or :func:`__import__` " "functions." msgstr "" msgid "" "This name will be used in various phases of the import search, and it may be " "the dotted path to a submodule, e.g. ``foo.bar.baz``. In this case, Python " "first tries to import ``foo``, then ``foo.bar``, and finally " "``foo.bar.baz``. If any of the intermediate imports fail, " "a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised." msgstr "" msgid "The module cache" msgstr "" msgid "" "The first place checked during import search is :data:`sys.modules`. This " "mapping serves as a cache of all modules that have been previously imported, " "including the intermediate paths. So if ``foo.bar.baz`` was previously " "imported, :data:`sys.modules` will contain entries for ``foo``, ``foo.bar``, " "and ``foo.bar.baz``. Each key will have as its value the corresponding " "module object." msgstr "" msgid "" "During import, the module name is looked up in :data:`sys.modules` and if " "present, the associated value is the module satisfying the import, and the " "process completes. However, if the value is ``None``, then " "a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised. If the module name is missing, " "Python will continue searching for the module." msgstr "" msgid "" ":data:`sys.modules` is writable. Deleting a key may not destroy the " "associated module (as other modules may hold references to it), but it will " "invalidate the cache entry for the named module, causing Python to search " "anew for the named module upon its next import. The key can also be assigned " "to ``None``, forcing the next import of the module to result in " "a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError`." msgstr "" msgid "" "Beware though, as if you keep a reference to the module object, invalidate " "its cache entry in :data:`sys.modules`, and then re-import the named module, " "the two module objects will *not* be the same. By " "contrast, :func:`importlib.reload` will reuse the *same* module object, and " "simply reinitialise the module contents by rerunning the module's code." msgstr "" msgid "Finders and loaders" msgstr "" msgid "" "If the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules`, then Python's " "import protocol is invoked to find and load the module. This protocol " "consists of two conceptual objects, :term:`finders <finder>` " "and :term:`loaders <loader>`. A finder's job is to determine whether it can " "find the named module using whatever strategy it knows about. Objects that " "implement both of these interfaces are referred to as :term:`importers " "<importer>` - they return themselves when they find that they can load the " "requested module." msgstr "" msgid "" "Python includes a number of default finders and importers. The first one " "knows how to locate built-in modules, and the second knows how to locate " "frozen modules. A third default finder searches an :term:`import path` for " "modules. The :term:`import path` is a list of locations that may name file " "system paths or zip files. It can also be extended to search for any " "locatable resource, such as those identified by URLs." msgstr "" msgid "" "The import machinery is extensible, so new finders can be added to extend " "the range and scope of module searching." msgstr "" msgid "" "Finders do not actually load modules. If they can find the named module, " "they return a :dfn:`module spec`, an encapsulation of the module's import-" "related information, which the import machinery then uses when loading the " "module." msgstr "" msgid "" "The following sections describe the protocol for finders and loaders in more " "detail, including how you can create and register new ones to extend the " "import machinery." msgstr "" msgid "" "In previous versions of Python, finders returned :term:`loaders <loader>` " "directly, whereas now they return module specs which *contain* loaders. " "Loaders are still used during import but have fewer responsibilities." msgstr "" msgid "Import hooks" msgstr "" msgid "" "The import machinery is designed to be extensible; the primary mechanism for " "this are the *import hooks*. There are two types of import hooks: *meta " "hooks* and *import path hooks*." msgstr "" msgid "" "Meta hooks are called at the start of import processing, before any other " "import processing has occurred, other than :data:`sys.modules` cache look " "up. This allows meta hooks to override :data:`sys.path` processing, frozen " "modules, or even built-in modules. Meta hooks are registered by adding new " "finder objects to :data:`sys.meta_path`, as described below." msgstr "" msgid "" "Import path hooks are called as part of :data:`sys.path` (or " "``package.__path__``) processing, at the point where their associated path " "item is encountered. Import path hooks are registered by adding new " "callables to :data:`sys.path_hooks` as described below." msgstr "" msgid "The meta path" msgstr "" msgid "" "When the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules`, Python next " "searches :data:`sys.meta_path`, which contains a list of meta path finder " "objects. These finders are queried in order to see if they know how to " "handle the named module. Meta path finders must implement a method " "called :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` which takes three " "arguments: a name, an import path, and (optionally) a target module. The " "meta path finder can use any strategy it wants to determine whether it can " "handle the named module or not." