GeezerVison

Other useful links and resources

Projects using VAST/VON

• Network Game Simulator (NGS)
• The Overlay Simulation Framework (OverSim)
• ASCEND
• Plug
• Thoth (a refactored Java VON)

classification descriptions

Scheme	Neighbor discovery	Connectivity	Partitioning	AOI type	Latency	Other supports
Update-free Regions	server introduction	all	none	aura	1-hop
Solipsis	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop
P2P Message Exchange	list exchange	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop
Federated P2P	server notification	server	static	focus	2-hop
SimMud	DHT query supernode notification	supernode	static (rectangle)	focus	2 to many	state management event ordering
Real Tournament	supernode notification	supernode	dynamic (split)	aura	1-hop	mobile network state management
Frontier Sets	server introduction	all	none	focus	1-hop
VON	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop	Voronoi-based
Zone Federation	supernode notification DHT query	supernode	static	focus	1-hop
OPeN	DHT query	tree (octree) AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop	spatial object query
Time Prisoner	server introduction	AOI neighbors	AOI	aura	1-hop
HYMS	supernode notification server notification	supernode/server	dynamic (kd-tree)	focus	2 hops	fault tolerance cheat prevention real MMOG trace/analysis
Delaunay-VCS	peer notification	nearest neighbor	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Delaunay-based
Message Interchange Protocol	list exchange	AOI neighbors quadrant neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop
MOPAR	DHT query list exchange	supernode AOI neighbors	static (hexagon)	focus	1-hop
N-Trees	supernode notification	tree (quad/octree)	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	1-hop
DEDM	supernode notification	supernode tree (k-ary)	static	focus	2 to many	event ordering load balancing tree, ns2 simulation
APOLO	peer notification overlay multicast	quadrant neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many
Colyseus	(ranged) DHT query	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop	state management event ordering
COVER	peer notification supernode notification	tree (quadtree)	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	1 to 2 hops
RAP	supernode notification	supernode AOI neighbors	static	focus	1 hop	triad supernode fault tolerance cheat prevention
Relay Node	server notification	server supernode	AOI	focus	2 to 3 hops
P2P- Infrastructure	server notification	server	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	2
Peer Clustering	supernode notification	supernode	static (hexagon)	focus	2 hops	supernode-based fault tolerance and cheat prevention
DSID	supernode notification	tree (2~8 children)	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	2 to many
Pastry-based MMOG	DHT query supernode notification	supernode	static	focus	2 to many	persistent storage supernode-based cheat prevention
Peers@Play	supernode notification	supernode AOI neighbors	N/A	focus	1 to 2 hops	dynamic clustering
DN Clustering	peer notification	nearest neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Delaunay-based dynamic clustering
Mediator	DHT query supernode notification	supernode AOI neighbors	dynamic	focus	1-hop	supernode selection & match-making
Hydra	server introduction	server	static	focus	2-hop	fault tolerance API design
DS2M	peer notification	mesh server	static	N/A	1 to many	degree-constrain minimum-cost graph
Nomad	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1-hop	Voronoi-based
VON Forwarding	peer notification overlay multicast	nearest neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Voronoi-based asymmetric AOI
QuadCast	server introduction peer notification	quadrant neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	AOI voice chat
Voronoi Data Management	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 hop	Voronoi-based state management
VSM	peer notification supernode notification	AOI neighbors supernode	dynamic (Voronoi)	focus	2 to 3 hops	Voronoi-based state management dynamic clustering fault tolerance
Solipsis (2)	supernode notification	AOI neighbors supernode	dynamic (Voronoi)	focus	2 to 3 hops	Voronoi-based state management
HyperVerse	server notification	AOI neighbors server	dynamic	focus	2 hops	state management
VoroCast	peer notification overlay multicast	nearest neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Voronoi-based non-redundant forwarding
Donnybrook	server introduction	all	none	aura	1 to 2 hops	state management variable update frequency
pSense	peer notification overlay multicast	AOI neighbors quadrant neighbors	AOI	focus	mostly 1 (depend on density)	bandwidth limited probabilistic update
Voronoi AOI-cast	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Voronoi-based direct and forwarding hybrid
VoroGame	peer notification	AOI neighbors tree	AOI	nimbus	1 hop	Voronoi-based dual overlay state management
QuON	peer notification	quadrant neighbors AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1 hop
P2P Second Life	DHT query	tree	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	1 to many	KAD-based persistent storage fault tolerance
Area of Propagation	server introduction	server AOI neighbors	AOI	nimbus	1 to 2	concept of AOI/AOE hybrid update propagation
PBT	DHT query + overlay multicast	tree	dynamic (split-merge)	focus	1 to many	grid + binary space partitioning dynamic load balancing
DAM	overlay multicast	nearest neighbor	AOI	nimbus	1 to many	Delaunay-based real experiment
Blue Banana	peer notification	AOI neighbors	AOI	focus	1 hop	Solipsis-based movement prediction
VN-Cloud	DHT query	server, mesh	AOI	focus	1 to many	cloud resource virtual nodes

