GeezerVison

Introduction

What's this about?

• Language Designers:

  Looking for operator or function names? Well have a look at the following and remember using existing one may ease the transition :)

• Language Users:

  You know one language and want to find the corresponding operator or function in another language

• Language lovers:

  Want to know the various ways people invented for commenting/assigning/...?

This is of course incomplete. I welcome contributions!

You may also have a look at this information sorted by languages.

Light Version

Same content split into multiple html files

Categories

• Various
  • commenting
  • documentation comment
  • information about the current line and file
  • tokens
  • breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  • variable assignment or declaration
  • grouping expressions
  • block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  • use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)
  • equality / inequality
  • comparison
  • runtime evaluation
  • manual memory allocation
  • force garbage collection
• Functions
  • function call
  • partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")
  • function definition
  • anonymous function
  • function return value
  • function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
  • runtime inspecting the caller information
  • function composition
  • identity function
• Control Flow
  • sequence
  • if_then
  • if_then_else
  • ifnot_then (unless)
  • multiple selection (switch)
  • loop
  • breaking control flow
  • exception
  • call-with-current-continuation
• Types
  • declaration
  • annotation (or variable declaration)
  • cast
  • mutability, constness
• Object Oriented & Reflexivity
  • method invocation
  • object creation
  • object cloning
  • manually call an object's destructor
  • class declaration
  • testing class membership
  • get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value
  • methods available
  • inheritance
  • has the method
  • current instance
  • accessing parent method
  • accessing child method
• Package, Module
  • package scope
  • declare
  • import
• Strings
  • type name
  • character type name
  • character "z"
  • strings
  • multi-line
  • convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
  • serialize (marshalling)
  • unserialize (un-marshalling)
  • sprintf-like
  • simple print
  • string equality & inequality
  • string size
  • string concatenation
  • duplicate n times
  • upper / lower case character
  • uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string
  • ascii to character
  • character to ascii
  • accessing n-th character
  • extract a substring
  • locate a substring
  • locate a substring (starting at the end)
• Booleans
  • type name
  • false value
  • true value
  • logical not
  • logical or / and
• Bags and Lists
  • type name
  • list concatenation
  • list flattening
  • list constructor
  • list/array indexing
  • adding an element at the beginning (list cons)
  • adding an element at index
  • adding an element at the end
  • first element
  • all but the first element
  • last element
  • all but the last element
  • get the first element and remove it
  • get the last element and remove it
  • for each element do something
  • transform a list (or bag) in another one
  • transform two lists in parallel
  • find an element
  • keep elements
  • partition a list: elements matching, elements non matching
  • split a list
  • is an element in the list
  • is the predicate true for an element
  • is the predicate true for every element
  • smallest / biggest element
  • join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
  • list size
  • iterate with index
  • remove duplicates
  • sort
  • reverse
  • list of couples from 2 lists
  • 2 lists from a list of couples
  • lookup an element in a association list
  • list out of a bag
  • f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)
  • f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))
• Various Data Types
  • tuple type
  • tuple constructor
  • computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing)
  • reference (pointer)
  • optional value
  • record
  • union type declaration
  • enumerated type declaration
  • dictionary
  • range
• Mathematics
  • type name
  • numbers syntax
  • addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  • exponentiation (power)
  • negation
  • random
  • operator priorities and associativities
  • square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  • trigonometry
  • logarithm
  • euclidean division (both quotient and modulo)
  • modulo
  • truncate / round / floor / ceil
  • bitwise operators
• Threads
  • thread definition
  • thread creation
  • thread object creation
  • starting / stopping threads
  • passing data directly between threads
  • terminating thread communication due to a time-out
  • Thread Synchronization
  • Joining Another Thread
  • Thread Prioritization
  • Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization

---

Various

• commenting

  until end of line

  #	Awk, BourneShell, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, GNU-bc, GNU-sed, Icon, Io, Julia, Maple, merd, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl, YAML
  //	BCPL, C#, C++, C99, Dylan, F#, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Scilab, YCP, Yorick
  --	Ada, Cecil, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, Sather, Simula, SQL92
  ;	Assembler, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Logo, MUMPS, Rebol, Scheme
  %	Erlang, Matlab, Mercury, Oz, PostScript, Prolog, TeX
  rem	Basic
  '	Visual Basic
  "	Vimscript
  \	Forth
  !	Assembler, Fortran90
  NB.	J
  C or * in column 1	Fortran

  nestable

  (* ... *)	Beta, F#, Mathematica, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  %( ... %)	Matlab
  /* ... */	Classic REXX, Dylan, Io, Oz, SQL99
  { ... }	Pascal, Rebol
  {- ... -}	Haskell
  #| ... |#(1)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #= ... =#	Julia
  #[ ... ]	Perl6
  #if 0 ... #endif	C
  comment { ... }	Rebol
  comment [ ... ]	Rebol
  [ ... ](2)	Rebol
  --[[ ... ]]	Lua

  non nestable

  " ... "	Smalltalk
  /* ... */	B, C, C#, C++, CSS, GNU-bc, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, PHP, Pike, PL/I, YCP, Yorick
  <!-- ... -->	HTML, XML
  ( ... )	Forth
  ### ... ###	CoffeeScript

• documentation comment

  until end of line

  ///	C#, F#, Java
  -- |	Haskell
  -- ^	Haskell

  non nestable

  /** ... */(3)	C, C#, E, Java, JavaScript, PHP
  (** ... *)	F#

  {-| ... -}	Haskell
  (** ... *)	OCaml
  /* DOCUMENT ... */	Yorick
  indexing identifier: "...";	Eiffel
  someClass comment: '...'	Smalltalk
  rebol [ Note: "..." ]	Rebol
  func ["..." arg] ...	Rebol
  class X: """... """ def x(): """... """ (4)	Python
  (define (f para1 para2) "..." ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) "..." ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  =pod ... =cut (5)	Perl, Perl6
  =begin ... =end	Ruby
  function MYFUNCTION %MYFUNCTION the very first comment line is displayed in the help table of contents % % the remaining lines are displayed when getting help for MYFUNCTION %	Matlab

• information about the current line and file

  __LINE__ __FILE__	C, C++, Perl, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  __LINE__ __SOURCE_FILE__	F#
  $?LINE $?FILE	Perl6
  __file__	Python
  (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileLineNumber() (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileName()	C#
  Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getLineNumber(); Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getFileName();	Java
  system/script/header/file(6)	Rebol
  SOURCELINE() / parse source OS . SOURCENAME	Classic REXX
  info frame 0	Tcl8.5
  thisContext lineNumber / thisContext method source	Smalltalk
  runtime.Caller(0)	Go

• tokens

  case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...)

  case-sensitive	Awk, B, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, FishShell, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, XML, YAML, Yorick
  case-insensitive	Ada, Assembler, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, CSS, Eiffel, Forth, HTML, Logo, Pascal, PL/I, Rebol, SGML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  case-sensitive: variables case-insensitive: keywords, functions, constants...	PHP
  case-sensitive: identifiers case-insensitive: keywords	E
  case-sensitive: identifiers case-insensitive: commands	MUMPS
  case-sensitive: upper case disallowed	GNU-bc

  what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words

  camelCase	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  CamelCase or camelCase	C#, E, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Pascal, Smalltalk, Tcl, Visual Basic
  underscores	FishShell, GNU-bc, merd
  dots	Logo
  hyphens	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Rebol, Scheme
  underscores for functions / types, unclear for modules / constructors	OCaml
  UPPER_CASE	BourneShell
  lowercasenoseparator	Matlab
  underscores, UPPER_CASE for class names	Eiffel
  CamelCase for classes, underscores for methods	Python
  CamelCase for types, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Pliant
  CamelCase for methods, types and modules, underscore for functions	F#
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALL_CAPS for constants, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Ruby
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALLCAPS for macros, underscores for methods, constants and variables	Pike
  CamelCase for modules, ALL_CAPS for constants, unclear for functions / variables	Perl, Perl6
  CamelCase for variables, underscores for predicates	Prolog
  usually lowercase or underscores, ALL_CAPS for macros	C
  usually underscores	C++
  Camel_Case	Ada

  variable identifier regexp

  [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*	FishShell, Mathematica, PL/I, Smalltalk
  [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Eiffel, Matlab, Vimscript
  [a-zA-Z](_?[a-zA-Z0-9])*	Ada
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Go, Maple, PHP, Python, Tcl
  [_a-zA-Z0-9]+	BourneShell, Perl, Perl6
  [a-zA-Z0-9]+	FishShell
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]* or '[^']*'	Pliant
  [_a-zA-Z$][_a-zA-Z0-9$]*	Java
  [$A-Za-z_\x7f-\uffff][$\w\x7f-\uffff]*	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  [a-zA-Z%][a-zA-Z0-9]*	MUMPS
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?']*	merd
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml, SML
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	F#
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^][_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^0-9.+-]*	Scheme
  [a-zA-Z!?@#][a-zA-Z0-9!?@#]*	Classic REXX
  [_a-zA-Z?!.'+*&|=~-][_a-zA-Z0-9?!.'+*&|=~-]* or [^0-9[](){}":;/][^ \n\t[](){}":;/]*	Rebol
  [a-z][a-z0-9_]*	GNU-bc
  anything without a space and is not a number	Common Lisp, Forth

  function identifier regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?]?	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*(7)	Vimscript
  [^ \t\n\r\f]+	Tcl
  [^ \t\n\r\f/]+	FishShell

  keyword regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z]+

  Modula-3

  type regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury, OCaml

  constant regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury

• breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)

  nothing needed	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Common Lisp, D, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, PostScript, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XSLT, YCP
  \	Awk, BourneShell, C, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, GNU-bc, Io, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  _	Visual Basic
  ,	Classic REXX
  ~	Logo
  ...	Matlab

• variable assignment or declaration

  assignment

  =	Awk, B, Basic, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Erlang, Go, Icon, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Mathematica, Matlab, Oz, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, YCP, Yorick
  :=	Ada, BCPL, Cecil, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Maple, Mathematica, Modula-3, Pascal, Pliant, Sather, Simula, Smalltalk, SML
  <-	F#, OCaml
  _(8)	Squeak
  :	BCPL, Rebol
  ->(9)	Beta
  def	PostScript
  setq	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  setf	Common Lisp
  set	Common Lisp, FishShell, Rebol
  SET v=...	MUMPS
  set!	Scheme
  is	Prolog
  make "v e	Logo
  e v !	Forth

  declaration

  =	Haskell, Mercury, Prolog
  <-	Haskell
  :-	Prolog
  :=	Io
  let v = e in	F#, OCaml
  let val v = e in	SML
  let v = e(10)	BCPL, F#, Vimscript
  def v := e / var v := e	E
  my / our / local / use vars	Perl
  my / our / temp	Perl6
  define	Dylan, Scheme
  let let*	Common Lisp, Scheme
  letrec	Scheme
  flet labels defun defmethod defvar defparameter defsetf ..	Common Lisp
  local V1 = e V2 = e2 in ... end	Oz
  global v1, v2	Python
  global v1 v2	Matlab, Scilab
  :@	Beta
  NEW v	MUMPS
  v: t	Ada, Eiffel, Pascal
  t v	C, C#, C++, Java
  var v t	Go
  | v1 v2 |	Smalltalk
  auto v1, v2; extrn v3, v4;	B
  auto	GNU-bc
  var	JavaScript, Pliant
  gvar	Pliant
  variable v(11)	Forth
  e value v	Forth
  Module[{x, y = v}, ... ]	Mathematica
  Block[{x, y = v}, ... ]	Mathematica
  With[{c1 = v1, c2 = v2, ... }, ...]	Mathematica
  <xsl:variable name="v" select="e"/>	XSLT

  both

  =	CoffeeScript, GNU-bc, merd, Python, Ruby
  :=	Go, merd
  set, variable	Tcl

• grouping expressions

  ( ... )	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, D, E, Eiffel, F#, GNU-bc, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Logo, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, MSH, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scilab, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, Vimscript, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  [ ... ]	Rebol
  indentation	merd
  $ ...	Haskell
  begin ... end	F#, FishShell, OCaml, Ruby
  space(12)	merd

• block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)

  { ... }	Awk, BCPL, BourneShell, GNU-bc, GNU-sed, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Tcl, Yorick
  { ... }(13)	B, C, C#, C++, E, Go, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, Perl, Perl6, YCP
  ( ... )(13)	BourneShell
  [ ... ](14)	Logo, Smalltalk
  "..."	Tcl
  begin ... end(13)	Ada, Pascal
  (begin ...)	Scheme
  BEGIN ... END	Modula-3
  do ... end	Classic REXX
  do ... end(13)	Lua, PL/I
  indentation	CoffeeScript, F#, MUMPS, Pliant, Python
  indentation(13)	Haskell, merd
  foo ... end where foo in { if, do, ... }	Modula-2, Ruby
  foo ... end where foo in { if, for, while, ... }	Matlab, Scilab
  foo ... end where foo in { if, loop, ... }	Eiffel
  foo ... end foo where foo in { if, do, ... }	Ada, Fortran90
  (* ... *)(15)	BCPL
  (# ... #)	Beta

• use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)

  valof	BCPL
  do	Perl, Perl6
  proc() .. end proc	Maple

• equality / inequality

  shallow

  == !=	Awk, B, C, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, Go, Io, Java, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Yorick
  = /=	Eiffel, Fortran90
  = <>	Forth, Logo, Maple, Modula-2, Pliant, Rebol
  = #(16)	Modula-2, Modula-3
  = !=	BourneShell, FishShell
  == === != !==(17)	JavaScript, PHP
  === !==	Perl6, PHP5
  == ~=	Lua
  == ~~	Smalltalk
  == ~==	Dylan
  = '=	MUMPS
  = ~= neqv(15)	BCPL
  f= f<>	Forth
  is_equal(18)	Eiffel
  eq ne	Emacs Lisp, PostScript
  eq, eql	Common Lisp
  eq? eqv?	Scheme
  .EQ. .NE.	Fortran
  is / is not	Python
  is / isnot	Vimscript

  deep

  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, PHP5, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP
  == <>	Python
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  == \==	Classic REXX, Prolog
  = /=	Ada
  = !=	Maple, XPath
  = <>	Beta, F#, OCaml, Pascal, Rebol, SML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == ~= eq ne isequal isequalwithequalnans	Matlab
  == ~= eq ne isequal	Scilab
  =@= \=@= / = \= / =:= =\=(19)	Prolog
  === =!= / == !=(20)	Mathematica
  .eq	Logo
  equal?	Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Pike
  equalp	Common Lisp
  eqv	Perl6
  deep_is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• comparison

  < > <= >=	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Scilab, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, Vimscript, Visual Basic, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  < > =< >=	Mercury, Oz
  < > '> '<	MUMPS
  << >> <<= >>=(21)	Classic REXX
  @< / @=< / @> / @>=	Prolog
  lt gt le ge	Perl, Perl6, PostScript
  -lt -gt -le -ge	BourneShell, FishShell, MSH
  .LT. .GT. .LE. .GE.	Fortran
  u< u> u<= u>=	Forth
  f< f>	Forth

  returns 3 values (i.e. inferior, equal or superior)

  a <=> b	merd, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  cmp	Perl, Perl6, Python
  compare	F#, Forth, Haskell, Mercury, OCaml, Pliant, Prolog, Smalltalk
  strcmp	C, PHP
  three_way_comparison	Eiffel
  string compare	Tcl
  compareTo	Java
  strings.Compare()	Go

  returns 4 values (i.e. inferior, equal, superior or not comparable)

  compare	Pliant
  compareTo	E

  min / max (binary or more)

  min / max	Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, F#, Forth, Haskell, Io, Java, Lua, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, PHP5, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, Scilab, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl8.5, Yorick
  min minstr / max maxstr(22)	Perl
  Min / Max	Mathematica, Oz
  MIN / MAX	Classic REXX, Modula-3
  measure-object -min / measure-object -max	MSH
  fmin / fmax	Forth
  Integer'min / Integer'max	Ada