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the meta path finder knows how to handle the named module, it returns a " "spec object. If it cannot handle the named module, it returns ``None``. " "If :data:`sys.meta_path` processing reaches the end of its list without " "returning a spec, then a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised. Any other " "exceptions raised are simply propagated up, aborting the import process." msgstr "" msgid "" "The :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` method of meta path " "finders is called with two or three arguments. The first is the fully " "qualified name of the module being imported, for example ``foo.bar.baz``. " "The second argument is the path entries to use for the module search. For " "top-level modules, the second argument is ``None``, but for submodules or " "subpackages, the second argument is the value of the parent package's " "``__path__`` attribute. If the appropriate ``__path__`` attribute cannot be " "accessed, a :exc:`ModuleNotFoundError` is raised. The third argument is an " "existing module object that will be the target of loading later. The import " "system passes in a target module only during reload." msgstr "" msgid "" "The meta path may be traversed multiple times for a single import request. " "For example, assuming none of the modules involved has already been cached, " "importing ``foo.bar.baz`` will first perform a top level import, calling " "``mpf.find_spec(\"foo\", None, None)`` on each meta path finder (``mpf``). " "After ``foo`` has been imported, ``foo.bar`` will be imported by traversing " "the meta path a second time, calling ``mpf.find_spec(\"foo.bar\", " "foo.__path__, None)``. Once ``foo.bar`` has been imported, the final " "traversal will call ``mpf.find_spec(\"foo.bar.baz\", foo.bar.__path__, " "None)``." msgstr "" msgid "" "Some meta path finders only support top level imports. These importers will " "always return ``None`` when anything other than ``None`` is passed as the " "second argument." msgstr "" msgid "" "Python's default :data:`sys.meta_path` has three meta path finders, one that " "knows how to import built-in modules, one that knows how to import frozen " "modules, and one that knows how to import modules from an :term:`import " "path` (i.e. the :term:`path based finder`)." msgstr "" msgid "" "The :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` method of meta path " "finders replaced :meth:`!find_module`, which is now deprecated. While it " "will continue to work without change, the import machinery will try it only " "if the finder does not " "implement :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec`." msgstr "" msgid "" "Use of :meth:`!find_module` by the import system now " "raises :exc:`ImportWarning`." msgstr "" msgid "" ":meth:`!find_module` has been removed. " "Use :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` instead." msgstr "" msgid "Loading" msgstr "" msgid "" "If and when a module spec is found, the import machinery will use it (and " "the loader it contains) when loading the module. Here is an approximation " "of what happens during the loading portion of import::" msgstr "" msgid "" "module = None\n" "if spec.loader is not None and hasattr(spec.loader, 'create_module'):\n" " # It is assumed 'exec_module' will also be defined on the loader.\n" " module = spec.loader.create_module(spec)\n" "if module is None:\n" " module = ModuleType(spec.name)\n" "# The import-related module attributes get set here:\n" "_init_module_attrs(spec, module)\n" "\n" "if spec.loader is None:\n" " # unsupported\n" " raise ImportError\n" "\n" "sys.modules[spec.name] = module\n" "try:\n" " spec.loader.exec_module(module)\n" "except BaseException:\n" " try:\n" " del sys.modules[spec.name]\n" " except KeyError:\n" " pass\n" " raise\n" "return sys.modules[spec.name]" msgstr "" msgid "Note the following details:" msgstr "" msgid "" "If there is an existing module object with the given name " "in :data:`sys.modules`, import will have already returned it." msgstr "" msgid "" "The module will exist in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader executes the " "module code. This is crucial because the module code may (directly or " "indirectly) import itself; adding it to :data:`sys.modules` beforehand " "prevents unbounded recursion in the worst case and multiple loading in the " "best." msgstr "" msgid "" "If loading fails, the failing module -- and only the failing module -- gets " "removed from :data:`sys.modules`. Any module already in " "the :data:`sys.modules` cache, and any module that was successfully loaded " "as a side-effect, must remain in the cache. This contrasts with reloading " "where even the failing module is left in :data:`sys.modules`." msgstr "" msgid "" "After the module is created but before execution, the import machinery sets " "the import-related module attributes (\"_init_module_attrs\" in the pseudo-" "code example above), as summarized in a :ref:`later section <import-mod-" "attrs>`." msgstr "" msgid "" "Module execution is the key moment of loading in which the module's " "namespace gets populated. Execution is entirely delegated to the loader, " "which gets to decide what gets populated