 

ClassificationDescription Neighbor discovery the method a peer learns of relevant neighbors to interact with, including these types: server introduction: the server knows all nodes, and tells a newly joined node all neighbors. server notification: the server maintains all nodes, notifies a peer of its AOI neighbors. supernode notification: selected peers with knowledge of entire region notify other regular peers. peer notification: peers mutually notify each other of new AOI neighbors. list exchange: peers exchange the neighbor list they maintain to discover new AOI neighbors. DHT query: peers form a DHT overlay, and search for relevant neighbors or supernodes for new AOI neighbors. overlay multicast: peers multicast their positions regularly to allow other nodes learn of their positions. Connectivity which other nodes does a single node connects within the P2P environment, including these types: server: each peer connects only to the server (a provisioned machine). all: each peer maintains contacts with all other nodes in the world. supernode: each peer connects to certain selected peers. AOI neighbors: each peer connects to all other nodes within the AOI. nearest neighbors: each peer connects to its nearest 1-hop neighbors (according to Voronoi/Delaunay mapping) quadrant neighbors: each peer connects with one neighbor within each of the four quadrants. tree: each peer connects to a parent node and several children nodes. mesh: each peer connects to a few nearby nodes to ensure a connected mesh Partitioning whether the entire virtual world is partitioned into various regions, including the following types: none: there's no partitioning. AOI: no explicit partitioning exists, but each node generally interacts only with their AOI neighbors. static: world is partitioned beforehand, and the partitions cannot changed during run-time. dynamic: the partitioning occurs dynamically according to loading or node density. AOI type definition of area of interest (AOI) used, including the following types: aura: sphere of interaction, if two aura intersect then interaction is mutual focus: sphere of reception (subscriber-like), the AOI indicates an area where all events within should be received nimbus: sphere of influence (publisher-like), the AOI indicates an area the node or event may affect Latencynumber of end-to-end hops to send an update message to a visible neighbor Other supportsany other functionalties supported by the scheme beyond basic P2P topology maintenance and neighbor discovery