• runtime evaluation

  eval	BourneShell, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, FishShell, JavaScript, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl, YCP
  CoffeeScript.eval(23)	CoffeeScript
  exec	Python
  evstr / execstr	Scilab
  dostring	Lua
  doString	Io
  evaluate	Forth
  Compiler evaluate:	Smalltalk
  runtime_compile / compile + execute	Pliant
  Compiler.evalExpression or Compiler.parseOzVirtualString	Oz
  compile_string	Pike
  interpret	Classic REXX
  ToExpression	Mathematica
  run	Logo
  XECUTE	MUMPS
  do / reduce / compose / load	Rebol
  [...]	Tcl
  =..(24)	Prolog

• manual memory allocation

  allocation

  malloc	C
  allocate throw	Forth
  new	Ada

  deallocation

  free	C
  free throw	Forth

• force garbage collection

  doGC	Beta
  GC.start	Ruby
  gc	Logo, Maple, Pike
  System.gc()	Java
  System.gcDo	Oz
  System.GC.Collect()	C#, F#
  gc.collect()	Python
  gc_collect_cycles(25)	PHP5
  full_collect	Eiffel
  garbage_collect	Mercury, Prolog
  collectgarbage	Lua
  Collector collect	Io
  VM.garbageCollect()	JavaScript
  Gc.full_major()	OCaml
  Smalltalk garbageCollect	Smalltalk
  System.Mem.performGC	Haskell
  incremental garbage collection => not needed	Perl, Perl6
  recycle	Rebol
  interp.gc()	E
  (ext:gc)	Common Lisp
  runtime.GC()	Go

---

Functions

• function call

  f(a,b,...)	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, CSS, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Erlang, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Mercury, merd, Modula-3, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  f a b ...	BourneShell, F#, FishShell, Haskell, Logo, Matlab, MSH, OCaml, Pliant, Rebol, SML, Tcl
  f(a,b,...f) or f[a,b,...] depending on the version	BCPL
  (f a b ...) (apply f l)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  (funcall f a b ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f a b}	Oz
  [apply f a b]	Tcl8.5
  f[a,b,...]	Mathematica
  f[a,b,...] or f.call(a,b,...)	Ruby
  &$f(a,b,...) or $f->(a,b,...)	Perl
  $f.(a,b,...)	Perl6
  f a, b, ...	CoffeeScript, Perl
  f, a, b, ...(26)	Yorick
  v = f(a, b, ...) or call f a, b, ...	Classic REXX
  a b ... f	Forth, PostScript
  (a,b,...)->&f or (a,b,...)->f	Beta
  f:a(27)	FL
  f@a(28)	Mathematica
  a // f(28)	Mathematica
  a ~ f ~ b(29)	Mathematica
  .. [ f, A, B, ...]	Prolog
  <xsl:call-template name="f"> <xsl:with-param name="a" select=a/> <xsl:with-param name="b" select=b/> </xsl:call-template>	XSLT

  with no parameter

  f	Ada, BourneShell, Eiffel, Forth, Haskell, Io, Logo, Matlab, Mercury, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Yorick
  f()	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Erlang, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Pike, Python, SML, YCP
  (f)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  (funcall f)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f}	Oz
  f[]	Mathematica
  f[] or f.call	Ruby
  &$f or $f->()	Perl
  $f.()	Perl6
  v = f()	Classic REXX
  call f	Classic REXX, Fortran
  f value(30)	Smalltalk
  <xsl:call-template name="f">/	XSLT

• partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")

  give the first argument

  f a	F#, Haskell, OCaml, SML
  f(a)	Mercury
  f(a,)	merd
  &f.assuming(var_name => a)	Perl6
  functools.partial(f, a)(31)	Python
  interp alias {} f_a {} f a	Tcl

  give the second argument

  f(,b)	merd
  &f.assuming(b => b)	Perl6
  flip f b(32)	Haskell

  give the first argument to operator ">"

  (a >)	Haskell, merd
  (>) a	F#, OCaml

  give the second argument to operator ">"

  (> a)

  Haskell, merd

• function definition

  sub f { ... }	Perl, Perl6
  sub f($para1, $para2, ...) { ... }	Perl6
  def f(para1, para2, ...): ...	Python
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... end	Ruby
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  f para1 para2 = ...	Haskell
  let f para1 para2 = ...	F#, OCaml
  f(para1, para2, ...) = valof $( ... $)	BCPL
  f(para1, para2, ...) = ...	merd
  f[para1_, para2_, ...] := ... para1 ...	Mathematica
  f ... or f: para1 ...	Smalltalk
  f: func [para1 para2 ...] ...	Rebol
  /f { ... } def	PostScript
  f := (para1, para2, ...) -> ...	Maple
  f := method(para1, para2, ..., code)	Io
  func f(a, b, c...) { ... }	Yorick
  typ0 f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike, YCP
  function f(para1, para2) { ... }	Awk, JavaScript, PHP5
  function f(para1, para2) ... code ... end	Lua
  function f; ...; end	FishShell
  function f { ... }	KornShell
  function f { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  (define (f para1 para2) ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  fun { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  fun f para1 para2 = ...	SML
  proc f {para1 para2} { ... }	Tcl
  function retval = f(para1, para2) retval = ...	Matlab, Scilab
  :- func f(typ1, typ2, ...) = typ0. f(Para1, Para2, ...) = ...	Mercury
  function f(para1 : type1; para2 : typ2; ...) return retval is begin ... end f;	Ada
  function f para1 para2 -> retval arg typ1 para1; arg typ2 para2; arg rettyp retval; ...	Pliant
  function f(para1 : typ1, para2 : typ2, ...) : retval; var retval : typ0; begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) : rettyp is do ... end	Eiffel
  <xsl:template name="f"> <xsl:param name="para1"/> <xsl:param name="para2"/> ... </xsl:template>	XSLT
  Function f(para1, para2) ... End Function	Visual Basic
  : f ... ;	Forth
  f() { ... }	BourneShell, KornShell
  f : procedure ... return retval	Classic REXX
  to f :para1 :para2 ... end	Logo
  func f(para1 typ1, para2 typ2, ...) (typ3, ...) { ... }	Go

  procedures

  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2); begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) is do ... end	Eiffel
  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2 : MODE type2; ...) is begin ... end f; MODE ::= | OUT | IN OUT	Ada
  void f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike
  let f(para1, para2, ...) be $( ... $)	BCPL
  proc { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  f := proc(para1, para2, ...) ... end proc	Maple
  Sub f(para1, para2) ... End Sub	Visual Basic
  function f(para1, para2) ...	Matlab, Scilab
  f : procedure ... return	Classic REXX
  func f(para1 typ1, para2 typ2, ...) { ... }	Go

  variable number of arguments

  one can use overloading on different number of arguments	C++, Java
  sub f { ... @_ }	Perl
  sub f; ... $argv; end	FishShell
  f() { ... $@ }	BourneShell
  f := ... ## &	Mathematica
  f[params___] := ... params ...	Mathematica
  function f(varargin) for i=1:nargin ...(varargin{i}) end	Matlab
  function f(varargin) for e=varargin ...(e) end	Scilab
  (args...) -> ...	CoffeeScript
  (lambda x ...) or(33)	Scheme
  f(args ...typ0)(34)	Go

  predicates

  f(Para1, Para2, ....) :- ... .

  Prolog

• anonymous function

  sub { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... }	Perl
  { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... }(35)	Perl
  { ... } (arguments are in the stack	PostScript
  [ ... ]	Logo
  { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  {|a, b| ... }(36)	Ruby
  [:a :b| ... ]	Smalltalk
  [list {a b} {...}]	Tcl8.5
  lambda a, b: ...	Python
  lambda(typ1 para1, typ2, para2, ...) { ... };	Pike
  (a, b) => ...	C#3, CoffeeScript
  (a, b) -> ...	CoffeeScript, Maple
  a, b -> ...	merd
  -> $a, $b { ... }	Perl6
  \a b -> ...	Haskell
  :noname ...	Forth
  fn (a, b) => ...	SML
  fun a b -> ...	F#, OCaml
  (func(A, B) = C :- ...)	Mercury
  function(a, b) { ... }	JavaScript, PHP5
  function(a, b) use (&$v1, $v2) { ... }(37)	PHP5
  function(a, b) ... end	Lua
  Function[{a, b}, ....](38)	Mathematica
  fun(a, b) -> ... end	Erlang
  fun {$ A B} ... end(39)	Oz
  func [a b ...] ...	Rebol
  def _(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  proc {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  lambda {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  (lambda (a b) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  inline('...x...y...')(40)	Matlab
  method(a, b, ...)	Io
  method(a, b) ... end method(41)	Dylan
  create_function(',','...')	PHP
  delegate(ta a, tb b) { ... }	C#2
  [](ta a, tb b) { ... }	C++-0x
  [](ta a, tb b) -> typ { ... }	C++-0x
  func(para1 typ1, ...) (typ2, ...) { ... }	Go

• function return value

  breaks the control flow

  return(42)	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  Return	Mathematica, Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis(43)	BCPL
  return-from xxx	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk
  Exit Function / Exit Sub	Visual Basic
  exit	Forth
  output	Logo

  function body is the result

  no syntax needed(44)

  CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Erlang, F#, Haskell, Io, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, OCaml, Oz, Perl, Perl6, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, SML, Tcl

  setting the result

  Result := val	Eiffel
  <function name> = val	Visual Basic
  <function name> := val	Pascal
  <retvar name> = val;	Ada, Matlab

• function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)

  AUTOLOAD	Perl
  AUTOSCALAR, AUTOMETH, AUTOLOAD...	Perl6
  __autoload	PHP5
  __getattr__	Python
  method_missing	Ruby
  doesNotUnderstand	Smalltalk
  __noSuchMethod__(45)	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  unknown	Tcl
  no-applicable-method	Common Lisp
  doesNotRecognizeSelector	Objective-C
  TryInvokeMember(46)	C#
  match [name, args] { ... }	E
  the predicate fail	Prolog
  forward	Io

• runtime inspecting the caller information

  caller	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  call	Io
  inspect.stack()[1]	Python
  backtrace	Pike
  debug_backtrace	PHP5
  trace 'I'	Classic REXX
  evalin('caller', ...)	Matlab
  current_predicate	Prolog
  thisContext sender	Smalltalk
  where(2)	Maple
  info level	Tcl
  runtime.Caller(0)	Go

• function composition

  .	Haskell
  ~	merd
  o	SML
  @	Maple
  compose	Dylan
  Composition	Mathematica
  <<	F#
  >>	F#

• identity function

  id	Haskell
  identity	Common Lisp
  Identity	Mathematica
  yourself	Smalltalk

---

Control Flow

• sequence

  ,	C, C++, Go, JavaScript, Matlab, Perl, Pike, Prolog, Scilab
  .	Smalltalk
  ;	Ada, Awk, B, Beta, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, E, F#, FishShell, GNU-sed, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, PL/I, Pliant, Python, Ruby, SML, Tcl, YCP
  :	Maple
  nothing, optionally ;	Classic REXX, Lua
  space	Eiffel, Rebol
  end-of-line	Assembler, Awk, Basic, BourneShell, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FishShell, Fortran, GNU-sed, Haskell, Io, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, merd, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  (begin ...)	Scheme
  (progn ...) (prog1 ...) (prog2 ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  >>	Haskell

• if_then

  if c then ...	CoffeeScript, F#, merd, OCaml, Pascal, Tcl
  if c then ... end	Eiffel, Lua, Oz, Ruby
  if c then ... end if	Ada, Maple
  if c then ... fi	Maple
  if c; then ... fi	BourneShell
  if (c) then ... end	Dylan
  if c do ...	BCPL
  IF c THEN ... END	Modula-2, Modula-3
  if (c) ...	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, YCP
  if c: ...	Python
  if c ...	Pliant, Rebol, Tcl
  if (c): ... endif	PHP
  if c {...}	Go, Perl6
  if c [...]	Logo
  if (c) {...}	E, Perl, Yorick
  IF c ...	MUMPS
  c -> ...	FL
  c ... if	PostScript
  ... if c	Perl, Ruby
  c if b1 then	Forth
  (if c ...)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (when c ...)	Emacs Lisp
  c and ...	Perl, Ruby
  if(c, ...)	Io
  If[c, ...]	Mathematica
  if(c) then(...)	Io
  c ifTrue(...)	Io
  c ifTrue: ...	Smalltalk
  <xsl:if test="c">...</xsl:if>	XSLT
  if c ... endif	Vimscript
  If c Then ...	Visual Basic
  If c ... End If	Visual Basic
  if c; ... end	Ruby
  if c; ...; end	FishShell
  if c, ..., end	Matlab
  if c ... end	Matlab, Ruby
  if c then ; ... if c then ... if c then do ... end	Classic REXX
  c and ...	Perl
  t label	GNU-sed
  if c ...	CoffeeScript

• if_then_else

  if c then b1 else b2	CoffeeScript, F#, Haskell, merd, OCaml, SML
  if c then b1 else b2 end	Eiffel, Lua, Ruby
  if c then b1 elsif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	Ada
  if c then b1 elseif c2 then b2 else b3 end	Eiffel, Oz
  if (c) then b1 elseif (c2) then b2 else b3 end	Dylan
  IF c THEN b1 ELSIF c2 THEN b2 ELSE b3 END	Modula-3
  If c Then b1 ElseIf c2 Then b2 Else b3 End If	Modula-2
  if (c) b1 else b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike, YCP
  if c b1 elsif c2 b2 b3	Tcl
  if c then b1 elseif c2 then b2 else b3	Tcl
  if c then begin b1 end else begin b2 end	Pascal
  if c b1 eif c2 b2 else b3	Pliant
  if c then b1 elif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	Maple
  if c; then b1; elif c2; then b2; else b3; fi	BourneShell
  if c; b1; else b2; end	FishShell
  if c1, b1, elseif c2, b2, else, b3, end	Matlab
  if (c) b1 elseif (c2) b2 else b3	PHP
  if (c): b1 elseif (c2): b2 else: b3 endif	PHP
  if (c) {b1} elsif (c2) {b2} else {b3}	Perl
  if (c) {b1} else {b2}	E, Yorick
  (if c b1 b2)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (if c then b1 else b2)	Mercury
  (c -> b1 ; c2 -> b2 ; b3)	Mercury
  c -> b1 ; b2	FL
  if(c, b1, b2)	Io
  If[c, b1, b2]	Mathematica
  if(c) then(b1) else(b2)	Io
  c ifTrue: b1 ifFalse: b2	Smalltalk
  ifelse c [b1] [b2]	Logo
  shunt c b1 c2 b2 b3	Pliant
  either c b1 b2 / if/else c b1 b2	Rebol
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (t b3))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (else b3))	Scheme
  Which[c, b1, c2, b2, True, b3]	Mathematica
  c -> b1 ; c2 -> b2 ; b3	Prolog
  case when c; b1 when c2; b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  test c then b1 or b2	BCPL
  e | c = b1 | c2 = b2 | otherwise = b3(47)	Haskell
  c b1 b2 ifelse	PostScript
  c if b1 else b2 then	Forth
  c ? b1 : b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Tcl, YCP, Yorick
  c ?? b1 !! b2	Perl6
  b1 if c else b2(31)	Python
  $SELECT(c:b1,c2:b2,1:b3)	MUMPS
  c -> b1, b2	BCPL
  (if c then b1 else b2 fi)	Beta
  <xsl:choose> <xsl:when test="c"> b1 </xsl:when> <xsl:when test="c2"> b2 </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise> b3 </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose>	XSLT
  if c1 ... elseif c2 ... else ... endif	Vimscript
  If c Then b1 Else b2	Visual Basic
  If c b1 Else b2 End If	Visual Basic
  if c: b1 elif c2: b2 else: b3	Python
  if c b1 elsif c2 b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  if c b1 elseif c2 b2 else b3 end	Matlab
  if c then ; b1 ; else ; b2 if c then b1 else b2 if c then do b1 ... end else do b2 ... end	Classic REXX
  IF c ... ELSE ...	MUMPS
  if c b1 else if c2 b2 else b3	CoffeeScript
  if c {b1} else if c2 {b2} else {b3}	Go

