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Language Intermediate

Sealed classes for type hierarchies

Restrict which classes can extend a type — enabling exhaustive switches.

Code Comparison

✕ Java 8

// Anyone can extend Shape
public abstract class Shape { }
public class Circle extends Shape { }
public class Rect extends Shape { }
// unknown subclasses possible

✓ Java 17+

public sealed interface Shape
    permits Circle, Rect {}
public record Circle(double r)
    implements Shape {}
public record Rect(double w, double h)
    implements Shape {}

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Why the modern way wins

🔐

Controlled hierarchy

Only permitted subtypes can extend — no surprise subclasses.

✅

Exhaustive matching

The compiler verifies switch covers all cases, no default needed.

📐

Algebraic data types

Model sum types naturally — sealed + records = ADTs in Java.

Old Approach

Open Hierarchy

Modern Approach

sealed permits

Since JDK

Difficulty

Intermediate

JDK Support

Sealed classes for type hierarchies

Available

Widely available since JDK 17 LTS (Sept 2021)

How it works

Sealed classes define a closed set of subtypes. The compiler knows all possible cases, enabling exhaustive pattern matching without a default branch. Combined with records, they model algebraic data types.

Switch expressions

Java 8

String msg;
switch (day) {
    case MONDAY:
        msg = "Start";
        break;
    case FRIDAY:
        msg = "End";
        break;
    default:
        msg = "Mid";
}

Java 14+

String msg = switch (day) {
    case MONDAY  -> "Start";
    case FRIDAY  -> "End";
    default      -> "Mid";
};

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Language Intermediate

Module import declarations

Java 8

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;

Java 25+

import module java.base;

// All of java.util, java.io, java.nio
// etc. available in one line

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Language Intermediate

Pattern matching in switch

Java 8

String format(Object obj) {
    if (obj instanceof Integer i)
        return "int: " + i;
    else if (obj instanceof Double d)
        return "double: " + d;
    else if (obj instanceof String s)
        return "str: " + s;
    return "unknown";
}

Java 21+

String format(Object obj) {
    return switch (obj) {
        case Integer i -> "int: " + i;
        case Double d  -> "double: " + d;
        case String s  -> "str: " + s;
        default        -> "unknown";
    };
}

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JDK 21+ →