and how." msgstr "" msgid "" "The module created during loading and passed to exec_module() may not be the " "one returned at the end of import [#fnlo]_." msgstr "" msgid "" "The import system has taken over the boilerplate responsibilities of " "loaders. These were previously performed by the " "``importlib.abc.Loader.load_module`` method." msgstr "" msgid "The ``load_module`` method is no longer used." msgstr "" msgid "Loaders" msgstr "" msgid "" "Module loaders provide the critical function of loading: module execution. " "The import machinery calls the :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` " "method with a single argument, the module object to execute. Any value " "returned from :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` is ignored." msgstr "" msgid "Loaders must satisfy the following requirements:" msgstr "" msgid "" "If the module is a Python module (as opposed to a built-in module or a " "dynamically loaded extension), the loader should execute the module's code " "in the module's global name space (``module.__dict__``)." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the loader cannot execute the module, it should raise " "an :exc:`ImportError`, although any other exception raised " "during :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` will be propagated." msgstr "" msgid "" "In many cases, the finder and loader can be the same object; in such cases " "the :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` method would just return " "a spec with the loader set to ``self``." msgstr "" msgid "" "Module loaders may opt in to creating the module object during loading by " "implementing a :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module` method. It takes " "one argument, the module spec, and returns the new module object to use " "during loading. ``create_module()`` does not need to set any attributes on " "the module object. If the method returns ``None``, the import machinery " "will create the new module itself." msgstr "" msgid "The :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.create_module` method of loaders." msgstr "" msgid "" "The ``importlib.abc.Loader.load_module`` method was replaced " "by :meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.exec_module` and the import machinery " "assumed all the boilerplate responsibilities of loading." msgstr "" msgid "" "For compatibility with existing loaders, the import machinery will use the " "``load_module()`` method of loaders if it exists and the loader does not " "also implement ``exec_module()``. However, ``load_module()`` has been " "deprecated and loaders should implement ``exec_module()`` instead." msgstr "" msgid "" "The ``load_module()`` method must implement all the boilerplate loading " "functionality described above in addition to executing the module. All the " "same constraints apply, with some additional clarification:" msgstr "" msgid "" "If there is an existing module object with the given name " "in :data:`sys.modules`, the loader must use that existing module. " "(Otherwise, :func:`importlib.reload` will not work correctly.) If the named " "module does not exist in :data:`sys.modules`, the loader must create a new " "module object and add it to :data:`sys.modules`." msgstr "" msgid "" "The module *must* exist in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader executes " "the module code, to prevent unbounded recursion or multiple loading." msgstr "" msgid "" "If loading fails, the loader must remove any modules it has inserted " "into :data:`sys.modules`, but it must remove **only** the failing module(s), " "and only if the loader itself has loaded the module(s) explicitly." msgstr "" msgid "" "A :exc:`DeprecationWarning` is raised when ``exec_module()`` is defined but " "``create_module()`` is not." msgstr "" msgid "" "An :exc:`ImportError` is raised when ``exec_module()`` is defined but " "``create_module()`` is not." msgstr "" msgid "Use of ``load_module()`` will raise :exc:`ImportWarning`." msgstr "" msgid "Submodules" msgstr "" msgid "" "When a submodule is loaded using any mechanism (e.g. ``importlib`` APIs, the " "``import`` or ``import-from`` statements, or built-in ``__import__()``) a " "binding is placed in the parent module's namespace to the submodule object. " "For example, if package ``spam`` has a submodule ``foo``, after importing " "``spam.foo``, ``spam`` will have an attribute ``foo`` which is bound to the " "submodule. Let's say you have the following directory structure::" msgstr "" msgid "" "spam/\n" " __init__.py\n" " foo.py" msgstr "" msgid "and ``spam/__init__.py`` has the following line in it::" msgstr "" msgid "from .foo import Foo" msgstr "" msgid "" "then executing the following puts name bindings for ``foo`` and ``Foo`` in " "the ``spam`` module::" msgstr "" msgid "" ">>> import spam\n" ">>> spam.foo\n" "<module 'spam.foo' from '/tmp/imports/spam/foo.py'>\n" ">>> spam.Foo\n" "<class 'spam.foo.Foo'>" msgstr "" msgid "" "Given Python's familiar name binding rules this might seem surprising, but " "it's actually a fundamental feature of the import system. The invariant " "holding is that if you have ``sys.modules['spam']`` and " "``sys.modules['spam.foo']`` (as you would after the above import), the " "latter must appear as the ``foo`` attribute of the former." msgstr "" msgid "Module specs" msgstr "" msgid "" "The import machinery uses a variety of information about each module during " "import, especially before loading. Most of the information is common to all " "modules. The purpose of a module's spec is to encapsulate this import-" "related information on a per-module basis." msgstr "" msgid "" "Using a spec during import allows state to be transferred between import " "system components, e.g. between the finder that creates the module spec and " "the loader that executes it. Most importantly, it allows the import " "machinery to perform the boilerplate operations of loading, whereas without " "a module spec the loader had that responsibility." msgstr "" msgid "" "The module's spec is exposed as :attr:`module.