• ifnot_then (unless)

  unless	CoffeeScript, Emacs Lisp, Perl
  ifFalse	Smalltalk
  if(c) not then(...)	Io

• multiple selection (switch)

  switch (val) { case v1: ...; break; case v2: case v3: ...; break; default: ...; }	C, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  switch val { case v1: ...; goto done; case v2: case v3: ...; goto done; } ...; done:	B
  switch (val) { case v1: ...; break; case v2: case v3: ...; break; default: ...; break; } (48)	C#
  switch (val) { match v1 { ... } match v2 { ... } match _ { ... } }	E
  switchon val case v1: ... case v2: ... default: ...	BCPL
  switch val case v1 ... case v2 v3 ... case '*' ... end	FishShell
  switch val case v1 ... case {v2,v3} ... otherwise ... end	Matlab
  case val of v1 : ...; v2, v3 : ... else ... end	Pascal
  switch val { v1 {...} v2 - v3 {...} default {...} }	Tcl
  case val in v1) statement1 ;; v2|v3) statement23 ;; *) statement_else ;; esac	BourneShell
  (if val // v1 then ... // v2 then ... else ... if)	Beta
  match val with | v1 -> ... | v2 | v3 -> ... | _ -> ...	F#, OCaml
  case val of v1 => ... | v2 => ... | _ => ...	SML
  CASE val OF v1 => ... | v2 => ... ELSE => ... END	Modula-3
  case val of v1 -> ... v2 -> ... _ -> ...	Haskell
  val case v1 of ... endof v2 of ... endof ... endcase	Forth
  val. v1 -> ... v2 -> ... _ -> ...	merd
  (case val ((v1) ...) ((v2) ...) (otherwise ...))	Common Lisp
  (case val ((v1) ...) ((v2) ...) (else ...))	Scheme
  case val is when v1 => ... when v2 | v3 => ... when others => ... end case;	Ada
  case val when v1; ... when v2, v3; ... else ... end	Ruby
  inspect val when v1 then statement1 when v2, v3 => statement23 else statement_else end	Eiffel
  select (val); when (v1) statement1; when (v2, v3) statement23; otherwise statement_else; end;	PL/I
  X = val, (X = v1, ... ; X = v2, ... ; ...)	Mercury, Prolog
  my %case = ( v1 => sub { ... }, v2 => sub { ... }, ); if ($case{val}) { $case{val}->() } else { ... }	Perl
  use Switch; switch ($val) { case v1 { ... } case v2 { ... } else ... }) (49)	Perl
  given $val { when v1 { ... } when v2 { ... } default { ... } }	Perl6
  Select val Case v1 ... Case v2, v3 ... Case Else ... End Select	Visual Basic
  switch (val) { v1 { ... } v2 { ... } default { ... } }	MSH
  switch val [ v1 [...] v2 [...] ] switch/default [ v1 [...] v2 [...] ][...]	Rebol
  val caseOf: {[v1]->[...]. [v2]->[...]} otherwise: ...	Squeak
  Switch[val, v1, ..., v2, ..., _, ...]	Mathematica
  select when v1 ... when v2 | v3 ... otherwise ... end	Classic REXX
  CASE val WHEN v1 THEN ... WHEN v2 THEN ... ELSE ... END	SQL92
  switch val { case v1, v2, ...: ... fallthrough case v3: ... default: ... }	Go

• loop

  forever loop

  loop	CoffeeScript, merd, Perl6, PostScript, Ruby
  loop(...)	Io
  loop ... end loop	Ada
  LOOP ... END	Modula-3
  (loop do ...)	Common Lisp
  cycle (# do ... #)	Beta
  repeat	Squeak
  begin ... again	Forth
  forever	Logo, Rebol
  Do ... Loop	Visual Basic
  do forever ... end	Classic REXX
  for {}	Go

  while condition do something

  while (c) ...	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Pike, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
  while c ...	CoffeeScript, Perl6, Tcl
  while c loop ... end loop	Ada
  while c do ...	BCPL, Pascal, SML
  while c do ... done	F#, OCaml
  while c do ... end do	Maple
  while c do ... end	Lua
  WHILE c DO ... END	Modula-3
  while c: ...	Python
  while c; do ...; done	BourneShell
  while c; ...; end	FishShell
  while c, ..., end	Matlab
  while [c][...]	Rebol
  while c [...]	Logo
  while(c, ...)	Io
  While[c, ...]	Mathematica
  do.while [...] c	Logo
  c whileTrue: ...	Smalltalk
  (loop while c do ...)	Common Lisp
  loop (# while ::< (# do c -> value #) do ... #)	Beta
  begin c while ... repeat	Forth
  from until not c loop ... end	Eiffel
  while c ...	Pliant
  while c do ...	F#
  Do While c ... Loop	Visual Basic
  while c ... endwhile	Vimscript
  do while c ... end	Classic REXX
  for c {...}	Go

  do something until condition

  do ... until c	Perl6
  do {...} until c	Perl
  do ... while (!c)	Awk, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike, Yorick
  begin ... end until c	Ruby
  begin ... c until	Forth
  REPEAT ... UNTIL c	Modula-3
  loop (# until ::< (# do c -> value #) do ... #)	Beta
  loop ... exit when c; end loop	Ada
  (loop do ... until c)	Common Lisp
  ... repeatuntil c	BCPL
  repeat ... until c	Lua, Pascal
  repeat ... until (c)	YCP
  repeat, ..., c	Prolog
  until [... c]	Rebol
  until c [...]	Logo
  do.while [...] c	Logo
  While[...; c]	Mathematica
  [...] whileFalse: [c]	Smalltalk
  Do ... Loop Until c	Visual Basic

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges)

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ...	C, C#, C++
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) ...	PHP
  foreach my $i (1 .. 10) { ... }	Perl
  foreach ($i in 1..10) { ... }	MSH
  for (1 .. 10) -> $i { ... }	Perl6
  for i = 1:10, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 1, 10 do ... end	Lua
  for i := 1 to 10 do ...	Pascal
  for i = 1 to 10 do ... done	F#, OCaml
  For i = 1 To 10 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for i in 1 .. 10 do ... done	F#
  for i in [1..10] ...	CoffeeScript
  for i in xrange(1, 11)	Python
  for i in (seq 10); ...; end	FishShell
  FOR I=1:1:10 ...	MUMPS
  for i from 1 to 10 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 +1] [...]	Logo
  for {set i 1} {$i <= 10} {incr i} {...}	Tcl
  1 1 10 ... for	PostScript
  11 1 do ... loop	Forth
  (1..10).each {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1.upto(10) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1 to(10) foreach(...)	Io
  1 to: 10 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 1, 10	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 1, 10}](50)	Mathematica
  do i = 1 for 10 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {...}	Go

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement

  for X := 10 downto 1 do ...	Pascal
  for i = 10 downto 1 do ... done	F#, OCaml
  for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for i in 10 .. -1 .. 1 do ... done	F#
  for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ...	C, C#, C++
  for (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { ... }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { ... }	Perl6
  for (i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) ...	PHP
  from i := 10 until i < 1 loop ... i := i - 1 end	Eiffel
  for i = 10:-1:1, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 10, 1, -1 do ... end	Lua
  For i = 10 To 1 Step -1 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in xrange(10, 0, -1)	Python
  for i in `seq 10 -1 1`; do ...; done	BourneShell
  for i in (seq 10 -1 1); ...; end	FishShell
  for i from 10 to 1 by -1 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 -1] [...]	Logo
  FOR I=10:-1:1 ...	MUMPS
  for {set i 10} {$i >= 1} {incr i -1} {...}	Tcl
  10 -1 1 ... for	PostScript
  1 10 do ... -1 +loop	Forth
  1 to: 10 by: -1 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  10 to(1) foreach(...)	Io
  10.downto(1) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 by -1 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 10, 1, -1	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 10, 1, -1}]	Mathematica
  do i = 10 to 1 by -1 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i in [10..1] ...	CoffeeScript
  for i := 10; i >= 1; i-- {...}	Go

  for each value in a numeric range, free increment

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) ...	C, C#, C++, Pike
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) ...	PHP
  for (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { ... }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { ... }	Perl6
  from i := 1 until i > 10 loop ... i := i + 2 end	Eiffel
  for i = 1:3:10, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 1, 10, 2 do ... end	Lua
  For i = 1 To 10 Step 2 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in 1 .. 2 .. 10 do ... done	F#
  for i in xrange(1, 11, 2)	Python
  for i in (seq 1 2 10); ...; end	FishShell
  for i from 1 to 10 by 2 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 2] [...]	Logo
  FOR I=1:2:10 ...	MUMPS
  for {set i 0} {$i <= 10} {incr i 2} {...}	Tcl
  1 2 10 ... for	PostScript
  11 1 do ... 2 +loop	Forth
  1 to: 10 by: 2 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  (1..10).step(2) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1 to (9,2) foreach(...)	Io
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 by 2 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 1, 10, 2	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 1, 10, 2}]	Mathematica
  do i = 1 to 10 by 2 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i in [1..10] by 2 ...	CoffeeScript
  for i := 1; i <= 10; i += 2 {...}	Go

  for "a la C" (while + initialisation)

  for	Awk, C, C#, C++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, MSH, Perl, PHP, Pike, Tcl, Yorick
  loop	Perl6
  for ((x = 0; x < 10; x++)); do ...; done	BourneShell
  from init_code until c loop ... incr_statement end	Eiffel
  (loop with VAR = INITIAL-VALUE ... while CONDITION finally INCREMENT ...)	Common Lisp

• breaking control flow

  returning a value

  return(42)	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  Return	Mathematica, Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis(43)	BCPL
  return-from xxx	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk
  Exit Function / Exit Sub	Visual Basic
  exit	Forth
  output	Logo

  goto (unconditional jump)

  goto	Ada, B, Basic, BCPL, C, C#, C++, Cobol, Fortran, Go, Logo, MUMPS, Pascal, Perl, PHP5, Yorick
  Goto	Mathematica
  go throw	Common Lisp
  signal	Classic REXX
  b	GNU-sed
  b, bra, jmp	Assembler

  continue / break

  continue / break	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, PHP, Pike, Python, Tcl, YCP, Yorick
  Continue / Break	Mathematica
  next / last	Perl, Perl6
  next / break(51)	Maple, Ruby
  / break	BCPL, Lua
  / break/return	Rebol
  / exit	Ada, PostScript
  / stop	Logo
  restart / leave	Beta, Pliant
  / Exit Do, Exit For	Visual Basic
  / return-from xxx or return	Common Lisp
  iterate / leave	Classic REXX
  / leave	Forth

  redo / retry

  redo/	Perl, Perl6
  redo / retry	Io, Ruby

• exception

  throwing

  raise	Ada, Eiffel, F#, merd, OCaml, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI34, SML
  RAISE	Modula-3
  raise ... end	Oz
  Exception raise	Io
  throw	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Erlang, Forth, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Logo, PHP5, Pike, Prolog, Rebol
  Throw	Mathematica
  throw/name	Rebol
  die	Perl, Perl6
  return -code	Tcl
  error	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Lua, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Pliant, Yorick
  signal	Common Lisp, Dylan, Smalltalk
  signal predefined_condition_name	Classic REXX
  cerror warn	Common Lisp
  [NSException raise:name ...]	Objective-C
  panic(v)	Go

  catching

  try: a except exn: ...	Python
  try a with exn -> ...	F#, OCaml
  try a catch (exn) ...	C#, C++, Java, JavaScript
  try a ... catch exn ...	CoffeeScript
  try { ... } catch(t $v) { ... }	PHP5
  try a catch exn then ... end	Oz
  try a catch exn: ... end try	Maple
  try(a) ; catch(...)	Io
  try { a CATCH exn { ... } }	Perl6
  TRY a EXCEPT exn => ... END	Modula-3
  a handle exn => ...	SML
  a on: exception_name do: [:exn | ...]	Smalltalk
  ifCurtailed	Smalltalk
  rescue	Eiffel, Ruby
  eval {a}; if ($@) ...	Perl
  exception when exception_name =>	Ada
  catch a (\exn -> ...)	Haskell
  catch	Erlang, Forth, Logo, Prolog, Rebol, Tcl
  Catch	Mathematica
  catch/name	Rebol
  catch(...) or catch { ... };	Pike
  if (catch(exn)) { ... } a	Yorick
  pcall	Lua
  with-exception-handler or guard	Scheme-SRFI34
  block a exception(exn) ... end	Dylan
  ?, shy, safe	Pliant
  handler-bind handler-case ignore-errors	Common Lisp
  NS_DURING a NS_HANDLER ... NS_ENDHANDLER	Objective-C
  try a catch ... end	Matlab
  signal on predefined_condition_name ... predefined_condition_name : ...	Classic REXX
  recover()	Go

  cleanup: code executed before leaving

  ensure	Ruby, Smalltalk
  finally	C#, F#, Java, Maple, Python
  FINALLY	Modula-3
  unwind-protect	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  cleanup	Dylan
  dynamic-wind	Scheme

  retrying: after catching an exception, tell the snippet to be re-run

  retry	Eiffel, Ruby, Smalltalk
  restart	Dylan

  resume execution where the exception took place

  resume

  Smalltalk

• call-with-current-continuation

  call-with-current-continuation(52)	Scheme
  callcc	Ruby, SML-NJ

---

Types

• declaration

  typedef t n	C, C++, Pike
  type n is t	Ada
  type n ...	Pliant
  type n = t	F#, Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  TYPE n = t	Modula-3
  using n = ...	C#
  data n = t	Haskell
  datatype n = t	SML
  newtype n = t	Haskell
  n = t	merd, Python
  n : t	Beta
  (deftype n () 't)	Common Lisp
  type n t	Go

• annotation (or variable declaration)

  :	Ada, E, Eiffel, F#, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  ::	Dylan, Haskell, Mercury
  !!	merd
  t v	C, C#, C++, Java, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, YCP
  (declare (t v))	Common Lisp
  v :@ t	Beta
  _t(53)	Mathematica
  var n t	Go

• cast

  upcast

  (t) e	C, C#, C++, Java, PHP
  t(e)	Ada, Pascal
  [t] e	Pike
  static_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e :> t	OCaml
  e : t	F#
  upcast e	F#
  CAST(e as t)	SQL92
  typecast(e,t)	Matlab
  (t)(e)	Go

  downcast (need runtime checking)

  (t) e	Java
  t(e)	Ada
  e : t	E
  [t] e	Pike
  dynamic_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e as t	C#
  e :?> t	F#
  downcast e(54)	F#
  v ?= e(55)	Eiffel
  NARROW(e, t)	Modula-3
  typecast(e,t)	Matlab

  computed conversion (calls an internal or a user-defined function)

  (t) e	C++, Pike
  [t] e	MSH
  t(e)	C++, Matlab, Python
  t e	F#
  e : t	E
  e :: t	Haskell
  cast e t	Pliant
  ... cast t	Pliant
  make t e / to t e	Rebol

• mutability, constness

  type of a mutable value

  mutability is the default	C, C#, C++, Go, Java, Matlab
  val x: T	Pascal
  T ref	F#, OCaml, SML
  STRef a T	Haskell
  in out T(56)	Ada

  type of a constant value

  const T	C++, C99
  constant T	Ada
  const x: T	Pascal
  constness is the default	F#, Haskell, OCaml, SML
  const e t	Go

  special cases

  "readonly" fields(57)	C#
  "final" fields, parameters, local variables(57)	Java

---

Object Oriented & Reflexivity

• method invocation

  object.method(para)	Ada, Beta, C#, C++, Cecil, CoffeeScript, Delphi-Kylix, E, Eiffel, F#, Icon, Java, JavaScript, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Sather, Visual Basic
  object#method para	OCaml
  object:method(para)	Lua
  object method(para)	Io
  object method para	Pliant, Tcl
  object method: para1 method_continuation: para2	Smalltalk
  object <- method(para)(58)	E
  [ object method: para ]	Objective-C
  object->method(para)	C++, Perl, PHP, Pike
  object["method"](para)	Pike
  object/method para	Rebol
  method object para	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object para)	Common Lisp
  method(object, para)	Ada, Dylan, Matlab
  para->method	Beta
  (send object method para)	MzScheme

  with no parameter

  object.method	Ada, Eiffel, F#, merd, Perl6, Ruby
  object.property(59)	C#
  object.method()	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript, Python
  object#method	OCaml
  object:method	Pliant
  object->method	Perl
  object->method()	PHP5, Pike
  object/method	Rebol
  object["method"]()	Pike
  object method	Io, Smalltalk
  [ object method ]	Objective-C
  method object	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object)	Common Lisp
  method(object)	Ada, Dylan, Matlab
  (send object method)	MzScheme

