Schema Evolution¶

msgspec includes support for “schema evolution”, meaning that:

• Messages serialized with an older version of a schema will be deserializable using a newer version of the schema.

• Messages serialized with a newer version of the schema will be deserializable using an older version of the schema.

This can be useful if, for example, you have clients and servers with mismatched versions.

For schema evolution to work smoothly, you need to follow a few guidelines:

1. Any new fields on a msgspec.Struct must specify default values.

2. Structs with array_like=True must not reorder fields, and any new fields must be appended to the end (and have defaults).

3. Don’t change the type annotations for existing messages or fields.

4. Don’t change the type codes or implementations for any defined extensions (MessagePack only).

For example, suppose we had a msgspec.Struct type representing a user:

>>> import msgspec

>>> class User(msgspec.Struct):
...     """A struct representing a user"""
...     name: str
...     groups: set[str] = set()
...     email: str | None = None

Then suppose we wanted to add a new phone field to this struct in a way that wouldn’t break clients/servers still using the prior definition. To accomplish this, we add phone as an _optional_ field (defaulting to None), at the end of the struct.

>>> class User2(msgspec.Struct):
...     """An updated version of the User struct, now with a phone number"""
...     name: str
...     groups: set[str] = set()
...     email: str | None = None
...     phone : str | None = None

Messages serialized using both the old and new schemas can still be exchanged without error. If an old message is deserialized using the new schema, the missing fields all have default values that will be used. Likewise, if a new message is deserialized with the old schema the unknown new fields will be efficiently skipped without decoding.

>>> old_dec = msgspec.json.Decoder(User)

>>> new_dec = msgspec.json.Decoder(User2)

>>> new_msg = msgspec.json.encode(
...     User2("bob", groups={"finance"}, phone="512-867-5309")
... )

>>> old_dec.decode(new_msg)  # deserializing a new msg with an older decoder
User(name='bob', groups={'finance'}, email=None)

>>> old_msg = msgspec.json.encode(
...     User("alice", groups={"admin", "engineering"})
... )

>>> new_dec.decode(old_msg) # deserializing an old msg with a new decoder
User2(name="alice", groups={"admin", "engineering"}, email=None, phone=None)