ApproachPublications Enhanced Point-to-point (fully-distributed) Update-Free Regions (UFR) Y. Makbily, C. Gotsman and R. Bar-Yehuda, "Geometric algorithms for message filtering in decentralized virtual environments," in Proc. of the 1999 Symp. on Interactive 3D graphics (SI3D), 1999, pp. 39 - 46. A. Goldin and C. Gotsman, "Geometric Message-Filtering Protocols for Distributed Multiagent Environments," Presence, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 279 - 295, Jun. 2004. Frontier Sets A. Steed and C. Angus, "Frontier Sets: A Partitioning Scheme to Enable Scalable Virtual Environments," M. Alexa and E. Galin, EUROGRAPHICS 2004, Short Presentations and Interactive Demos Grenoble, France, 2004 A. Steed and C. Angus, "Supporting Scalable Peer to Peer Virtual Environments using Frontier Sets," IEEE Virtual Reality 2005 (VR2005), Bonn, Germany, March 2005. Anthony Steed and Bingshu Zhu, "An Implementation of a First-Person Game on a Hybrid Network," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 24-28. Donnybrook Ashwin Bharambe, John R. Douceur, Jacob R. Lorch, Thomas Moscibroda, Jeffrey Pang, Srinivasan Seshan, Xinyu Zhuang, "Donnybrook: Enabling Large-Scale, High-Speed, Peer-to-Peer Games," in Proc. SIGCOMM, Aug. 2008. Mutual Notification (fully-distributed) Solipsis J. Keller and G. Simon, "Towards a peer-to-peer shared virtual reality," in Proc. 22nd Int. Conf. Distributed Computing Systems (Workshops), Vienna, Austria, Jul. 2002. pp. 695-700. J. Keller and G. Simon, "Solipsis: A massively multi-participant virtual world," in Proc. Int. Conf. Parallel and Distributed Techniques and Applications (PDPTA 03), Las Vegas, NV, 2003, pp. 262-268. Voronoi-based Overlay Network (VON) S. Y. Hu and G. M. Liao, "Scalable Peer-to-Peer Networked Virtual Environment," in Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2004 workshops on NetGames, Aug. 2004, pp. 129-133. S. Y. Hu, J. F. Chen and T. H. Chen, "VON: A Scalable Peer-to-Peer Network for Virtual Environments," IEEE Network, vol. 20, no. 4, Jul./Aug. 2006, pp. 22-31 Helge Backhaus and Stephan Krause, "Voronoi-based Adaptive Scalable Transfer revisited: Gain and Loss of a Voronoi-based Peer-to-Peer Approach for MMOG," in Proc. NetGames, Sept. 2007, pp. 49-54. Stephan Krause, "A case for mutual notification: a survey of P2P protocols for massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games (NetGames 2008), Oct. 2008. Nomad Laura Ricci and Andrea Salvadori, "Nomad: Virtual Environments on P2P Voronoi Overlays," LNCS, vol. 4806 (First International Workshop on Peer to Peer Networks, PPN 2007), Nov. 2007, pp. 911-920 Voronoi Data Management Eliya Buyukkaya and Maha Abdallah, "Data Management in Voronoi-based P2P Gaming", in Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Digital Entertainment, Networked Virtual Environments, and Creative Technology (CCNC 2008), Jan. 2008. pSense Arne Schmieg, Michael Stieler, Sebastian Jeckel, Patric Kabus, Bettina Kemme, and Alejandro Buchmann, "pSense - Maintaining a dynamic localized peer-to-peer structure for position based multicast in games", in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P'08), Sept. 2008. VoroGame Eliya Buyukkaya, Maha Abdallah, and Romain Cavagna, "VoroGame: A Hybrid P2P Architecture for Massively Multiplayer Games", in Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference Special Session on Digital Entertainment, Networked Virtual Environment and Creative Technology (CCNC SS DENVECT), Jan. 2009. QuON Helge Backhaus and Stephan Krause, "QuON - a Quad-Tree Based Overlay Protocol for Distributed Virtual Worlds", in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009. Blue Banana (based on Solipsis) Sergey Legtchenko, Sebastien Monnet, and Gael Thomas, "Blue Banana: resilience to avatar mobility in distributed MMOGs," in Proc. The 40th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2010), July 2010. Neighbor-list Exchange (fully-distributed) P2P Message Exchange Y. Kawahara, H. Morikawa, and T. Aoyama, "A Peer-to-Peer Message Exchange Scheme for Large Scale Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. of 8th IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications Systems (ICCS 2002), November 2002. Y. Kawahara, T. Aoyama, and H. Morikawa, "A peer-to-peer message exchange scheme for large-scale networked virtual environments," Telecommunication Systems, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 353-370, 2004. (with DHT) N. Matsumoto, Y. Kawahara, H. Morikawa, and T. Aoyama, "A scalable and low delay communication scheme for networked virtual environments," in Proc. IEEE GlobeCom Workshops of Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2004), Dec. 2004, pp. 529-535. Message Interchange Protocol J.F. Chen, W.C. Lin, H.S. Bai, and S.Y. Dai, "A Message Interchange Protocol Based on Routing Information