• object creation

  new	PHP, Pliant, Simula
  new class_name(...)	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Visual Basic
  new class_name ...	CoffeeScript, OCaml
  class_name.new(...)	Perl6, Ruby
  class_name new	Smalltalk
  class_name(...)	F#, Matlab, Pike, Python
  class_name v(...)	C++
  v : class_name	Ada
  class_name.Create	Delphi-Kylix
  !class_name!constructor_name(...)	Eiffel
  &	Beta
  make-object	MzScheme
  (make-instance class_name ...)	Common Lisp
  [class_name alloc]	Objective-C
  make class_name! ...	Rebol
  def object_name { ... }	E

• object cloning

  o.clone	Perl6
  o.clone(60)	Eiffel, Ruby
  o.deep_clone	Eiffel
  o.clone()	Java
  o.Clone()	C#
  clone $o	PHP5
  o clone	Io
  clone / copy or deepCopy	Smalltalk
  Storable::dclone	Perl
  [o copy]	Objective-C
  copy.copy(o)(61)	Python
  purecopy	Emacs Lisp
  {< >} or Oo.copy o	OCaml
  o2 = o(62)	C++, Matlab, PHP
  $o2 = $o	PHP
  o2.all := o.all	Ada
  make o []	Rebol
  o_ : T'Class := o(63)	Ada

• manually call an object's destructor

  delete	C++, JavaScript
  destroy	Pike
  DESTROY	Perl
  dealloc	Objective-C
  Dispose	C#, F#
  del, __del__	Python
  __destruct	PHP5
  Requires instantiation of Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation	Ada

• class declaration

  class	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Haskell, Java, Matlab, MzScheme, OCaml, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  class c inherit p1 p2 ... feature decl decl ... end	Eiffel
  defclass defstruct	Common Lisp
  subclass	Smalltalk
  struct	C++
  type	Pliant
  type c is tagged record ... end record(64)	Ada
  @interface c { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  :	Beta
  type c() = class ... end	F#
  type c() = ...	F#

• testing class membership

  isa	Matlab, Perl
  is_a? kind_of?	Ruby
  o.meta.isa	Perl6
  isKindOf(65)	Smalltalk
  isKindOfClass	Objective-C
  dynamic_cast	C++
  instanceof	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, PHP5
  isinstance	Python
  in	Ada
  is	C#
  is_a	PHP
  :?	F#
  Program.inherits or Program.implements	Pike
  entry_type	Pliant
  typep	Common Lisp
  ISTYPE	Modula-3
  object## < classname##	Beta
  type.accepts(object) / object =~ v : type	E
  var ?= val(66)	Eiffel

• get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value

  class	Matlab, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  __class__	Python
  getClass	Java
  get_class	PHP
  GetType	F#
  typeid	C++
  typeof	C#, CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  type-of	Common Lisp
  type	Io
  ref	Perl
  generator	Eiffel
  meta	Perl6
  object_program	Pike
  getAllegedType	E

• methods available

  methods	Matlab, Ruby
  get_class_methods	PHP
  getMethods	Java
  get-member	MSH
  indices	Pike
  o.meta.getmethods	Perl6
  dir	Python
  slotNames	Io
  o.GetType().GetMethods()	F#
  o class selectors / o class allSelectors	Smalltalk
  o.__getAllegedType().getMessageTypes()	E

• inheritance

  child :< parent	Beta
  class child : parent	C#, C++
  class child < parent end	Ruby
  class child is parent { ... }	Perl6
  class child extends parent	CoffeeScript, Java, PHP5
  class child(parent):	Python
  class child inherit parent end	Eiffel
  parent subclass: child	Smalltalk
  make parent ...	Rebol
  inherit	OCaml, Pike
  def child extends makeSuperObject(parent, ...) { ... }	E
  type child is new parent with record ... end record	Ada
  type child = inherit parent ...	F#
  (defclass child (parent) ...)	Common Lisp
  @interface child : parent { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  @ISA = qw(parent1 parent2)	Perl
  clone , setProtos, setProto, prependProto, appendProto	Io
  instance Parent Child where ...	Haskell

• has the method

  can	Perl, Perl6
  respond_to?	Ruby
  respondsTo	E, Smalltalk
  respondsToSelector	Objective-C
  hasattr(obj, "meth")(67)	Python
  object->method	Pike
  all [in object 'method function? get in object 'method]	Rebol
  find-method	Common Lisp
  ismethod	Matlab
  hasSlot	Io
  try obj.GetType().GetMethod("meth") with ...	F#
  obj.meth? instanceof Function	CoffeeScript
  method_exists	PHP5

• current instance

  this	Beta, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  THIS	Simula
  self	Io, Objective-C, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk
  object_name if defined as: def object_name { ... }	E
  Current	Eiffel
  first parameter(68)	Matlab, Perl, Pliant, Python
  the object variable	F#
  dispatching parameter	Ada, Common Lisp
  Me	Visual Basic
  .	Perl6

• accessing parent method

  super	CoffeeScript, E, Java, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  super(Class, self).meth(args)	Python
  base	C#
  resend	Io
  Precursor	Eiffel
  $o.SUPER::method(...)	Perl6
  $o->SUPER::method(...)	Perl
  method(parent(dispatching-parameter))	Ada
  parent(dispatching-parameter).method	Ada
  parent::method	PHP5
  call-next-method	Common Lisp
  type foo2 = inherit foo as parent ... member ... = ... parent.meth	F#

• accessing child method

  inner

  Beta

---

Package, Module

• package scope

  .	Ada, C#, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Python, Ruby, SML, Squeak
  :	XML
  ::	C++, merd, Perl, Ruby, Squeak, Tcl, YCP
  : ::(69)	Common Lisp
  :-	Maple
  '	Perl
  `	Mathematica
  __	Mercury
  /	Matlab

• declare

  package p;	Java, Perl
  namespace p { ... }	C#, C++
  namespace p ...	F#
  namespace P;	PHP5
  namespace eval p ...	Tcl
  module p where ...	Haskell
  module P ... end	Ruby
  module P = struct ... end	OCaml
  { module "p"; ... }	YCP
  :- module(p)	Prolog
  p = module() ... end module	Maple
  (defpackage p ...)	Common Lisp
  automatically done based on the file name	OCaml, Python, Tcl8.5
  package declare(70)	Matlab
  Begin["p`"] ... End[]	Mathematica
  BeginPackage["p`"] ... EndPackage[]	Mathematica
  <node xmlns="namespace"> ... </node>	XML
  package p is -- Declare public package members here private -- Declare private package members here end p; package body p is ... -- Define package implementation here end p;	Ada
  package p	Go

  selective export

  module p (name1, name2, ...) where ...	Haskell
  @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw(name1 name2 ...);	Perl
  package p is ... end; package body p is ... end;	Ada
  p = module() export name1, name2, ...; ... end module	Maple
  (export 'name1 'name2)	Common Lisp
  attached to each name (public, private...)	Java, Pike
  namespace export name1	Tcl
  namespace p val name1 : type1 ...	F#
  append_features	Ruby
  module type PType = sig val name1 : type1 ... end module P : PType = struct ... end	OCaml
  all files in package directory are exported. files in /private sub-directory are not exported, but can be used by the package itself	Matlab
  __all__ = [ ... ]	Python
  Identifier is only exported if the first character of its name is an Unicode upper case letter; and the identifier is declared in the package block or it is a field name or method name. No other identifiers are exported	Go

• import

  everything into current namespace

  use p(71)	Perl
  uses p	Pascal
  using p	C#
  using namespace p;	C++
  (use-package 'p)	Common Lisp
  open p	F#, OCaml
  import	Pike
  import p	Haskell
  IMPORT p;	Modula-2
  import p.*	Java
  import "p"	YCP
  from p import *	Python
  with p; use p;	Ada
  namespace import p *	Tcl
  inherit c export {NONE} all end	Eiffel
  include or even extend	Ruby
  do	Rebol
  addpath	Matlab
  . p	BourneShell
  source p	BourneShell
  builtin -f /path/to/lib.so	KornShell
  << p`	Mathematica
  Get["p`"]	Mathematica
  Needs["p`"]	Mathematica
  use P1\P;	PHP5
  use P1\P as Q;	PHP5

  selectively

  import p (name1, name2, ...)	Haskell
  import p.name1; import p.name2	Java
  (import '(p:name1 p:name2))	Common Lisp
  use p qw(name1 name2 ...)	Perl
  from p import name1, name2, ...	Python
  FROM p IMPORT name1, name2, ...;	Modula-2
  namespace import p name1	Tcl
  using p::name1; using p::name2; ...	C++
  with p; use type p.type1; ...	Ada
  with(p[name1, name2,])	Maple
  def name := <import:p.name>	E
  :- use_module(name1, name2, ...)	Prolog

  package (ie. load the package)

  import p	Python
  use p;(72)	Perl
  require p	Perl
  require "p"	Ruby
  require, "p"	Yorick
  (require 'p)(73)	Common Lisp
  with p;	Ada
  with(p)	Maple
  package require p	Tcl
  automatically done(74)	Java, OCaml
  import "p"	Go

---

Strings

• type name

  char[]	C
  char const[]	C++
  string	C#, C++, F#, Go, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, PHP, Pike, SML, Vimscript, YCP
  string!	Rebol
  String	Ada, C#, CoffeeScript, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  STRING	Eiffel
  str	Python, YAML
  Str	Perl6, Pliant
  NSString *	Objective-C
  CHAR, VARCHAR(size)	SQL92
  Sequence	Io

• character type name

  char	C, C#, C++, F#, OCaml, SML
  char!	Rebol
  Char	Haskell, merd, Perl6
  Character	Ada, Smalltalk
  CHARACTER	Eiffel
  rune	Go

• character "z"

  'z'	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, F#, Go, Haskell, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Pike
  "z"	BourneShell, Classic REXX, Maple, merd
  "z	Logo
  $z	Smalltalk
  #\z	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #"z"	Rebol, SML
  &z	Oz
  ?z	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  char z, [char] z(75)	Forth

• strings

  with no interpolation of variables

  '...'	Beta, BourneShell, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, CSS, FishShell, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, SQL92, Vimscript, XPath, YAML
  "..."	Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, CSS, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, FL, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Modula-3, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, XPath, YAML, YCP
  "...	Logo
  '''...'''	Python
  """..."""	Io, Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  R"[ ... ]"	C++-0x
  <<'MARK' ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl, Ruby
  <<<'MARK' ... MARK(76)	PHP5
  {...{...}...}	Tcl
  (...)	PostScript
  q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../	Ruby
  q(...(...)...)	merd
  @"...""..."	C#
  s"..."	Forth
  @"..."	Objective-C

  with interpolation of variables

  ...(77)	Tcl
  "... $v ..."	BourneShell, FishShell, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Tcl
  "... {v} ..."	merd
  "... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..."	CoffeeScript, Ruby
  <<MARK ... $v ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl
  <<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK	Ruby
  <<<MARK ... $v ... MARK	PHP
  qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../	Ruby
  qq(...(... {v} ...)...)	merd
  "... #{v} ..." interpolate	Io
  "... %(v)s ..." % vars()	Python

  end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character)

  \n	Tcl
  "\n"	C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, FishShell, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
  "*n"	B, BCPL
  "%N"	Eiffel
  "^/"	Rebol
  "~%"(78)	Common Lisp
  "[lf]"	Pliant
  vb_nl	Visual Basic
  <N>(79)	Smalltalk

• multi-line

  all strings allow multi-line strings	BourneShell, Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, F#, FishShell, Io, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, YCP
  "...", {...}	Tcl
  @"..."	C#
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  {...}	Rebol
  "...\n" "...\n"	C
  ... "...\n\ \...\n"	Haskell
  "...", "..."	Classic REXX
  "...%N% %...%N"	Eiffel
  """ ... """	CoffeeScript
  `...`	Go

• convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)

  show	Haskell
  to_s, to_str, inspect, String()	Ruby
  to_string	merd, Pliant
  tostring	Lua, YCP
  toString	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  ToString	C#, F#, Mathematica
  String	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  perl	Perl6
  Dumper	Perl
  "" . e	Perl
  "" ~ e	Perl6
  "" + e	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  string	Pliant, Vimscript
  str, `e`, repr	Python
  out	Eiffel
  cvs	PostScript
  T'Image(e)(80)	Ada
  asString	Io, Smalltalk
  printString	Smalltalk
  as(<string>, e)	Dylan
  (string) e	PHP, Pike
  convert(e,string)	Maple
  (coerce e 'string)	Common Lisp
  prin1-to-string	Emacs Lisp
  to string! / to-string / to ""	Rebol
  description	Objective-C
  pr1	Yorick
  unneeded, all values are strings	Tcl
  string(e)	Go

• serialize (marshalling)

  export-clixml	MSH
  serialize	Io, PHP
  Marshal.to_string	OCaml
  Marshal.dump	Ruby
  Data.Binary.encode	Haskell
  BinaryFormatter.Serialize	F#
  storeBinaryOn	Smalltalk
  Storable::store	Perl
  pickle.dump(81)	Python
  (with-standard-io-syntax (write obj stream))	Common Lisp
  T'Output(80)	Ada

• unserialize (un-marshalling)

  import-clixml	MSH
  unserialize	PHP
  Marshal.from_string	OCaml
  Marshal.load	Ruby
  Data.Binary.decode	Haskell
  BinaryFormatter.Deserialize	F#
  readBinaryFrom	Smalltalk
  pickle.load	Python
  (with-standard-io-syntax (read obj stream))	Common Lisp
  Storable::store	Perl
  doString	Io
  T'Input(80)	Ada

• sprintf-like

  sprintf	Awk, C, C++, F#, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  printf	Haskell
  %	Python, Ruby
  format	Java, Lua, Tcl
  format(82)	Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28
  Format	C#, F#
  putFormat	Beta
  stringWithFormat	Objective-C
  expandMacrosWith(82)	Smalltalk
  Storable::retrieve	Perl
  fmt.Sprintf	Go

• simple print

  on strings

  puts	C, Dylan, Tcl
  print	Awk, Basic, Java, Maple, merd, PHP, SML
  write	JavaScript, Pascal, Pike, Yorick
  putStr	Haskell
  print_string	F#, OCaml
  console	Pliant
  writeln	JavaScript, Pascal
  write-string	Common Lisp
  putStrLn	Haskell
  Put_Line	Ada
  display	Cobol
  message	Emacs Lisp
  put_string	Eiffel
  show	Smalltalk
  print_endline(83)	OCaml
  println(83)	Java, merd
  put_chars	Erlang
  echo(84)	BourneShell, FishShell, PHP
  type	Forth
  putText	Beta
  say	Classic REXX
  p or i	GNU-sed
  fmt.Print	Go
  echom	Vimscript

  on simple objects

  print	Perl, Perl6
  say(83)	Perl6
  puts(83)	Tcl
  puts -nonewline	Tcl

  on any objects

  print	Io, Logo, Lua, Ruby
  print(83)	Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol
  Print	Mathematica
  print e,	Python
  println(83)	Io
  prin	Rebol
  Put	Ada
  p(83)	Ruby
  puts(85)	Ruby
  display	Scheme
  write	Common Lisp, Io, Prolog, Scheme
  writeln(83)	Io
  print	Common Lisp
  printOn	Smalltalk
  princ prin1	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  print_any	F#
  WriteLine	C#, F#
  nothing - just remove ";" at the end of the expression, and it will print it	Matlab
  disp	Matlab

  printf-like

  printf	Awk, C, C++, F#, Haskell, KornShell, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby
  write	Pike
  WriteLine	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  format(82)	Common Lisp, Prolog
  fmt.Printf	Go

