# Practical scripts should use really use a non-blocking timer,
# we use a blocking timer here for simplicity.
import os, time

# Create the timer file descriptor
fd = os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME)

# Start the timer in 1 second, with an interval of half a second
os.timerfd_settime(fd, initial=1, interval=0.5)

try:
    # Process timer events four times.
    for _ in range(4):
        # read() will block until the timer expires
        _ = os.read(fd, 8)
        print("Timer expired")
finally:
    # Remember to close the timer file descriptor!
    os.close(fd)

import os, time, select, socket, sys

# Create an epoll object
ep = select.epoll()

# In this example, use loopback address to send "stop" command to the server.
#
# $ telnet 127.0.0.1 1234
# Trying 127.0.0.1...
# Connected to 127.0.0.1.
# Escape character is '^]'.
# stop
# Connection closed by foreign host.
#
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 1234))
sock.setblocking(False)
sock.listen(1)
ep.register(sock, select.EPOLLIN)

# Create timer file descriptors in non-blocking mode.
num = 3
fds = []
for _ in range(num):
    fd = os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME, flags=os.TFD_NONBLOCK)
    fds.append(fd)
    # Register the timer file descriptor for read events
    ep.register(fd, select.EPOLLIN)

# Start the timer with os.timerfd_settime_ns() in nanoseconds.
# Timer 1 fires every 0.25 seconds; timer 2 every 0.5 seconds; etc
for i, fd in enumerate(fds, start=1):
    one_sec_in_nsec = 10**9
    i = i * one_sec_in_nsec
    os.timerfd_settime_ns(fd, initial=i//4, interval=i//4)

timeout = 3
try:
    conn = None
    is_active = True
    while is_active:
        # Wait for the timer to expire for 3 seconds.
        # epoll.poll() returns a list of (fd, event) pairs.
        # fd is a file descriptor.
        # sock and conn[=returned value of socket.accept()] are socket objects, not file descriptors.
        # So use sock.fileno() and conn.fileno() to get the file descriptors.
        events = ep.poll(timeout)

        # If more than one timer file descriptors are ready for reading at once,
        # epoll.poll() returns a list of (fd, event) pairs.
        #
        # In this example settings,
        #    1st timer fires every 0.25 seconds in 0.25 seconds. (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, ...)
        #    2nd timer every 0.5 seconds in 0.5 seconds. (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, ...)
        #    3rd timer every 0.75 seconds in 0.75 seconds. (0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3.0, ...)
        #
        #    In 0.25 seconds, only 1st timer fires.
        #    In 0.5 seconds, 1st timer and 2nd timer fires at once.
        #    In 0.75 seconds, 1st timer and 3rd timer fires at once.
        #    In 1.5 seconds, 1st timer, 2nd timer and 3rd timer fires at once.
        #
        # If a timer file descriptor is signaled more than once since
        # the last os.read() call, os.read() returns the number of signaled
        # as host order of class bytes.
        print(f"Signaled events={events}")
        for fd, event in events:
            if event & select.EPOLLIN:
                if fd == sock.fileno():
                    # Check if there is a connection request.
                    print(f"Accepting connection {fd}")
                    conn, addr = sock.accept()
                    conn.setblocking(False)
                    print(f"Accepted connection {conn} from {addr}")
                    ep.register(conn, select.EPOLLIN)
                elif conn and fd == conn.fileno():
                    # Check if there is data to read.
                    print(f"Reading data {fd}")
                    data = conn.recv(1024)
                    if data:
                        # You should catch UnicodeDecodeError exception for safety.
                        cmd = data.decode()
                        if cmd.startswith("stop"):
                            print(f"Stopping server")
                            is_active = False
                        else:
                            print(f"Unknown command: {cmd}")
                    else:
                        # No more data, close connection
                        print(f"Closing connection {fd}")
                        ep.unregister(conn)
                        conn.close()
                        conn = None
                elif fd in fds:
                    print(f"Reading timer {fd}")
                    count = int.from_bytes(os.read(fd, 8), byteorder=sys.byteorder)
                    print(f"Timer {fds.index(fd) + 1} expired {count} times")
                else:
                    print(f"Unknown file descriptor {fd}")
finally:
    for fd in fds:
        ep.unregister(fd)
        os.close(fd)
    ep.close()

import os, time, select, socket, sys

# In this example, use loopback address to send "stop" command to the server.
#
# $ telnet 127.0.0.1 1234
# Trying 127.0.0.1...
# Connected to 127.0.0.1.
# Escape character is '^]'.
# stop
# Connection closed by foreign host.
#
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 1234))
sock.setblocking(False)
sock.listen(1)

# Create timer file descriptors in non-blocking mode.
num = 3
fds = [os.timerfd_create(time.CLOCK_REALTIME, flags=os.TFD_NONBLOCK)
       for _ in range(num)]
select_fds = fds + [sock]

# Start the timers with os.timerfd_settime() in seconds.
# Timer 1 fires every 0.25 seconds; timer 2 every 0.5 seconds; etc
for i, fd in enumerate(fds, start=1):
   os.timerfd_settime(fd, initial=i/4, interval=i/4)

timeout = 3
try:
    conn = None
    is_active = True
    while is_active:
       # Wait for the timer to expire for 3 seconds.
       # select.select() returns a list of file descriptors or objects.
       rfd, wfd, xfd = select.select(select_fds, select_fds, select_fds, timeout)
       for fd in rfd:
           if fd == sock:
               # Check if there is a connection request.
               print(f"Accepting connection {fd}")
               conn, addr = sock.accept()
               conn.setblocking(False)
               print(f"Accepted connection {conn} from {addr}")
               select_fds.append(conn)
           elif conn and fd == conn:
               # Check if there is data to read.
               print(f"Reading data {fd}")
               data = conn.recv(1024)
               if data:
                   # You should catch UnicodeDecodeError exception for safety.
                   cmd = data.decode()
                   if cmd.startswith("stop"):
                       print(f"Stopping server")
                       is_active = False
                   else:
                       print(f"Unknown command: {cmd}")
               else:
                   # No more data, close connection
                   print(f"Closing connection {fd}")
                   select_fds.remove(conn)
                   conn.close()
                   conn = None
           elif fd in fds:
               print(f"Reading timer {fd}")
               count = int.from_bytes(os.read(fd, 8), byteorder=sys.byteorder)
               print(f"Timer {fds.index(fd) + 1} expired {count} times")
           else:
               print(f"Unknown file descriptor {fd}")
finally:
    for fd in fds:
       os.close(fd)
    sock.close()
    sock = None