Protocol in a Virtual World," in Proc. of 19th Int. Conf. on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA 2005), pp 377-384 Zone-based coordinators (super-nodes) SimMud B. Knutsson, H. Lu, W. Xu, and B. Hopkins, "Peer-to-peer support for massively multiplayer games," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM, Mar. 2004, pp. 96-107. Zoned Federation T. Iimura, H. Hazeyama, and Y. Kadobayashi, "Zoned federation of game servers: a peer-to-peer approach to scalable multi-player online games," in Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2004 workshops on NetGames '04, Aug. 2004, pp. 116-120. OPeN E. Tanin, A. Harwood, H. Samet, S. Nutanong, and M. Truong, "A serverless 3D world," in Proc. of the Symp. on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (ACM GIS), Nov. 2004, pp. 157-165. E. Tanin, D. Nayar, and H. Samet, "An Efficient Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for P2P Settings," in Proc. of the National Conf. on Digital Government Research, 2005, pp. 21-28. S. Douglas, E. Tanin, A. Harwood, and S. Karunasekera, "Enabling Massively Multi-Player Online Gaming Applications on a P2P Architecture," in Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Information and Automation, Dec. 2005, pp. 7-12. E. Tanin, A. Harwood, H. Samet, D. Nayar, and S. Nutanong, "Building and querying a P2P virtual world," Geoinformatica, 10(1):91-116, 2006. E. Tanin, A. Harwood, and H. Samet, "Using a Distributed Quadtree Index in Peer-to-Peer Networks," VLDB Journal, 16(2), pp. 165-178, 2007. N-Trees C. GauthierDickey, V. Lo, and D. Zappala, "Using n-trees for scalable event ordering in peer-to-peer games," in Proc. int'l. workshop on Network and operating systems support for digital audio and video (NOSSDAV '05), Jun. 2005, pp. 87-92. Distributed Event Delivery Method S. Yamamoto, Y. Murata, K. Yasumoto and M. Ito, "A distributed event delivery method with load balancing for MMORPG," in Proc. 4th ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games (NetGames), Oct. 2005, pp. 1-8. COVER (with mutual notification) P. Morillo, W. Moncho, J.M. Orduna and J. Duato, "Providing Full Awareness to Distributed Virtual Environments Based on Peer-To-Peer Architectures," Springer LNCS, vol. 4035 (CGI'06), Jun. 2006, pp. 336-347. S. Rueda, P. Morillo and J. M. Orduna, "A comparative study of awareness methods for peer-to-peer distributed virtual environments," Comp. Anim. Virtual Worlds, vol. 19, pp. 537¡V552, 2008. RAP Ken Endo, Yang Yang, and Zhunping Zhang, "RAP: Reliable Peer to Peer Network Gaming Environment using Overlapped Map Tessellation," Technical Report (MIT Course Project 6.824), 2006. Peer Clustering Alvin Chen and Richard R. Muntz, "Peer Clustering: A Hybrid Approach to Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006. DSID H.-H. Lee and C.-H. Sun, "Load-balancing for Peer-to-peer Networked Virtual Environment," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006. PastryMMOG Thorsten Hampel, Thomas Bopp, and Robert Hinn, "A Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Massive Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. Netgames, Oct. 2006. Peers@Play Gregor Schiele, Richard Suselbeck, Arno Wacker, Joerg Haehner, Christian Becker, and Torben Weis, "Requirements of Peer-to-Peer-based Massively Multiplayer Online Gaming," in Proc. CCGRID 2007, May 2007. Gregor Schiele, Richard Suselbeck, Arno Wacker, Tonio Triebel, and Christian Becker, "Consistency Management for Peer-to-Peer-based Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 14--18. VSM Shun-Yun Hu, Shao-Chen Chang, and Jehn-Ruey Jiang, "Voronoi State Management for Peer-to-Peer Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 4th IEEE Intl. Workshop on Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2008), Jan. 2008. Solipsis 2 D. Frey, J. Royan, R. Piegay, A.-M. Kermarrec, E. Anceaume, and F. Le Fessant, "Solipsis: A Decentralized Architecture for Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 29--33. P2P Second Life Matteo Varvello, Christophe Diot, and Ernst Biersack, "P2P Second Life: experimental validation using Kad," in Proc. INFOCOM, Apr. 2009. Overlay Multicast (fully-distributed) Delaunay-VCS Masaaki Ohnishi, Ryo Nishide, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Incremental Construction of Delaunay Overlaid Network for Virtual Collaborative Space," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2005, pp. 75- 82 Hiroaki Kato, Takayuki Eguchi, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Autonomous Generation of Spherical P2P Delaunay Network for Global Internet Applications," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2006, pp. 184 - 191 Masaaki Ohnishi, Shinji Tsuboi, Masao Hirayama, Takayuki Eguchi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Distributive generation algorithm of long range contact