• string equality & inequality

  eq ne	Perl, Perl6, Tcl
  strcmp	C, Matlab
  == !=(Vimscript: whether or not == and != are case-sensitive depends on user settings.)	CoffeeScript, Go, JavaScript, Pike, Vimscript
  ==? !=?(86)	Vimscript
  ==# !=#(87)	Vimscript
  == !==	PHP
  == ~=	Lua
  = \=	Prolog
  isEqualToString(88)	Objective-C
  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, Io, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP
  == <>	Python
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  = !=	BourneShell, FishShell, Maple, XPath
  = /=	Ada
  = \=	Classic REXX
  = <>	Beta, F#, OCaml, Pliant, SML, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == \== or = <> \=	Classic REXX
  === =!= / == !=(20)	Mathematica
  == ~=	Matlab
  equal?	Ruby, Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal, equalp	Common Lisp
  is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• string size

  length	Awk, Beta, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Eiffel, F#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby
  LENGTH	Classic REXX
  'Length	Ada
  length?	Rebol
  size	C++, E, Io, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  Length	C#, F#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal
  len	Go, Pliant, Python, Vimscript, Visual Basic
  strlen	C, PHP, Vimscript
  string length	Tcl
  string-length	Scheme, XPath
  StringLength	Mathematica
  sizeof	Pike
  count	Eiffel, Logo
  bytes chars	Perl6
  CHARACTER_LENGTH	SQL92
  atom_length	Prolog
  wc -c	FishShell
  #	Lua
  ${#v}	BourneShell
  dup(89)	Forth

• string concatenation

  +	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Eiffel, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP
  .	Perl, PHP, Vimscript
  ..	Io, Lua
  ,	Smalltalk
  ~	D, Perl6
  &	Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic
  ^	F#, OCaml, SML
  _	MUMPS
  ||	Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, Maple, PL/I, SQL92
  ++	Haskell
  $a$b	BourneShell, FishShell, Tcl
  concatenate	Common Lisp, Dylan
  string-append	Scheme
  StringJoin	Mathematica
  cat	Maple
  Cat	Modula-3
  strcat	C
  concat	XPath
  append	Beta, Prolog, Rebol
  stringByAppendingString	Objective-C
  	Awk, Classic REXX
  [string1 string2]	Matlab
  word	Logo

• duplicate n times

  *	Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby
  x	Perl, Perl6
  times	merd
  repeat	Pliant
  repeated	Io
  str_repeat	PHP
  string repeat	Tcl
  strrep	Lua
  repmat	Matlab
  insert/dup	Rebol
  COPIES	Classic REXX
  cat(s$n)	Maple
  concat $ replicate	Haskell
  strings.Repeat	Go

• upper / lower case character

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  upper / lower(90)	Lua, Matlab, Pliant, Python
  toUpper / toLower	Haskell
  to_upper / to_lower	Eiffel
  To_Upper / To_Lower	Ada
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  upper_case / lower_case	Pike
  uppercase / lowercase	F#, Logo, OCaml
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, F#, Oz
  toupper / tolower	Awk, C, C++
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Io, Smalltalk
  upCase / lowCase	Beta
  uppercase form / lowercase form	Rebol
  char-upcase / char-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  char_type(C_, to_upper(C)), char_type(C_, to_lower(C))	Prolog
  \U / \L / \C	GNU-sed
  unicode.ToUpper / unicode.ToLower	Go

• uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  upper / lower	Matlab, SQL92
  upper / lower / capitalize	Python
  uppercase/lowercase	F#, Logo, OCaml, Rebol
  upcase_atom/downcase_atom	Prolog
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  ToUpperCase / ToLowerCase	Mathematica
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, F#
  to_upper / to_lower	Ada, Eiffel
  toupper / tolower	Awk, YCP
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  UpperCase / LowerCase	Pascal
  StringTools[UpperCase] / StringTools[LowerCase] / StringTools[Capitalize]	Maple
  uppercaseString / lowercaseString / capitalizedString	Objective-C
  UCase / LCase	Visual Basic
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP, Yorick
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  string toupper / string tolower / string totitle	Tcl
  string-upcase / string-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  asLowercase / asUppercase / asUppercaseFirst	Smalltalk
  asLowercase / asUppercase / makeFirstCharacterUppercase	Io
  upcase_atom / downcase_atom	Prolog
  makeLC / makeUC	Beta
  parse upper var in_var out_var / parse lower var in_var out_var	Classic REXX
  strings.ToUpper / strings.ToLower / strings.Title	Go

• ascii to character

  chr	F#, Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML
  chr$	Visual Basic
  char	Matlab
  format %c $c	Tcl
  toChar	E
  strchar	Lua
  from_integer	Eiffel
  fromCharCode	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  FromCharacterCode	Mathematica
  character	Pliant
  Character value: c	Smalltalk
  asCharacter	Io
  code-char	Common Lisp
  integer->char	Scheme
  'Val	Ada
  (char) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to char! / to-char	Rebol
  X2C, D2C	Classic REXX
  $CHAR(s)	MUMPS
  char_code	Prolog
  ascii	Logo
  StringTools[Char]	Maple
  utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s)	Go

• character to ascii

  ord	F#, Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML
  asc	Visual Basic
  getNumericValue	Java
  charCodeAt	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  asciiValue	Smalltalk
  code	Eiffel, OCaml
  char-code	Common Lisp
  char->integer	Scheme
  s[0]	Ruby
  s 0 get	PostScript
  s at(0)	Io
  scan $s %c	Tcl
  strbyte	Lua
  toInteger	E
  'Pos	Ada
  number	Pliant
  (int) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to integer! / to-integer	Rebol
  ToCharacterCode	Mathematica
  C2X, C2D	Classic REXX
  $ASCII(s)	MUMPS
  (done automatically when applying mathematical operations on char, such as +)	Matlab
  char	Logo
  char_code	Prolog
  StringTools[Ord]	Maple
  string(c)	Go

• accessing n-th character

  s[n]	C, C#, C++, E, Go, Maple, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, Vimscript
  s(n)	Ada, Matlab
  s:n	Pliant
  s.[n]	F#, OCaml
  s !! n	Haskell
  s @ n	Eiffel
  s/:n	Rebol
  string index s n	Tcl
  sub	SML
  char, aref, schar, svref	Common Lisp
  GetChar	Modula-3
  s at(n)	Io
  at(91)	C++, Smalltalk
  aref	Common Lisp
  char(s, i)	B
  charAt	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  characterAtIndex	Objective-C
  n -> s.inxGet	Beta
  string-ref	Scheme
  StringTake[s, {n}]	Mathematica
  $EXTRACT(s, n)	MUMPS
  item	Logo
  over n chars + c@	Forth
  s/.{n}(.).*/\1/	GNU-sed

• extract a substring

  s[n..m]	CoffeeScript, Maple, Pike, Ruby
  s.[n..m]	F#
  s(n..m)	Ada
  s(n:m)	Matlab
  s(n,m+1)	E
  s[n:m+1]	Go, Python, Vimscript
  s[n,len]	Ruby
  s n len	Pliant
  strndup(s + n, len)	C
  substring	Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP
  Substring	C#
  substr	C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  SUBSTR	Classic REXX
  sub	F#, Lua, OCaml
  SUB	Modula-3
  subseq	Common Lisp
  slice	CoffeeScript, Io, JavaScript
  mid$	JavaScript
  string range	Tcl
  StringTake[s, {n, m}]	Mathematica
  strpart(s, n, m)	Yorick
  copy/part at s n len	Rebol
  copy/part at s n at s m	Rebol
  s copyFrom: n to: m	Smalltalk
  (n,m)->s.sub	Beta
  [s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)]	Objective-C
  SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)	SQL92
  $EXTRACT(s, n, m)	MUMPS
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog
  (take len . drop n) s	Haskell
  over n chars + len	Forth
  s/.{n}(.{len}).*/\1/	GNU-sed

• locate a substring

  index	Ada, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  indexOf	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  IndexOf	C#, F#
  indexOfString	Smalltalk
  startOf	E
  search	Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript
  StringTools[Search]	Maple
  StringPosition	Mathematica
  strstr strchr	C
  find	C++, Logo, Lua, Python, Rebol, YCP
  findSeq	Io
  findSubstring	Haskell
  strfind	Matlab, Yorick
  strpos	PHP
  $FIND	MUMPS
  index_non_blank / find_token	Ada
  substring_index	Eiffel
  rangeOfString	Objective-C
  POS	Classic REXX
  POSITION(needle IN s)	SQL92
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog
  string first	Tcl
  strings.Index	Go

• locate a substring (starting at the end)

  rindex	OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  rfind	C++, Python
  find/last	Rebol
  strrchr	C
  index(Going => Backward)	Ada
  lastStartOf	E
  lastIndexOf	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  last_index_of(92)	Eiffel
  LastIndexOf	C#, F#
  lastIndexOfString	Smalltalk
  string last	Tcl
  (search substring string :from-end t)	Common Lisp
  [string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch]	Objective-C
  LASTPOS	Classic REXX
  t=strfind(s,p), t(end)	Matlab
  strrpos	PHP
  StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[-1]	Maple
  strings.LastIndex	Go

---

Booleans

• type name

  Bool	Haskell, Perl6, Pliant
  bool	C#, C++, C99, F#, Go, OCaml, PHP, Python, SML, YAML
  Boolean	Ada, Lua, Pascal, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  boolean	CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Java, JavaScript, Maple, PHP, YCP
  BOOLEAN	Eiffel
  logic!	Rebol
  logical	Matlab

• false value

  false	Ada, BCPL, Beta, BourneShell, C#, C++, C99, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FL, Forth, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Lua, Maple, Matlab, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PHP, Pliant, PostScript, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, YAML, YCP
  False	Eiffel, Haskell, Mathematica, merd, Python, Visual Basic
  FALSE	Modula-3, SQL92
  false()	XPath
  #f	Dylan, Scheme
  n	YAML
  nil	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Io, Lua, Ruby
  no	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  No	Prolog
  none	Rebol
  None	Python
  null	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  NULL	C, C++, C99, PHP
  off	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  undef	Perl, Perl6
  undefined	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  fail	Prolog
  FAIL	Maple
  array containing at least one false value	Matlab
  exit status different from 0	BourneShell
  0(93)	Awk, B, C, C++, C99, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Forth, JavaScript, Matlab, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Tcl, Visual Basic, XPath, Yorick
  0.0	Matlab, Perl, PHP
  NaN	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, XPath
  ""	Awk, CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, XPath
  "0"	Awk, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  ''	CoffeeScript, Matlab, Perl
  '\0'	C, C++, C99
  ()	Perl, Perl6, Python
  []	Matlab, Python
  {}	Matlab, Python
  array()	PHP

• true value

  TRUE	Modula-3, SQL92
  True	Eiffel, Haskell, Mathematica, merd, Python, Visual Basic
  true	Ada, BCPL, Beta, BourneShell, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FL, Forth, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PHP, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, YAML, YCP
  true()	XPath
  t	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  #t	Dylan, Scheme
  y	YAML
  yes	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  Yes	Prolog
  on	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  exit status 0	BourneShell
  anything not false	Awk, B, C, C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Matlab, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, XPath, Yorick
  1	Classic REXX, MUMPS
  non zero number	Tcl
  non-zero-numbers	Visual Basic
  -1	Forth

• logical not

  !	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  not(94)	Ada, Beta, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Haskell, Io, Logo, Lua, Maple, merd, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XPath
  Not	Oz, Visual Basic
  NOT	Modula-3
  ~	BCPL, Dylan, Matlab, PL/I
  ^	PL/I
  '	MUMPS
  \	Classic REXX
  =0	Forth

• logical or / and

  short circuit

  || / &&	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  | / &	B, BCPL, Dylan
  or / and	CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Io, Logo, Lua, Modula-2, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  OR / AND	Modula-3
  or / &(95)	Modula-2
  any / all	Rebol
  orelse / andalso	SML
  orelse / andthen	Oz
  or else / and then	Ada, Eiffel
  ; / ,	Prolog
  & / !	MUMPS

  non short circuit (always evaluates both arguments)

  | / &	C#, Classic REXX, Java, Matlab, Smalltalk
  or / and	Ada, Beta, Eiffel, Maple, Pascal, PostScript, Rebol, SML, XPath
  Or / And(96)	Oz, Visual Basic
  \/ / /\(15)	BCPL
  ?| /	Perl6

---

Bags and Lists

• type name

  seq	YAML
  a list	F#, OCaml, SML
  [a]	Haskell
  a[]	C#
  list	Maple, Python
  List	Io, Mathematica, Pliant
  Array or List	Perl6
  ARRAY or LINKED_LIST	Eiffel
  Array or OrderedCollection	Smalltalk
  ARRAY	Perl
  array	PHP
  cell	Matlab
  vector	C++
  Containers.Vectors.Vector or Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.List	Ada
  []a	Go

• list concatenation

  +	E, Eiffel, merd, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, Vimscript
  ,	Maple, Matlab, Perl, Smalltalk
  @	F#, OCaml, SML
  ~	D
  &	Ada
  ++	Haskell
  |||	Icon
  array_merge	PHP
  merge	YCP
  concat	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Tcl
  concatenate	Dylan
  nconc	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  append	Beta, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Go, Prolog, Rebol, Scheme
  Append	Oz
  appendSeq	Io
  arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray	Objective-C
  sentence	Logo
  Join	Mathematica

• list flattening

  one level depth

  concat	F#, Haskell, Mercury, SML
  flatten	F#, Io, merd, OCaml, Prolog, YCP
  Flatten	Oz
  eval concat	Tcl
  ListTools[FlattenOnce]	Maple
  {*}$l	Tcl8.5
  "$l"	FishShell

  recursive

  flatten	Pike, Ruby
  ListTools[Flatten]	Maple
  Flatten	Mathematica

• list constructor

  [ a, b, c ](97)	CoffeeScript, E, Haskell, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, merd, Perl, Perl6, PHP5, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Ruby, SML, Vimscript, YAML, YCP
  ( a, b, c )	Perl, Perl6
  { a, b, c }(98)	C, C++, Lua, Mathematica
  #(a, b, c)	Dylan
  #(a b c)(99)	Smalltalk
  { a. b. c }	Squeak
  [ a ; b ; c ]	F#, OCaml
  [ a b c ]	Logo, Oz, Rebol
  ({ a, b, c })	Pike
  '(a b c)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  << a, b, c >>	Eiffel
  list(a, b, c)	Io
  list	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Scheme, Tcl
  array(a, b, c)	PHP
  new t[] { a, b, c }	C#
  new[] { a, b, c }	C#3
  new List<t> { a, b, c}	C#3
  Array(a, b, c)(100)	JavaScript
  [NSArray arrayWithObjects:a, b, c, nil]	Objective-C
  set l a b c	FishShell
  - a - b - c	YAML
  []t{a, b, c}	Go

• list/array indexing

  a[i]	B, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Dylan, E, FishShell, Go, Java, JavaScript, KornShell, Lua, Maple, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, Vimscript
  a*[i] or a!i or a*(i) depending on the version	BCPL
  a[[i]]	Mathematica
  a[i]:default	YCP
  a(i)	Ada, Matlab
  a:i	Pliant
  a/:i	Rebol
  a.(i)	F#, OCaml
  a.[i]	F#
  a !! i	Haskell, Mercury
  a @ i	Eiffel
  a i get(101)	PostScript
  a at(i)	Io
  at(102)	C++, Smalltalk
  lindex	Tcl
  nth	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, OCaml
  Nth	Oz
  aref	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  nth0 / nth1	Prolog
  list-ref / vector-ref	Scheme
  element	Dylan
  slice	Ruby
  node[i]	XPath
  objectAtIndex	Objective-C
  item	Logo
  a i cells + @ (for write access: o a i cells + !	Forth

• adding an element at the beginning (list cons)