__spec__`. Setting :attr:`!" "__spec__` appropriately applies equally to :ref:`modules initialized during " "interpreter startup <programs>`. The one exception is ``__main__``, " "where :attr:`!__spec__` is :ref:`set to None in some cases <main_spec>`." msgstr "" msgid "" "See :class:`~importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec` for details on the contents of " "the module spec." msgstr "" msgid "__path__ attributes on modules" msgstr "" msgid "" "The :attr:`~module.__path__` attribute should be a (possibly " "empty) :term:`sequence` of strings enumerating the locations where the " "package's submodules will be found. By definition, if a module has a :attr:`!" "__path__` attribute, it is a :term:`package`." msgstr "" msgid "" "A package's :attr:`~module.__path__` attribute is used during imports of its " "subpackages. Within the import machinery, it functions much the same " "as :data:`sys.path`, i.e. providing a list of locations to search for " "modules during import. However, :attr:`!__path__` is typically much more " "constrained than :data:`!sys.path`." msgstr "" msgid "" "The same rules used for :data:`sys.path` also apply to a package's :attr:`!" "__path__`. :data:`sys.path_hooks` (described below) are consulted when " "traversing a package's :attr:`!__path__`." msgstr "" msgid "" "A package's ``__init__.py`` file may set or alter the " "package's :attr:`~module.__path__` attribute, and this was typically the way " "namespace packages were implemented prior to :pep:`420`. With the adoption " "of :pep:`420`, namespace packages no longer need to supply ``__init__.py`` " "files containing only :attr:`!__path__` manipulation code; the import " "machinery automatically sets :attr:`!__path__` correctly for the namespace " "package." msgstr "" msgid "Module reprs" msgstr "" msgid "" "By default, all modules have a usable repr, however depending on the " "attributes set above, and in the module's spec, you can more explicitly " "control the repr of module objects." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the module has a spec (``__spec__``), the import machinery will try to " "generate a repr from it. If that fails or there is no spec, the import " "system will craft a default repr using whatever information is available on " "the module. It will try to use the ``module.__name__``, " "``module.__file__``, and ``module.__loader__`` as input into the repr, with " "defaults for whatever information is missing." msgstr "" msgid "Here are the exact rules used:" msgstr "" msgid "" "If the module has a ``__spec__`` attribute, the information in the spec is " "used to generate the repr. The \"name\", \"loader\", \"origin\", and " "\"has_location\" attributes are consulted." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the module has a ``__file__`` attribute, this is used as part of the " "module's repr." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the module has no ``__file__`` but does have a ``__loader__`` that is not " "``None``, then the loader's repr is used as part of the module's repr." msgstr "" msgid "Otherwise, just use the module's ``__name__`` in the repr." msgstr "" msgid "" "Use of :meth:`!module_repr`, having been deprecated since Python 3.4, was " "removed in Python 3.12 and is no longer called during the resolution of a " "module's repr." msgstr "" msgid "Cached bytecode invalidation" msgstr "" msgid "" "Before Python loads cached bytecode from a ``.pyc`` file, it checks whether " "the cache is up-to-date with the source ``.py`` file. By default, Python " "does this by storing the source's last-modified timestamp and size in the " "cache file when writing it. At runtime, the import system then validates the " "cache file by checking the stored metadata in the cache file against the " "source's metadata." msgstr "" msgid "" "Python also supports \"hash-based\" cache files, which store a hash of the " "source file's contents rather than its metadata. There are two variants of " "hash-based ``.pyc`` files: checked and unchecked. For checked hash-based " "``.pyc`` files, Python validates the cache file by hashing the source file " "and comparing the resulting hash with the hash in the cache file. If a " "checked hash-based cache file is found to be invalid, Python regenerates it " "and writes a new checked hash-based cache file. For unchecked hash-based " "``.pyc`` files, Python simply assumes the cache file is valid if it exists. " "Hash-based ``.pyc`` files validation behavior may be overridden with " "the :option:`--check-hash-based-pycs` flag." msgstr "" msgid "" "Added hash-based ``.pyc`` files. Previously, Python only supported