for remote spatial-data access on p2p delaunay netowork," in Proc. C5, Jan. 2007, pp. 145--152. Shinji Tsuboi, Tomoteru Oku, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Generating Skip Delaunay Network for P2P Geocasting," in Proc. Creating, Connecting and Collaborating through Computing (C5 '08), Jan. 2008. Ryo Nishide, Dai Ito, Masaaki Ohnishi, and Shinichi Ueshima, "Data Aggregation Method for View Range Computation on P2P-based VCS," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 19--23. APOLO J. Lee, H. Lee, S. Ihm, T. Gim, and J. Song, "APOLO: Ad-hoc Peer-to-Peer Overlay Network for Massively Multi-player Online Games," KAIST Technical Report, CS-TR-2005-248, Dec. 2005. DN Clustering Matteo Varvello, Ernst Biersack, and Christophe Diot, "Dynamic Clustering in Delaunay-Based P2P Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. NetGames, Sept. 2007, pp. 105-110. VON Forwarding Jui-Fa Chen, Wei-Chuan Lin, Tsu-Han Chen, and Shun-Yun Hu, "A Forwarding Model for Voronoi-based Overlay Network," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007. QuadCast Jehn-Ruey Jiang and Hung-Shiang Chen, "Peer-to-Peer AOI Voice Chatting for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007. VoroCast Jehn-Ruey Jiang, Yu-Li Huang, and Shun-Yun Hu, "Scalable AOI-Cast for Peer-to-Peer Networked Virtual Environments," in Proc. 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW) Cooperative Distributed Systems (CDS), Jun. 2008. Voronoi AOI-cast Luca Genovali and Laura Ricci, "AOI-Cast Strategies for P2P Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 6th Annual IEEE Concumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Networked Interactive Multimedia Entertainement (NIME) Workshop, Jan. 2009. Distributed Avatar Management Matteo Varvello, Stefano Ferrari, Ernst Biersack, Christophe Diot, "Distributed Avatar Management for Second Life," in Proc. 8th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2009), Nov. 2009. Client-server Hybrid Federated Peer-to-peer D. Bauer and S. Rooney, "The Performance of Software Multicast-Reflector Implementations for Multi-Player Online Games," in Proc. of the Fifth Int. Workshop on Networked Group Communications (NGC'03), Munich, Germany, 2003 S. Rooney, D. Bauer, and R. Deydier, "A federated peer-to-peer network game architecture," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 114 - 122, 2004. Time Prisoner (JXTA and Java) M. Merabti and A. El Rhalibi, "Peer-to-peer architecture and protocol for a massively multiplayer online game," in Proc. IEEE GlobeCom Workshops of Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2004), Dec. 2004, pp. 519-528. A. El Rhalibi and M. Merabti, "Agents-based modeling for a peer-to-peer MMOG architecture," Computers in Entertainment (CIE), vol. 3, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 1 - 19. A. El Rhalibi and M. Merabti, "Interest management and scalability issues in P2P MMOG," in Proc. IEEE CCNC 2006 International Workshop on Networking Issues in Multimedia Entertainment (NIME 2006), Jan. 2006, vol. 2, pp. 1188 - 1192 HYMS Kyungchul Kim, Ikjun Yeom and Joonwon Lee, "HYMS: A Hybrid MMOG Server Architecture," IEICE Transactions on information and Systems, vol.E87-D, no.12, pp.2706-2713, Dec. 2004. Colyseus A. Bharambe, J. Pang and S. Seshan, "Colyseus: A Distributed Architecture for Multiplayer Games," in Proc. ACM/USENIX NSDI, May 2006. RelayNode Shin Ito, Hajime Sogawa, Hiroki Saito, and Yoshito Tobe, "A Propagation of Virtual Space Information Using a Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Massively Multi-Player Online Games," in Proc. IEEE MNSA, July 2006. Hydra Luther Chan, James Yong, Jiaqiang Bai, Ben Leong, and Raymond Tan, "Hydra - A Massively-Multiplayer Peer-to-Peer Architecture for the Game Developer,", in Proc. Netgames 2007, Sept. 2007, pp. 37-42. DS2M Dewan Tanvir Ahmed, Shervin Shirmohammadi, and Jauvane C. de Oliveira, "State Management in Large Scale Group Communication,", in Proc. IEEE Int. Conference on Signal Processing and Communication, Nov. 2007. HyperVerse Jean Botev, Alexander Hohfeld, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, and Markus Esch, "The HyperVerse - Concepts for a Federated and Torrent-Based '3D Web'," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 34--39. Markus Esch, Jean Botev, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, "GP3 - A Distributed Grid-based Spatial Index Infrastructure for Massive Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 14th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2008) workshop (P2PNVE 2008), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, December 2008. Area of Propagation Richard Sueselbeck, Gregor Schiele, Sebastian Seitz, and Christian Becker, "Adaptive Update Propagation for Low-Latency Massively Multi-User Virtual