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  :	Haskell, merd
  ::	F#, OCaml, SML
  |	Oz
  [ e | l ]	Erlang, Prolog
  [e l[]]	Maple
  [e l]	Matlab
  cons	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  pair	Dylan
  fput	Logo
  Prepend	Ada, Mathematica

  side-effect

  unshift	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  prepend	YCP
  push_front	C++
  addFirst	Smalltalk
  insert	Rebol
  put_first	Eiffel
  push	Common Lisp, Io
  array_unshift	PHP
  PrependTo	Mathematica

• adding an element at index

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  linsert l i e	Tcl
  Insert	Ada, Mathematica

  side-effect

  [a insertObject:e atIndex:i]	Objective-C
  a.insert(i, e)	Python, Ruby
  a insertAt(e, i)	Io
  a add: e beforeIndex: i / a add: e afterIndex: i	Smalltalk
  splice(@a, $i, 0, $e)	Perl

• adding an element at the end

  return the new list (no side-effect)

  [l e]	Matlab
  push	merd
  arrayByAddingObject	Objective-C
  lput	Logo
  linsert l end e	Tcl
  Append	Ada, Mathematica

  side-effect

  push	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  push_back	C++
  append	Go, Io, Pliant, Python, Rebol
  AppendTo	Mathematica
  lappend	Tcl
  +=	Pliant
  add	Java, Smalltalk, YCP
  put_last	Eiffel
  array_push	PHP
  addObject	Objective-C

• first element

  head	Haskell
  Head	F#
  hd	F#, OCaml
  car	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  first	Eiffel, Io, Logo, Pliant, Rebol, Smalltalk
  First(103)	Mathematica
  First_Element	Ada

  iterator

  head	Beta
  begin	C++
  First	Ada

• all but the first element

  tail	Haskell
  Tail	F#
  tl	F#, OCaml
  cdr	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  Rest	Mathematica
  butfirst	Logo
  allButFirst	Smalltalk
  l[1:]	Go, Python
  a(2:end)	Matlab
  L = [_|ButFirst]	Prolog
  lrange l 1 end	Tcl

• last element

  last	E, Eiffel, Haskell, Io, Logo, Pliant, Prolog, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk
  Last	Mathematica, Oz
  lastObject	Objective-C
  a[-1]	Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby
  a(end)	Matlab
  node[last()]	XPath
  (car (last l))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  lindex l end	Tcl
  Last_Element	Ada
  l[len(l)-1:]	Go

  iterator

  Last

  Ada

• all but the last element

  Most	Mathematica

• get the first element and remove it

  shift	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  shift!	merd
  pop	Common Lisp, Logo
  removeFirst	Io, Smalltalk
  array_shift	PHP

• get the last element and remove it

  pop	CoffeeScript, E, Io, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  pop!	merd
  array_pop	PHP
  removeLast	Io, Smalltalk
  dequeue	Logo

• for each element do something

  each	merd, Pliant, Ruby
  for v in l ...	CoffeeScript, E, Maple, Ruby
  for v in l: ...	Python
  for v in l; do ...; done	BourneShell
  for v in l do ...	F#
  for v in l; ...; end	FishShell
  for (v in l) ...	Awk, Dylan
  for (var v in l) { ... }	JavaScript
  For Each v in l ... Next	Visual Basic
  for v in range loop .. end loop	Ada
  for	Perl
  foreach	Logo, Lua, Perl, PHP, Pike, Rebol, Tcl
  foreach (t v in l) ...	C#
  foreach (v in l) ...	C#3
  foreach ($v in l) ...	MSH
  foreach(t v, l, { ... })	YCP
  l foreach(v, ...)	Io
  for_each	C++
  for-each	Scheme
  forall	PostScript, Prolog
  ForAll	Oz
  iter	F#, OCaml
  do	Smalltalk
  do_all	Eiffel
  app	SML
  mapc	Emacs Lisp
  mapM_	Haskell
  Scan	Mathematica
  (dolist (v l) ...) (loop for v in l do ...) mapc	Common Lisp
  list.iterate (# do current ... #)	Beta
  l.Iterate(...)	F#
  Iterate	Ada
  for i, v := range l {...}	Go

• transform a list (or bag) in another one

  map	Dylan, F#, Haskell, Io, Maple, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Map	F#, Mathematica, Oz
  mapcar	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  maplist	Prolog, YCP
  sublist	Prolog
  map / map.se	Logo
  for-each	XSLT
  foreach or selected	MSH
  collect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  array_map	PHP
  /@	Mathematica
  [ f x | x <- l ](104)	Haskell
  [ f(x) for x in l ](104)	Python
  magical: sin(x) computes sin on each element	Matlab

• transform two lists in parallel

  map2	F#, OCaml
  zipWith	Haskell
  Zip	Maple, Oz
  map	Dylan, Logo, Python, Scheme
  map.se	Logo
  mapcar	Common Lisp
  maplist2	Prolog
  l1 with: l2 collect: ...	Smalltalk
  transform	C++
  ListPair.map	SML
  magical: a binary function or operator is appliied on each element	Matlab

• find an element

  find	C++, Common Lisp, F#, Haskell, merd, OCaml, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  Find	Ada
  find_if	C++
  find-if	Common Lisp
  first(22)	Perl
  detect	Ruby, Smalltalk
  search	Pike
  ListTools[Search]	Maple
  lsearch -exact	Tcl
  index	Python
  indexOf	Io
  indexOfObject, indexOfObjectIdenticalTo	Objective-C
  find(a == 3)	Matlab
  Position	Mathematica

• keep elements

  matching

  find_all	F#, OCaml, Ruby
  filter	F#, Haskell, Mercury, merd, OCaml, Pike, Python, Scheme-SRFI1, SML, YCP
  filter!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Filter	Oz
  grep	Perl, Perl6
  where	MSH
  select	Io, Maple, Ruby, Smalltalk
  Select / Case	Mathematica
  selectInPlace	Io
  remove-if-not delete-if-not	Common Lisp
  choose	Dylan
  array_filter	PHP5
  [ x | x <- l, p x ](104)	Haskell
  [ x for x in l if p(x) ](104)	Python
  a(a == 3)	Matlab

  non matching

  remove-if delete-if	Common Lisp
  reject	Ruby

• partition a list: elements matching, elements non matching

  partition	F#, Haskell, merd, OCaml, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  partition!	Scheme-SRFI1
  Partition	Oz

• split a list

  in 2 based on a predicate

  break	Haskell
  span	Haskell

  into sublists delimited by elements matching a predicate

  split-sequence(105)	Common Lisp
  ListTools[Split]	Maple

  into a list of lists of same value

  group	Haskell
  Split	Mathematica

  into sublists based on a predicate

  groupBy	Haskell
  Split	Mathematica

• is an element in the list

  member?	Dylan, merd, Ruby
  include?	Ruby
  mem	F#, OCaml
  member	Common Lisp, Prolog, Scheme
  Member	Oz
  MemberQ	Mathematica
  memq memv	Scheme
  memberp / member?	Logo
  contains	E, Io, YCP
  containsObject	Objective-C
  in	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Python, SQL92, Tcl8.5
  in_array	PHP
  includes	Smalltalk
  elem	Haskell, Mercury
  has	Eiffel
  has_value	Pike
  ismember	Matlab
  /elt/	GNU-sed

• is the predicate true for an element

  any(31)	Haskell, Matlab, Mercury, Python, Scheme-SRFI1
  any?	Dylan, Ruby
  anySatisfy	Smalltalk
  exists	F#, OCaml, SML
  exists?	merd
  some	Common Lisp
  Some	Oz
  ormap	Maple
  detect	Io

• is the predicate true for every element

  all(31)	Haskell, Mercury, Python, SML
  All	Oz
  all?	merd, Ruby
  allSatisfy	Smalltalk
  every	Common Lisp, Scheme-SRFI1
  every?	Dylan
  for_all	F#, OCaml
  andmap	Maple

• smallest / biggest element

  min / max	Common Lisp, Eiffel, Io, Java, Maple, Matlab, Perl6, PHP5, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  Min / Max	Mathematica
  minimum / maximum	Haskell, Mercury, merd
  minimum-of / maximum-of	Rebol
  min minstr / max maxstr(22)	Perl
  min_element / max_element	C++

• join a list of strings in a string using a glue string

  join(s, l)	Perl, Perl6, PHP
  String.Join(s, l)	C#
  s.join(l)	Python
  l.join(s)	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl6, Ruby
  l asStringWith: s	Smalltalk
  join l s	Tcl
  implode(s, l)	PHP
  ListTools[Join]	Maple
  rjoin	E
  join	Io
  concat	F#, OCaml
  strcat	Matlab
  concat_atom	Prolog
  l * s	Pike, Ruby
  (mapconcat 'identity l s)	Emacs Lisp
  componentsJoinedByString	Objective-C
  intercalate	Haskell
  StringJoin @@ Riffle[l, s]	Mathematica
  strings.Join	Go

• list size

  size	C++, Dylan, E, Io, Java, Matlab, merd, Pliant, Ruby, Scilab, Smalltalk, YCP
  sizeof	Pike
  length	C#, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, F#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, Mercury, OCaml, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby, Scheme, SML
  Length	Ada, F#, Mathematica, Oz
  length?	Rebol
  len	Python, Vimscript
  llength	Tcl
  $LENGTH	MUMPS
  elems	Perl6
  getn	Lua
  count	Eiffel, FishShell, Objective-C, PHP, SQL92, XPath
  numel	Matlab
  scalar @l	Perl
  nops	Maple
  #	Lua
  len(l)	Go

• iterate with index

  each_with_index	merd, Ruby
  enumerate(l)	Python
  foreach($l as $i => $v)	PHP
  a foreach(i, e, ...)	Io
  for i => v in l	E
  for (v in l, i from 0) ... end	Dylan
  forAllInd	Oz
  foreachi	Lua
  foreach(l; typ0 i; typ1 v) { ... }	Pike
  withIndexDo	Squeak
  iteri	F#, OCaml
  IterateIndexed	F#
  MapIndexed	Mathematica
  (loop for v in l as i upfrom 0 do ...)	Common Lisp
  for v,i in l ...	CoffeeScript
  for i, v := range l {...}	Go

• remove duplicates

  uniq	merd, Perl6, Pike, Ruby
  uniq!	Ruby
  uniq2	Pike
  unique(106)	C++, Io, Matlab, Rebol
  nub	Haskell
  array_unique	PHP
  ListTools[MakeUnique]	Maple
  delete-duplicates	Common Lisp, Scheme-SRFI1
  delete-duplicates!	Scheme-SRFI1
  remove-duplicates	Common Lisp, Dylan
  lsort -unique	Tcl
  toset	YCP
  distinct	SQL92
  set	Python
  Union	Mathematica

• sort

  sort(107)	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, F#, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, XSLT, YCP
  sort!	Ruby
  sorted	Python
  Sort	Mathematica, Oz
  sort_by	merd, Ruby
  sortBy	Haskell, Io, Smalltalk
  order by	SQL92
  lsort	Tcl
  asort	Awk
  sort-object	MSH
  sortedArrayUsingSelector, sortUsingSelector	Objective-C
  predsort / keysort / mergesort	Prolog

• reverse

  reverse	C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Mercury, merd, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme
  Reverse	C#, Mathematica, Oz
  reversed	Python, Smalltalk
  reverse_copy	C++
  rev	F#, OCaml, SML
  Reverse_Elements	Ada
  lreverse	Tcl8.5
  array_reverse	PHP
  ListTools[Reverse]	Maple
  fliplr flipud...	Matlab
  l[::-1]	Python

• list of couples from 2 lists

  combine	F#, OCaml
  zip	F#, Haskell, Maple, merd, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI1, SML
  pairlis(108)	Common Lisp
  transpose	Ruby
  Transpose	Mathematica
  [a b]	Matlab

• 2 lists from a list of couples

  split	F#, OCaml
  unzip	F#, Haskell, merd, SML
  unzip2	Scheme-SRFI1
  transpose	Ruby
  Transpose	Mathematica
  zip(*l)	Python
  a(1,:), a(2,:)	Matlab

• lookup an element in a association list

  lookup	Haskell
  assoc	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, F#, OCaml, Ruby, Scheme
  assq	Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  assv	Scheme
  get_assoc	Prolog
  select	Rebol
  a.(e)	Matlab
  a[e]	Maple
  gprop	Logo
  /.	Mathematica

• list out of a bag

  to_a	Ruby
  toArray	Java
  asArray	Smalltalk
  to_list	merd
  list	Python
  map-as(<list>, bag)	Dylan
  [a.(:)]	Matlab
  array get	Tcl

• f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)

  foldl	Haskell, Maple, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldL	Oz
  fold_left	OCaml
  fold	F#, Scheme-SRFI1
  Fold	Mathematica
  reduce(109)	Common Lisp, Dylan, Io, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python
  inject	Ruby
  inject into	Smalltalk

• f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))

  foldr	Haskell, Maple, Mercury, merd, SML
  FoldR	Oz
  fold-right	Scheme-SRFI1
  fold_right	OCaml
  foldBack	F#
  rreduce	Pike
  (reduce f '(e1 e2 ... en) :from-right t :initial-value init)	Common Lisp
  reverseReduce	Io

---

Various Data Types

• tuple type

  typ1 * ... * typn	F#, OCaml, SML
  (typ1, ..., typn)	Haskell
  typ1, ..., typn	merd
  tuple	Python
  tuple!	Rebol
  Tuple[Typ1, Typ2, Typ3]	E
  tuple< typ1, ..., typn >	C++-0x

• tuple constructor

  a, b, c	F#, Lua, merd, OCaml, Python, Ruby
  ( a, b, c )	Ada, C++-0x, Haskell, Perl, Prolog, SML
  { a. b. c }	Smalltalk
  { a, b, c }	Matlab
  [ a, b, c ]	E
  a . b . c	Rebol
  (cons a b)	Common Lisp

• computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing)

  empty tuple

  ()	merd, Perl, Perl6, Python
  []	Ruby
  {}	Matlab, Smalltalk
  #()	Smalltalk
  Nothing	Prolog

  1-uple

  a or [a]	Ruby
  a,	Perl6, Python
  tuple([a])	Python
  (a)	Perl
  ((a))	merd
  {a}	Smalltalk

  using a tuple for a function call

  t	merd, Perl
  *t	Python, Ruby
  t{:}	Matlab
  f @@ t	Mathematica
  L =.. [ F | Args ], call(L)	Prolog

• reference (pointer)

  creation

  &	B, C, C#, C++, Go
  \	Perl
  AddressOf	Visual Basic
  addr(110)	Pascal
  @(110)	Pascal
  lv	BCPL
  ref	C#, F#, OCaml, SML
  newSTRef	Haskell
  NewCell	Oz
  variable	Forth
  'access	Ada
  :> :>>	Pliant
  ''	Maple

  dereference

  *(111)	B, C, C#, C++, Go
  $ @ % &(111)	Perl
  ->[...] ->{...} ->(...)(112)	Perl
  ->(113)	C, C++
  ^(112)	Modula-3, Pascal
  !(111)	F#, OCaml, SML
  rv	BCPL
  readSTRef	Haskell
  Access	Oz
  .[all]	Ada
  @	Forth
  eval	Maple
  (reg)	Assembler

  assigning (when dereferencing doesn't give a lvalue)

  writeSTRef	Haskell
  Assign	Oz
  :=	F#, OCaml, SML
  !	Forth

• optional value

  null value

  0(114)	C++, Forth
  0 nullptr(114)	C++-0x
  NULL	C, Maple, SQL92
  nil	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Io, Lua, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  null	C#, CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  Null(115)	Ada, Mathematica
  undef	Perl
  None	F#, OCaml, Python
  NONE	SML
  Nothing	Haskell
  Void	Eiffel
  #f ()	Emacs Lisp
  (empty) / ~ / null	YAML

  value

  v	Ada, C#, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Perl, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  *v(114)	C, C++
  Just v	Haskell
  Some v	F#, OCaml
  SOME v	SML

  type name

  option	F#, OCaml, SML
  Maybe	Haskell

  null coalescing

  COALESCE	SQL92
  ?:	PHP
  ||	JavaScript, Perl, Ruby
  //(116)	Perl
  ??	C#
  if(a, b)	Visual Basic
  or	Python, Scheme