timestamp-" "based invalidation of bytecode caches." msgstr "" msgid "The Path Based Finder" msgstr "" msgid "" "As mentioned previously, Python comes with several default meta path " "finders. One of these, called the :term:`path based finder` " "(:class:`~importlib.machinery.PathFinder`), searches an :term:`import path`, " "which contains a list of :term:`path entries <path entry>`. Each path entry " "names a location to search for modules." msgstr "" msgid "" "The path based finder itself doesn't know how to import anything. Instead, " "it traverses the individual path entries, associating each of them with a " "path entry finder that knows how to handle that particular kind of path." msgstr "" msgid "" "The default set of path entry finders implement all the semantics for " "finding modules on the file system, handling special file types such as " "Python source code (``.py`` files), Python byte code (``.pyc`` files) and " "shared libraries (e.g. ``.so`` files). When supported by " "the :mod:`zipimport` module in the standard library, the default path entry " "finders also handle loading all of these file types (other than shared " "libraries) from zipfiles." msgstr "" msgid "" "Path entries need not be limited to file system locations. They can refer " "to URLs, database queries, or any other location that can be specified as a " "string." msgstr "" msgid "" "The path based finder provides additional hooks and protocols so that you " "can extend and customize the types of searchable path entries. For example, " "if you wanted to support path entries as network URLs, you could write a " "hook that implements HTTP semantics to find modules on the web. This hook " "(a callable) would return a :term:`path entry finder` supporting the " "protocol described below, which was then used to get a loader for the module " "from the web." msgstr "" msgid "" "A word of warning: this section and the previous both use the term *finder*, " "distinguishing between them by using the terms :term:`meta path finder` " "and :term:`path entry finder`. These two types of finders are very similar, " "support similar protocols, and function in similar ways during the import " "process, but it's important to keep in mind that they are subtly different. " "In particular, meta path finders operate at the beginning of the import " "process, as keyed off the :data:`sys.meta_path` traversal." msgstr "" msgid "" "By contrast, path entry finders are in a sense an implementation detail of " "the path based finder, and in fact, if the path based finder were to be " "removed from :data:`sys.meta_path`, none of the path entry finder semantics " "would be invoked." msgstr "" msgid "Path entry finders" msgstr "" msgid "" "The :term:`path based finder` is responsible for finding and loading Python " "modules and packages whose location is specified with a string :term:`path " "entry`. Most path entries name locations in the file system, but they need " "not be limited to this." msgstr "" msgid "" "As a meta path finder, the :term:`path based finder` implements " "the :meth:`~importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder.find_spec` protocol previously " "described, however it exposes additional hooks that can be used to customize " "how modules are found and loaded from the :term:`import path`." msgstr "" msgid "" "Three variables are used by the :term:`path based " "finder`, :data:`sys.path`, :data:`sys.path_hooks` " "and :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. The ``__path__`` attributes on package " "objects are also used. These provide additional ways that the import " "machinery can be customized." msgstr "" msgid "" ":data:`sys.path` contains a list of strings providing search locations for " "modules and packages. It is initialized from the :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` " "environment variable and various other installation- and implementation-" "specific defaults. Entries in :data:`sys.path` can name directories on the " "file system, zip files, and potentially other \"locations\" (see " "the :mod:`site` module) that should be searched for modules, such as URLs, " "or database queries. Only strings should be present on :data:`sys.path`; " "all other data types are ignored." msgstr "" msgid "" "The :term:`path based finder` is a :term:`meta path finder`, so the import " "machinery begins the :term:`import path` search by calling the path based " "finder's :meth:`~importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec` method as " "described previously. When the ``path`` argument " "to :meth:`~importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec` is given, it will be a " "list of string paths to traverse - typically a package's ``__path__`` " "attribute for an import within that package. If the ``path`` argument is " "``None``, this indicates a top level import and :data:`sys.path` is used." msgstr "" msgid "" "The path based finder iterates over every entry in the search path, and for " "each of these, looks for an appropriate :term:`path entry finder` " "(:class:`~importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder`) for the path entry. Because this " "can be an expensive operation (e.g. there may be ``stat()`` call overheads " "for this search), the path based finder maintains a cache mapping path " "entries to path entry finders. This