Environments," in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2009), San Francisco, USA, August 2009. P2P Hybrid (super-nodes) MOPAR A. Yu and S. T. Vuong, "MOPAR: a mobile peer-to-peer overlay architecture for interest management of massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. of Int. Workshop. on Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 2005), Washington, USA, 2005, pp. 99-104. Mediator Lu Fan, Hamish Taylor, and Phil Trinder, "Mediator: A Design Framework for P2P MMOGs," in Proc. 6th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (Netgames 2007), Melbourne, Australia, Sept. 2007, pp. 43-48. Lu Fan, Hamish Taylor, and Phil Trinder, "Deadline-Driven Auctions for NPC Host Allocation in P2P MMOGs," in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009. Prediction Binary Tree Gennaro Cordasco, Rosario De Chiara, Ugo Erra, and Vittorio Scarano, "Some Considerations on the Design of a P2P Infrastructure for Massive Simulations," in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunication (ICUMT 2009) P2P-DVE special session, St.-Petersburg, Russia, Oct. 2009. Cloud Hybrid VN-Cloud Emanuele Carlini, Massimo Coppola, and Laura Ricci, "Integration of P2P and Clouds to Support Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. The 9th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2010, MMVE session), Nov. 2010. Mobile P2P Real Tournament D. J. McCaffery and J. Finney, "The need for real time consistency management in P2P mobile gaming environments," in Proc. 2004 ACM SIGCHI Int'l. Conf. on Advances in computer entertainment technology (ACE 2004), Jun. 2004, pp. 203-211 Server-cluster P2P P2P-Infrastructure S. Rieche, M. Fouquet, H. Niedermayer, L. Petrak, K. Wehrle, and G. Carle, "Peer-to-Peer-based Infrastructure Support for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," Technical Report, WSI-2006-04, Wilhelm-Schickard-Institute for Computer Science, University of Tubingen, Aug. 2006. S. Rieche, K. Wehrle, M. Fouquet, H. Niedermayer, L. Petrak, and G. Carle, "Peer-to-Peer-based Infrastructure Support for Massively Multiplayer Online Games," in Proc. 4th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2007), Jan. 2007. Simon Rieche, Klaus Wehrle, Marc Fouquet, Heiko Niedermayer, Timo Teifel, and Georg Carle, "Clustering Players for Load Balancing in Virtual Worlds," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 9--13 Simulators Pigeon Zhizhi Zhou, Hao Wang, Jin Zhou, Li Tang, Kai Li, Weibo Zheng, and Meiqi Fang, "Pigeon: a framework for testing peer-to-peer massively multiplayer online games over heterogeneous network," in Proc. 3rd IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2006), Jan. 2006, pp. 1028- 1032 NGS S. Webb, W. Lau, and S Soh, "NGS: An application layer network game simulator," in Proc. Joint International Conference on CyberGames and Interactive Entertainment (CGIE2006), Dec. 2006. OverSim Ingmar Baumgart, Bernhard Heep, and Stephan Krause, "OverSim: A Flexible Overlay Network Simulation Framework," in Proc. IEEE Global Internet Symposium (GI '07), May 2007 P2P DVE Platform Silvia Rueda, Pedro Morillo, and Juan Manuel Orduna, "A Peer-To-Peer Platform for Simulating Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007. Adam Jan Sablatnig, Jiehua Chen, Ruedi Seiler, Sven Grottke, Andreas Kopke, and Adam Wolisz, "Adam -- A Testbed for Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. The 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW 2008) , June 2008. HyperVerse Jean Botev, Markus Esch, Hermann Schloss, Ingo Scholtes, and Peter Sturm, "HyperVerse - Simulation and Testbed Reconciled," in Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE'09), Mar. 2009. Other Topics Reputation Guan-Yu Huang, Shun-Yun Hu, and Jehn-Ruey Jiang, "Scalable Reputation Management for P2P MMOGs," in in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 3--8. Security Arno Wacker, Gregor Schiele, Sebastian Schuster, and Torben Weis, "Towards an Authentication Service for Peer-to-Peer based Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments," in Proc. 1st International Workshop on Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (MMVE), Mar. 2008, pp. 40-45. Comparisons Silvia Rueda, Pedro Morillo, and Juan Manuel Orduna, "A Peer-To-Peer Platform for Simulating Distributed Virtual Environments," in Proc. 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS 2007) workshop P2P-NVE 2007, Dec. 2007. Stephan Krause, "A case for mutual notification: a survey of P2P protocols for massively multiplayer online games," in Proc. 7th ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Network and System Support for Games (NetGames 2008), Oct. 2008. John L. Miller and Jon Crowcroft, "The Near-Term Feasibility of P2P MMOG's," in Proc. The 9th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games (NetGames 2010), Nov. 2010.