• record

  type declaration

  struct { typ1 n1; typ2 n2; ... }	C, C++
  type typ = { n1 : typ1; n2 : typ2 }	OCaml, SML
  data Typ = N0 { n1, n2 :: typ1, n3 :: typ3, ... }	Haskell
  type Typ is record N1 : Typ1; N2 : Typ2 := default_val; ... end record;	Ada
  type typ struct{ n1 typ1; n2 typ2; }	Go

  selector

  .	Ada, Beta, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Eiffel, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Modula-2, Modula-3, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Python, Ruby
  ::	XPath
  %	Fortran90
  '(117)	Ada
  ^	Mercury
  r { field }	merd
  r:field	Pliant
  field r	Haskell
  ->	C, C++
  r[field]	Maple
  r["field"]	JavaScript
  #field r	SML
  normal function call	Common Lisp, Dylan, Haskell, Io, Smalltalk

• union type declaration

  union { typ1 n1; typ2 n2; ... }	C, C++
  data Typ = N1 typ1 | N2 typ2 | ...	Haskell
  type typ = N1 of typ1 | N2 of typ2 | ...	OCaml
  datatype typ = N1 of typ1 | N2 of typ2 | ...	SML
  type Typ (Choice : Discrete_Type) is record case Choice is when Choice_1 => N1 : Typ1; ... when Choice_2 | Choice_3 => ... when others => ... end case; end record;	Ada

• enumerated type declaration

  enum typ { n1; n2; ... }(118)	C, C#, C++, Java
  Enum typ n1 n2 End Enum	Visual Basic
  (n1, n2, ...)	Pascal
  type typ is(119)	Ada
  data Typ = N1 | N2 | ...	Haskell
  type typ = N1 | N2 | ...	OCaml
  datatype typ = N1 | N2 | ...	SML

• dictionary

  type name

  map	Go, YAML
  Map	F#, Io
  std::map	C++
  dict	Python
  Dictionary	Pliant, Smalltalk
  dictionary	Vimscript
  Hash	Perl6, Ruby
  HASH	Perl
  HASH_TABLE	Eiffel
  HashTable	Java
  Hashtbl	F#
  Hashtbl.t	OCaml
  struct	Matlab
  table	Maple
  array	PHP
  Data.Map, Data.HashTable	Haskell
  Containers.Ordered_Maps.Map	Ada

  constructor

  [ a => b, c => d ]	E
  array( a => b, c => d )	PHP
  { a => b, c => d }	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  { a, b, c, d }	Perl, Ruby
  { a: b, c: d }	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Python, Vimscript, YAML
  { a: b; c: d }	CSS
  $[ a: b, c: d ]	YCP
  { a->b. c->d }	Squeak
  { a = b, c = d }	Lua
  @{ a = b; c = d }	MSH
  ([ a:b, c:d ])	Pike
  ([a]=b [c]=d)	KornShell
  << a b c d >>	PostScript
  struct(a, b, c, d)	Matlab
  Hash[ a, b, c, d ]	Ruby
  Map.of_list [a, b; c, d]	F#
  Hashtbl.of_list [a, b; c, d]	F#
  table([a=b, c=d])	Maple
  define table foo a => b; c => d end	Dylan
  dict create a b c d	Tcl8.5
  new t { {a, b}, {c, d} }	C#
  fromList	Haskell
  [NSDictionary dictionaryWithObjectsAndKeys:b, a, d, c, nil]	Objective-C
  a: b c: d	YAML
  map[typ0]typ1{ a: b, c: d }	Go

  access: read/write

  h[k]	Awk, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Dylan, E, Go, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, MSH, PHP, Python, Ruby, Vimscript
  $h{k}	Perl
  %h{k} or %h<s>	Perl6
  h(k)	Tcl
  h.[k]	F#
  h.k	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab
  h:k	Pliant
  h["k"] or h->k	Pike
  (gethash k h)	Common Lisp

  access: read

  h k get	PostScript
  find	F#, OCaml
  fetch	Ruby
  get	Java
  dict get	Tcl8.5
  at	Io, Smalltalk
  h@k or h.at(k)	Eiffel
  h[k]:default	YCP
  ${h[k]}	KornShell
  h.get(k, returned_value_when_k_unfound)	Python
  objectForKey	Objective-C
  lookup	Haskell
  Element	Ada

  access: write

  h k o put	PostScript
  put	Eiffel, Java
  add, replace	F#, OCaml
  store	Ruby
  dict set	Tcl8.5
  h[k]	KornShell, YCP
  atPut	Io
  h at: k put: o	Smalltalk
  [h setObject:o forKey:k]	Objective-C
  insert	Haskell
  Replace_Element	Ada

  has the key ?

  exists $h{k}	Perl
  exists	Perl6, Pliant
  dict exists	Tcl8.5
  has	Eiffel
  haskey	YCP
  hasKey	Io
  has_key	Python, Vimscript
  has_key?, include?, key?, member?	Ruby
  Contains	Ada, C#, F#
  containsKey	Java
  includesKey	Smalltalk
  k in h	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Python
  k not in h	Python
  in	Awk
  mem	F#, OCaml
  member	Haskell
  isfield	Matlab
  find(120)	C++
  h[k]	Pike
  (gethash k h)	Common Lisp
  maps	E
  known	PostScript
  isset(h[k]), array_key_exists(k, h)	PHP
  v, exists := h[k]	Go

  remove by key

  delete $h{k}	Perl
  del h[k]	Python
  unset(h[k])	PHP
  remove	Eiffel, F#, Java, OCaml, YCP
  Remove	C#, F#
  dict remove	Tcl8.5
  removeAt	Io
  removeKey	E, Smalltalk
  remhash	Common Lisp
  delete	CoffeeScript, Haskell, JavaScript, Perl6, Ruby
  Delete	Ada
  erase	C++
  m_delete	Pike
  removeObjectForKey	Objective-C
  undef	PostScript
  rmfield	Matlab
  delete(h, k)	Go

  list of keys

  keys	Haskell, Io, Maple, MSH, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk
  dict keys	Tcl8.5
  keySet	Java
  allKeys	Objective-C
  AllKeys	C#
  indices	Pike
  current_keys	Eiffel
  getKeys	E
  array_keys	PHP
  fieldnames	Matlab
  findall(Key, item(Key, _), Keys)	Prolog
  ${!h[@]}	KornShell

  list of values

  values	Io, Java, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk
  dict values	Tcl8.5
  getValues	E
  content	Eiffel
  array_values	PHP
  struct2cell	Matlab
  entries	Maple
  elems	Haskell
  ${h[@]}	KornShell

  merge

  merge(121)	Ruby
  array_merge(121)	PHP
  union(122)	Haskell
  update(121)	Python, Ruby
  putAll(121)	Java
  insert(122)	C++
  (%h1, %h2)(121)	Perl

• range

  inclusive .. inclusive

  a .. b	Ada, E, merd, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Ruby
  a:b	Matlab
  [ a .. b ]	CoffeeScript, F#, Haskell
  to	Io, Smalltalk
  seq a b / jot - a b(123)	BourneShell, FishShell
  {a..b}	KornShell
  range	PHP
  range(from: a, to: b, by: step)	Dylan
  Range	Mathematica
  Range with	Io
  List.number A B Step	Oz
  numlist / between	Prolog
  iseq	Logo
  k, v := range h	Go

  inclusive .. exclusive

  a ... b	CoffeeScript, Ruby
  a ..! b	E
  range	Python

---

Mathematics

• type name

  integers

  short, int, long	C, C#
  int	OCaml, PHP, SML, YAML
  Int	Perl6
  Int, uInt, Int8, Int16...	Pliant
  int, long(124)	Python
  integer	Maple, PHP
  INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT	SQL92
  INTEGER, INTEGER_8, NATURAL_8...	Eiffel
  int8, uint8, int16, uint16, ...64	Go, Matlab
  int8_t, uint8_t, int16_t, uint16_t, ...64	C99
  int, int8, uint8, int16, uint16, int32, uint32, int64, uint64, bigint, bignum	F#
  Int, Integer, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64	Haskell
  Integer, FixNum, BigNum	Ruby
  Integer, SmallInteger, LargeInteger	Smalltalk
  Integer	Mathematica
  type T is range Low...High;	Ada
  number	Vimscript

  floating point

  float, double, long double	C
  float, double	C#
  float	Maple, OCaml, PHP, SML, Vimscript, YAML
  Float	Ruby
  float, float32	F#
  Float, Float32, Float64	Pliant
  NUMERIC, DECIMAL, DOUBLE PRECISION	SQL92
  Rat	Perl6
  DOUBLE, REAL	Eiffel
  single, double	Matlab
  Float, Double, Ratio	Haskell
  Float, Double, Fraction, FixedPoint	Smalltalk
  float, decimal.Decimal	Python
  Real, Rational	Mathematica
  Number	Io
  type T is digits N range Low..High;	Ada
  type T is delta S digits N range Low..High;(125)	Ada
  float32, float64	Go

• numbers syntax

  integers

  1000	Awk, B, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Eiffel, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, Mathematica, merd, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl, Yorick
  1000, 1000.	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  1000, 1000., 1000.0	Awk, Matlab
  1000, '1000'D	Classic REXX
  1000, 1E3	Ada

  integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal

  0b1, 07, 0xf(126)	CoffeeScript, Oz, Perl, PHP5, Pike, Ruby
  0b1, 0o7, 0xf	F#, OCaml, Perl6
  07, 0xf	Awk, C, C++, JavaScript, Python, Tcl
  0xf	C#, E, Go, Io, Yorick
  07	B
  0o7, 0xf	Haskell
  1b	Eiffel
  2#1#, 8#7#, 16#f#	Ada
  2#{1}, #{F}	Rebol
  #b1, #o7, #xf	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  2^^1, 8^^7, 16^^f	Mathematica
  2r1, 8r7, 16rf	Smalltalk
  #2r1, #8r7, #16rf	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  1b, Fh	Pliant
  '1'B, 'F'X	Classic REXX
  B'1', X'F'	SQL92
  $f	Forth

  integer thousand-separator

  1_000, 10_00, 100_0	Ada, E, Eiffel, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  1'000, 10'00, 100'0	Rebol
  1_000	merd

  floating point

  1000., 1E3	C, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, OCaml, Python, Scheme, SQL92, Tcl
  1000., 1E3, 1,0	Rebol
  1000., 1.E3	Eiffel, Oz
  1000.0, 1E3	C#, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Ruby, Smalltalk
  1000.0, 1.0E3	Ada, Haskell
  1000, 1000.0, 1E3(127)	Awk, merd, Perl, Perl6
  1000., 1*^3, 1000`	Mathematica
  1000e, 1e3	Forth

• addition / subtraction / multiplication / division

  + / - / * / /	BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, D, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, Matlab, merd, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl, Vimscript, Yorick
  + / - / * or nothing / /	Mathematica
  + +. / - -. / * *. / / /.(128)	OCaml
  sum / difference / product / quotient	Logo
  add / sub / mul / idiv div	PostScript
  f+ / f- / f* / f/	Forth

• exponentiation (power)

  **	Ada, Classic REXX, E, F#, Fortran, Io, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PL/I, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl8.5
  ^	Awk, Dylan, Eiffel, Lua, Mathematica, Matlab, Pliant, Yorick
  *(129)	APL
  **, ^	Maple
  ^^	D
  **, ^ and ^^(130)	Haskell
  f**	Forth
  pow	C, C++, CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Python, SML, Tcl
  Pow	C#, Oz
  power	Delphi-Kylix, Logo, Rebol
  exp	PostScript
  expt	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  raisedTo	Smalltalk
  math.Pow	Go

• negation

  -	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, D, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, Tcl, Vimscript, Yorick
  - -.	OCaml
  ~	Oz, SML
  neg	PostScript
  negate	Forth, Rebol
  fnegate	Forth
  minus	Logo

• random

  random number

  rand	C, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Ruby, Tcl
  random	Common Lisp, Logo, Prolog, Python, Yorick
  $RANDOM	MUMPS
  randomR	Haskell
  Random(131)	Ada
  Random.int	OCaml
  Random, RandomReal, RandomInteger	Mathematica
  Random value	Io
  Random new nextInteger	Smalltalk
  r: RANDOM create r.make r.start r.item	Eiffel
  Random ran = new Random(); ran.Next(...);	C#
  let r = System.Random() r.Next()	F#
  mt_rand	PHP
  rand.Read(132)	Go

  seed the pseudo random generator

  srand	C, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Ruby, Tcl
  set_seed	Eiffel
  random.seed	Python
  Random setSeed	Io
  Random.init, Random.self_init	OCaml
  rand('state',...)	Matlab
  rerandom	Logo
  RandomTools[MersenneTwister][SetState]	Maple
  Random new setSeed	Smalltalk
  SeedRandom	Mathematica
  mkStdGen	Haskell
  make-random-state	Common Lisp
  Reset	Ada
  rand.Seed(133)	Go

• operator priorities and associativities

  addition vs multiplication

  mathematical	BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Eiffel, F#, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Yorick
  same priorities	MUMPS, Smalltalk

  exponentiation vs negation (is -3^2 equal to 9 or -9)

  mathematical	Classic REXX, Eiffel, Haskell, Io, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  negation first	F#, OCaml

• square root / e-exponential / absolute value

  sqrt / exp / abs	Ada, C, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, Yorick
  sqrt realsqrt / exp / abs	Matlab
  sqrt / exp /	Awk, Logo
  Sqrt / Exp / Abs	C#, Mathematica, Oz
  sqrt / / abs	PostScript
  Sqrt / / ABS	Modula-3
  / exp / abs	Pliant
  sqrt / /	Pike
  square-root / exp / abs or absolute	Rebol
  Sqrt / Exp / ABS	Classic REXX
  sqrt,isqrt / exp / abs	Tcl8.5
  fsqrt / fexp / abs,fabs	Forth
  math.Sqrt	Go

• trigonometry

  basic

  sin / cos / tan	Ada, C, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, F#, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, Yorick
  Sin / Cos / Tan	C#, Classic REXX, Mathematica, Oz
  sin / cos /	Awk, PostScript
  sine / cosine / tangent	Eiffel, Rebol
  radsin / radcos / radtan	Logo
  fsin / fcos / ftan	Forth
  math.Sin / math.Cos / math.Tan	Go

  inverse

  asin / acos / atan(134)	Ada, C, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, F#, Haskell, Io, JavaScript, Matlab, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl, Yorick
  Asin / Acos / Atan	C#, Oz
  ASin / ACos / ATan	Classic REXX
  arcsin / arccos / arctan	Maple
  arcSin / arcCos / arcTan	Smalltalk
  ArcSin / ArcCos / ArcTan	Mathematica
  arcsine / arccosine / arctangent	Rebol
  arc_sine / arc_cosine / arc_tangent	Eiffel
  / / atan	PostScript
  / / radarctan	Logo
  fasin / facos / fatan	Forth
  math.Asin / math.Acos / math.Atan	Go

• logarithm

  base e

  ln	Delphi-Kylix, Logo, Maple, Pascal, PostScript, Smalltalk, SML
  log	Awk, C, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl, Yorick
  Log	Ada, C#, Classic REXX, Mathematica, Oz
  log 10	Haskell
  log-e	Rebol
  fln	Forth
  math.Log	Go

  base 10

  log10	C, C++, Delphi-Kylix, Eiffel, F#, Io, Logo, Lua, Matlab, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Yorick
  Log10	C#, Classic REXX
  log	PostScript, SML
  log: 10	Smalltalk
  log-10	Rebol
  log[10]	Maple
  Log[10, val]	Mathematica
  logBase 10	Haskell
  Log(X => val, Base => 10.0)	Ada
  (log x 10)	Common Lisp
  flog	Forth
  math.Log10	Go

  base 2

  log2	Matlab
  log-10 / log-2	Rebol
  Log(X => val, Base => 2.0)	Ada
  log(val, 2)	Python
  Log[2, val]	Mathematica
  frexp	C
  math.Log2	Go

• euclidean division (both quotient and modulo)

  divmod	Python, Ruby
  divMod	Haskell
  div ldiv lldiv	C
  IntInf.quotrem	SML
  floor	Common Lisp, Dylan
  /mod	Forth
  Div(135)	Go