cache is maintained " "in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` (despite the name, this cache actually " "stores finder objects rather than being limited to :term:`importer` " "objects). In this way, the expensive search for a particular :term:`path " "entry` location's :term:`path entry finder` need only be done once. User " "code is free to remove cache entries from :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` " "forcing the path based finder to perform the path entry search again." msgstr "" msgid "" "If the path entry is not present in the cache, the path based finder " "iterates over every callable in :data:`sys.path_hooks`. Each of " "the :term:`path entry hooks <path entry hook>` in this list is called with a " "single argument, the path entry to be searched. This callable may either " "return a :term:`path entry finder` that can handle the path entry, or it may " "raise :exc:`ImportError`. An :exc:`ImportError` is used by the path based " "finder to signal that the hook cannot find a :term:`path entry finder` for " "that :term:`path entry`. The exception is ignored and :term:`import path` " "iteration continues. The hook should expect either a string or bytes " "object; the encoding of bytes objects is up to the hook (e.g. it may be a " "file system encoding, UTF-8, or something else), and if the hook cannot " "decode the argument, it should raise :exc:`ImportError`." msgstr "" msgid "" "If :data:`sys.path_hooks` iteration ends with no :term:`path entry finder` " "being returned, then the path based " "finder's :meth:`~importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec` method will store " "``None`` in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` (to indicate that there is no " "finder for this path entry) and return ``None``, indicating that " "this :term:`meta path finder` could not find the module." msgstr "" msgid "" "If a :term:`path entry finder` *is* returned by one of the :term:`path entry " "hook` callables on :data:`sys.path_hooks`, then the following protocol is " "used to ask the finder for a module spec, which is then used when loading " "the module." msgstr "" msgid "" "The current working directory -- denoted by an empty string -- is handled " "slightly differently from other entries on :data:`sys.path`. First, if the " "current working directory cannot be determined or is found not to exist, no " "value is stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. Second, the value for " "the current working directory is looked up fresh for each module lookup. " "Third, the path used for :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` and returned " "by :meth:`importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec` will be the actual " "current working directory and not the empty string." msgstr "" msgid "Path entry finder protocol" msgstr "" msgid "" "In order to support imports of modules and initialized packages and also to " "contribute portions to namespace packages, path entry finders must implement " "the :meth:`~importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.find_spec` method." msgstr "" msgid "" ":meth:`~importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.find_spec` takes two arguments: the " "fully qualified name of the module being imported, and the (optional) target " "module. ``find_spec()`` returns a fully populated spec for the module. This " "spec will always have \"loader\" set (with one exception)." msgstr "" msgid "" "To indicate to the import machinery that the spec represents a " "namespace :term:`portion`, the path entry finder sets " "``submodule_search_locations`` to a list containing the portion." msgstr "" msgid "" ":meth:`~importlib.abc.PathEntryFinder.find_spec` replaced :meth:`!" "find_loader` and :meth:`!find_module`, both of which are now deprecated, but " "will be used if ``find_spec()`` is not defined." msgstr "" msgid "" "Older path entry finders may implement one of these two deprecated methods " "instead of ``find_spec()``. The methods are still respected for the sake of " "backward compatibility. However, if ``find_spec()`` is implemented on the " "path entry finder, the legacy methods are ignored." msgstr "" msgid "" ":meth:`!find_loader` takes one argument, the fully qualified name of the " "module being imported. ``find_loader()`` returns a 2-tuple where the first " "item is the loader and the second item is a namespace :term:`portion`." msgstr "" msgid "" "For backwards compatibility with other implementations of the import " "protocol, many path entry finders also support the same, traditional " "``find_module()`` method that meta path finders support. However path entry " "finder ``find_module()`` methods are never called with a ``path`` argument " "(they are expected to record the appropriate path information from the " "initial call to the path hook)." msgstr "" msgid "" "The ``find_module()`` method on path entry finders is deprecated, as it does " "not allow the path entry finder to contribute portions to namespace " "packages. If both ``find_loader()`` and ``find_module()`` exist on a path " "entry finder, the import system will always call ``find_loader()`` in " |
| You are visitor 01402520 — GeezerVison does not store the pages you look up. Best viewed with Netscape Navigator 4.7 or Internet Explorer 6 at 800×600. No cookies required. |