Further Readings

• Bibliography of Network Games Research (maintanied by Sheng-Wei (Kuan-Ta) Chen)
• Mingyu Lim's Reading List
• Massively Multiplayer Game Resources
• Interest Management Research Repository (maintained by Robert Minson)

• Solipsis (France Telecom R&D, France) (original site)
• OPeN (Univ. of Melbourne, Australia)
• Colyseus (CMU, USA)
• HYDRA (National Univ. of Singapore, Singapore)
• peers@play (Univ. of Mannheim, Duisburg-Essen, and Hannover, Germany)
• WideReality
• HyperVerse (Univ. Trier, Germany)
• DVRMedia2 (Univ. of Guadalajara, Mexico)

• Twinverse
• Scalify's Badumna (used by VastPark)
• ludiloom

• The Croquet Project (Viewpoints Research Institute)
• Virtual Object System (VOS)
• VastPark
• Metaplace Platform (Areae)

• ActiveWorlds
• Second Life (Linden Lab)
• There.com
• Moove Online
• Hipihi
• Entropia Universe
• Others

• BigWorld Technology
• Multiverse
• OLIVE (Forterra System)
• NeL
• HeroEngine
• OpenSkies
• Eterna (Quazal)
• Emergent Game Tech (previously Butterfly.net)

• Voronoi Diagrams & Delaunay Triangulation (brief intro to Voronoi diagrams)
• VoroGlide (A useful java applet to play around with Voronoi diagrams)
• HyperCast (Application-Layer Multicast with Delaunay Triangulations)
• 3D Voronoi (paper titled: "Distributed Dynamic Delaunay Triangulations in d-Dimensional Spaces")

• Solipsis on TerraNova
• Solipsis on Slashdot
• New P2P technology (Outback Online) (GameDev)
• Why everyone develop MMORPG in client/server mode? (GameDev)
• Peer-to-Peer Virtual Worlds (MIT Technology Review)