• modulo

  modulo of -3 / 2 is 1

  %	Classic REXX, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  %%	E
  \\	Smalltalk
  mod	Ada, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Haskell, Matlab, Prolog, SML
  Mod	Mathematica
  MOD	Modula-3
  modulo	Dylan, Logo, Ruby
  rem	Prolog

  modulo of -3 / 2 is -1

  %	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pliant, Yorick
  #	MUMPS
  mod	F#, Forth, Lua, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PostScript, Prolog, XPath
  remainder	Logo, Ruby, Scheme
  rem	Ada, BCPL, Haskell, Matlab, Smalltalk
  //	Classic REXX, Rebol
  \\	Eiffel

• truncate / round / floor / ceil

  trunc / round / floor / ceil	C, C++, Maple, Matlab
  truncate / round / floor / ceiling	Common Lisp, Haskell, Perl6, PostScript, Prolog, Scheme
  int / round / floor / ceil	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Pike, Python
  int / round / /	Logo
  to_i, Integer() / round / floor / ceil	Ruby
  TRUNC / FORMAT / Floor / Ceil	Classic REXX
  Float'Truncation / Float'Rounding / Float'Floor / Float'Ceiling(136)	Ada
  / round / floor / ceil	E, Io, Java, Lua, PHP, SML, Tcl
  / Round / Floor / Ceiling	C#
  / Round / Floor / Ceil	Oz
  / round / floor / ceiling	Dylan, Emacs Lisp, PostScript, XPath
  / ROUND / FLOOR / CEILING	Modula-3
  / rounded / floor / ceiling	Eiffel, Smalltalk
  int / / floor / ceil	F#, Perl
  int_of_float / / floor / ceil	F#, OCaml
  / / floor / ceil	Lua, Yorick
  IntegerPart / Round / Floor / Ceiling	Mathematica
  / Rounding / Floor / Ceiling	Ada
  to-integer / / /	Rebol
  / fround / /	Forth
  math.Trunc / / math.Floor / math.Ceil	Go

• bitwise operators

  and / or / xor

  & / | / ^	C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Eiffel, Go, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  & / | / ~	Yorick
  & / |	YCP
  +& / +| / +^	Perl6
  .&. / .|. / xor(137)	Haskell
  &&& / ||| / ^^^	F#
  and / or / xor	Ada, Forth, PostScript, Rebol
  land / lor / lxor	F#, OCaml
  logand / logior / logxor(138)	Common Lisp
  bitand / bitor / bitxor	Logo, Matlab
  BITAND / BITOR / BITXOR	Classic REXX
  BitAnd / BitOr / BitXor	Mathematica
  bitAnd / bitOr / bitXor	Smalltalk
  bitwiseAnd / bitwiseOr / bitwiseXor	Io
  /\ / \/ / xor	Prolog

  bitwise inversion

  ~	C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, SML, Tcl, YCP
  ~~~	F#
  not	Ada, Eiffel, PostScript
  lnot	F#, OCaml
  lognot(139)	Common Lisp
  bitnot	Eiffel, Logo
  BitNot	Mathematica
  complement	Haskell, Rebol
  bitcmp	Matlab
  bitInvert	Smalltalk
  bitwiseComplement	Io
  invert	Forth
  \	Prolog

  left shift / right shift / unsigned right shift

  << / >> / >>>	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  << / >>	C, C#, C++, Go, Perl, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Tcl, YCP
  <<< / >>>	F#
  |<< / |>>	Eiffel
  lsl / lsr or asr	F#, OCaml
  bitshift	Matlab, PostScript
  bitShift	Smalltalk
  ashift lshift	Logo
  lshift / rshift	Forth
  shiftL / / shiftR	Haskell
  shiftLeft / shiftRight	Io
  Shift_Left / Shift_Right / Shift_Right_Arithmetic / Rotate_Left / Rotate_Right	Ada
  (ash x positive-integer) / (ash x negative-integer) /	Common Lisp

---

Threads

• thread definition

  class class_name(threading.Thread) {[override run method] }	Python
  task task_name is [entry entry_name[(parameter ...)]...] end task_name	Ada
  task type task_type_name is [entry entry_name[(parameter ...)]...] end task_type_name	Ada
  class class_name extends Thread {[override run method] }	Java
  thread ...	Pliant
  parallel [threads nb_threads] [mini mini_threshold] [maxi maxi_threshold] [active] ... task parallel_instructions [post sequential_instructions] ...	Pliant
  [NSThread detachNewThreadSelector:mainFunction toTarget:target withObject:obj]	Objective-C

• thread creation

  object t=Thread.Thread(f)	Pike
  set t [thread create {code}]	Tcl
  Thread createThread(...)	Io

• thread object creation

  MyTask : task_type_name;	Ada
  class_name MyThread = new class_name()	Java
  p := [ ... ] newProcess.	Smalltalk
  p := [ ... ] fork.(140)	Smalltalk

• starting / stopping threads

  start() / stop()(141)	Java
  resume / suspend / terminate	Smalltalk
  Tasks are started when created / call Stop entry or "abort task-object-name"	Ada
  thread send $t {script}	Tcl

• passing data directly between threads

  call an entry with parameters	Ada
  call any public method	Java
  common variables are copied at thread creation, in abscence of a "share" statement	Pliant
  use messages, parameters or shared variables(142)	Smalltalk

• terminating thread communication due to a time-out

  select task_entry_call; or delay timeout_limit; end select;

  Ada

• Thread Synchronization

  Defining a Synchronized Shared Resource

  thread::mutex	Tcl
  protected Object_Name is [entry entry_name(Parameter : [in out] is type [...]); procedure procedure_name(Parameter : [in out] is type [...]); function function_name return type; private shared data declaration end Object_Name;	Ada
  synchronize (this){ ... }	Java
  SharedQueue, Semaphore critical: [...], Future, LazyValue	Smalltalk

  Synchronized Writing to a shared resource

  Object_Name.Entry_Name(Parms) Object_Name.Procedure_Name(Parms)	Ada
  Object_Name.SetMethod(Parms)	Java

  Synchronized Reading of a Shared Resource

  Object_Name.Function_Name	Ada
  Object_Name.GetMethod()	Java

  Monitor Syntax

  Objectg_Name.Entry_Name(Parms)

  Ada

• Joining Another Thread

  Suspending a thread until another thread completes

  Call task entry serviced just before task termination	Ada
  OtherThread.join()	Java, Python

  Suspending a Thread Until Another Thread Establishes An Internal State

  Call a task entry on the other thread

  Ada

• Thread Prioritization

  Selecting a Prioritization Model

  pragma Locking_Policy(Ceiling_Locking);

  Ada

  Establishing a base thread priority

  pragma Priority(expression);

  Ada

  Changing Thead Priority

  Set_Priority(Priority_Value);	Ada
  setPriority(newPriority);	Java
  p priority: n	Smalltalk

• Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization

  Ensuring access is atomic

  pragma Atomic(Object_Name);

  Ada

  Ensuring access is always via a local copy of the shared data

  pragma Volatile(Object_Name);

  Ada

---

Remarks

• (1) introduced in Scheme in R6RS
• (2) when unused
• (3) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
• (4) any string literal would work
• (5) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
• (6) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
• (7) for user defined functions only
• (8) displayed <- with a special character
• (9) variable on the right
• (10) F#: with indentation
• (11) the variable behaves like a pointer
• (12) cf horizontal layout
• (13) introduce scope
• (14) Smalltalk: introduce scope
• (15) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
• (16) in Modula-2, <> and # are synonyms
• (17) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
• (18) for objects
• (19) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
• (20) structural / mathematical
• (21) deep comparison
• (22) in List::Util
• (23) just 'eval' evaluates JavaScript
• (24) Univ operator
• (25) starting with PHP 5.3
• (26) procedure call
• (27) in Pliant, special sugar for only one parameter
• (28) only for one parameter
• (29) only for two parameters
• (30) f is a block
• (31) Python >= 2.5
• (32) it does not scale to 3rd argument
• (33) lambda (x . y) ...
• (34) only final parameter may be variadic and accepts zero or more arguments
• (35) when callee has special "&" prototype
• (36) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
• (37) manual declaration of local variables wanted in the closure
• (38) see also: #1 + #2 &
• (39) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
• (40) x, y, z are the parameters
• (41) method is optional
• (42) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
• (43) "return" is used when there is no value to return
• (44) in Matlab, only for anonymous function
• (45) firefox
• (46) C#4, only for "dynamic" objects
• (47) the result goes to "e"
• (48) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
• (49) Perl >= 5.8.0
• (50) 1 is optional in this example, since min is 1 by default
• (51) in Ruby, see also catch/throw
• (52) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
• (53) matches an expression of type t
• (54) type is infered
• (55) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
• (56) for parameters
• (57) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
• (58) eventual send
• (59) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
• (60) one level depth
• (61) general deep copy function
• (62) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
• (63) or simply o_ := o for non-polymorphic objects
• (64) c'Class is the class rooted in c
• (65) see also isMemberOf
• (66) assignment attempt
• (67) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
• (68) in Python, usually called self
• (69) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
• (70) directory name is package name
• (71) if names are exported using @EXPORT
• (72) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
• (73) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
• (74) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
• (75) inside a function
• (76) since PHP 5.3
• (77) no spaces
• (78) when using format
• (79) need expandMacros
• (80) where T is the type of the value
• (81) see also cPickle
• (82) but not using the C-like %-syntax
• (83) adding an end-of-line
• (84) in BourneShell, adding an end-of-line
• (85) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
• (86) Always case insensitive
• (87) Always case sensitive
• (88) faster than isEqual
• (89) the string is represented on the stack as (addr len)
• (90) in Lua >= 5.0
• (91) in C++, is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
• (92) ESI dialect
• (93) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
• (94) Smalltalk: postfix operator
• (95) in Modula-2, "&" and "and" are synonyms
• (96) in Oz, simple functions, not operators
• (97) new in PHP 5.4
• (98) restricted to initialisation of a local variable in C and C++
• (99) a b c must be constants
• (100) beware, if you give only one integer argument, it is the size!
• (101) for write access: a i o put
• (102) in C++, it is range-checked whereas a[i] is not. in Smalltalk, for write access: a :at i :put o
• (103) see also Head
• (104) list comprehension
• (105) not in standard
• (106) in C++, it is done in place
• (107) in Scheme, not standard, but nearly standard
• (108) the result is not guaranteed to be the same as the order in the input
• (109) in Perl, in List::Util
• (110) Borland extension in Pascal
• (111) prefix
• (112) postfix
• (113) infix
• (114) optional value is only for pointers
• (115) only for "access" types in Ada
• (116) introduced in Perl 5.10
• (117) attribute selector
• (118) Java: introduced in 1.5
• (119) n1, n2, ...
• (120) returns an iterator
• (121) right-bias
• (122) left-bias
• (123) jot on BSD
• (124) long is a big integer
• (125) fixed point
• (126) 0b1 new in PHP 5.4
• (127) integers are decimals
• (128) with mathematical priorities
• (129) APL uses a real multiplication sign for multiplication from a special character set
• (130) for each various types
• (131) from instances of Ada.Numerics.Float_Random or Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random
• (132) "math/rand" is pseudo random whereas "crypto/rand" is cryptographically random
• (133) only applies to "math/rand"
• (134) Ruby >= 1.7
• (135) method on big.Int
• (136) replace Float with whatever type you are using
• (137) in module Data.Bits
• (138) see also bit-and / bit-or / bit-xor
• (139) see also bit-not
• (140) equivalent to newProcess + resume
• (141) "stop" is now deprecated
• (142) a thread is created from a block, which is a closure on the variables as seen by the block

Similar Pages

• Belorussian translation of this page
• Comparison of programming languages syntax
• Comments and Literals in programming languages
• The Surface of Programming Languages
• Delphi, VisualBasic, C++, Java
• SML, OCaml
• Java, C++, Smalltalk
• Java, C#
• Java, C#
• Ruby, Java, Perl
• Python, Perl
• Python, Lisp
• PL/I, C
• Perl, PHP
• EmacsLisp, Perl
• Smalltalk, Lisp
• Tasks in many languages

References

• BCPL
• Eiffel
• SQL

Credits

• Yoann 'Pad' Padioleau (Haskell additions, Beta, various fixes)
• Jakub Travnik (Pascal, Delphi-Kylix)
• Robert Feldt (Ruby additions)
• Pascal Terjan (PHP)
• Carlos 'angus' (PostScript)
• Axel Kittenberger (various)
• Guido van Rossum (block vs scoping)
• Jeffrey Hobbs (Tcl)
• Mark-Jason Dominus (SML, various)
• Ash Searle (Java, PHP, JavaScript)
• Mark S. Miller (E)
• Pete Jinks (various)
• Steve Tolkin (various)
• Franck Arnaud (Eiffel)
• Tom Murphy (SML)
• Guy Steele (Fortran, and many various)
• Carl Gay (Dylan, CommonLisp)
• Jay [email protected] (Lua)
• Philippe Lhoste (Lua, JavaScript)
• Jim Rogers (Ada, Java, Threads section)
• Ketil Z. Malde (Haskell)
• Mark Carroll (Modula-3)
• Keith Wansbrough (Haskell and a few SML)
• Remi Vanicat (OCaml)
• Matthieu Villeneuve (CommonLisp)
• Joachim Durchholz (Eiffel)
• Walter Vannini (C, "breaking lines" idea)
• Peter Lewerin (Tcl)
• Patrice Ossona de Mendez (Pliant)
• Bert Freudenberg (Smalltalk & Squeak additions corrections)
• Dennis Haney (Perl, C#)
• Fergus Henderson (Mercury)
• Ralph Becket (Mercury)
• Bill Thornton (Java)
• Nik Crabtree (C#)
• Neal Holtz (Python)
• Donald Chai (Python)
• Fred Spiessens (Oz)
• Martin Nilsson (Pike)
• Theodore Eastman (VisualBasic)
• George Herson (Eiffel)
• Lee Denison (Tcl)
• Anton Rolls (Rebol)
• Pedro (Lua)
• Nathan Sharfi (C99, C#, C++)
• Dirk Gerrits (Common Lisp, Scheme, Emacs Lisp)
• Tabitha Arrowny (Ruby, Python, Perl, ...)
• Péter Varga (BourneShell, Common Lisp, ...)
• Ian Henderson (Objective C)
• Anthony Borla (Classic REXX, Prolog, Logo)
• Paul McJones (Modula-3 fixes)
• Uwe Kolb (Smalltalk fixes)
• Ciaran McNulty (PHP)
• David B. Nagle (Yorick)
• Michael Schaufelberger (Eiffel)
• Samuel Charron (Erlang)
• Kyle Ross (OCaml)
• Damien Krotkine (Ruby)
• Guillaume Cottenceau (Java)
• David.Whitten (MUMPS)
• Phil Howard (various)
• Andrzej Zawadzki (Ruby)
• Stuart Brady (VisualBasic)
• Joris Gillis (Maple)
• Garrett Wollman (Ruby, BourneShell, C...)
• Claus Gittinger (Smalltalk)
• Bobby 'nneonneo' Xiao (Python)
• Michael Schlenker (Tcl)
• Alex Vondrak (Python)
• Daniel Laberge (Pascal)
• Daniel Wagner (Haskell)
• Bob Bane (Common Lisp)
• Alan Hogan (Java)
• Steve Davison (C)
• Konstantin Yegupov (PHP, Python...)
• Noé Rubinstein (Io, CoffeeScript)
• Florentin Millour (Yorick)
• Axel Liljencrantz (FishShell)
• Sanghyeon Seo (Lua)
• Szabolcs Horvát (Mathematica)
• Laurent Le Brun (F#, GNU-sed)
• Julien Hall (Smalltalk)
• Ian Osgood (Forth)
• Dmitry A. Kazakov (Ada)
• Peter Hermann (Ada)
• Ian Jackson (Tcl, Perl, C, Assembler...)
• Steve Breese
• Nils M Holm (Scheme, ...)
• Stas Malyshev (PHP5)
• Adam Woodbeck (Go)

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Pixel

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