Yields the underlying OsStr slice.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let os_str = Path::new("foo.txt").as_os_str();
assert_eq!(os_str, std::ffi::OsStr::new("foo.txt"));

Yields a mutable reference to the underlying OsStr slice.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let mut path = PathBuf::from("Foo.TXT");

assert_ne!(path, Path::new("foo.txt"));

path.as_mut_os_str().make_ascii_lowercase();
assert_eq!(path, Path::new("foo.txt"));

Yields a &str slice if the Path is valid unicode.

This conversion may entail doing a check for UTF-8 validity. Note that validation is performed because non-UTF-8 strings are perfectly valid for some OS.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo.txt");
assert_eq!(path.to_str(), Some("foo.txt"));

Converts a Path to a Cow<str>.

Any non-UTF-8 sequences are replaced with U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.

§Examples

Calling to_string_lossy on a Path with valid unicode:

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo.txt");
assert_eq!(path.to_string_lossy(), "foo.txt");

Had path contained invalid unicode, the to_string_lossy call might have returned "fo�.txt".

Converts a Path to an owned PathBuf.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let path_buf = Path::new("foo.txt").to_path_buf();
assert_eq!(path_buf, PathBuf::from("foo.txt"));

Returns true if the Path is absolute, i.e., if it is independent of the current directory.

• On Unix, a path is absolute if it starts with the root, so is_absolute and has_root are equivalent.

• On Windows, a path is absolute if it has a prefix and starts with the root: c:\windows is absolute, while c:temp and \temp are not.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert!(!Path::new("foo.txt").is_absolute());

Returns true if the Path is relative, i.e., not absolute.

See is_absolute’s documentation for more details.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert!(Path::new("foo.txt").is_relative());

Returns true if the Path has a root.

• On Unix, a path has a root if it begins with /.

• On Windows, a path has a root if it:

  • has no prefix and begins with a separator, e.g., \windows
  • has a prefix followed by a separator, e.g., c:\windows but not c:windows
  • has any non-disk prefix, e.g., \\server\share

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert!(Path::new("/etc/passwd").has_root());

Returns the Path without its final component, if there is one.

This means it returns Some("") for relative paths with one component.

Returns None if the path terminates in a root or prefix, or if it’s the empty string.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/foo/bar");
let parent = path.parent().unwrap();
assert_eq!(parent, Path::new("/foo"));

let grand_parent = parent.parent().unwrap();
assert_eq!(grand_parent, Path::new("/"));
assert_eq!(grand_parent.parent(), None);

let relative_path = Path::new("foo/bar");
let parent = relative_path.parent();
assert_eq!(parent, Some(Path::new("foo")));
let grand_parent = parent.and_then(Path::parent);
assert_eq!(grand_parent, Some(Path::new("")));
let great_grand_parent = grand_parent.and_then(Path::parent);
assert_eq!(great_grand_parent, None);

Produces an iterator over Path and its ancestors.

The iterator will yield the Path that is returned if the parent method is used zero or more times. If the parent method returns None, the iterator will do likewise. The iterator will always yield at least one value, namely Some(&self). Next it will yield &self.parent(), &self.parent().and_then(Path::parent) and so on.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let mut ancestors = Path::new("/foo/bar").ancestors();
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/foo/bar")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/foo")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("/")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), None);

let mut ancestors = Path::new("../foo/bar").ancestors();
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("../foo/bar")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("../foo")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("..")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), Some(Path::new("")));
assert_eq!(ancestors.next(), None);

Returns the final component of the Path, if there is one.

If the path is a normal file, this is the file name. If it’s the path of a directory, this is the directory name.

Returns None if the path terminates in ...

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
use std::ffi::OsStr;

assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("bin")), Path::new("/usr/bin/").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("tmp/foo.txt").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("foo.txt/.").file_name());
assert_eq!(Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")), Path::new("foo.txt/.//").file_name());
assert_eq!(None, Path::new("foo.txt/..").file_name());
assert_eq!(None, Path::new("/").file_name());

Returns a path that, when joined onto base, yields self.

§Errors

If base is not a prefix of self (i.e., starts_with returns false), returns Err.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let path = Path::new("/test/haha/foo.txt");

assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/"), Ok(Path::new("test/haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test"), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/"), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt"), Ok(Path::new("")));
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt/"), Ok(Path::new("")));

assert!(path.strip_prefix("test").is_err());
assert!(path.strip_prefix("/te").is_err());
assert!(path.strip_prefix("/haha").is_err());

let prefix = PathBuf::from("/test/");
assert_eq!(path.strip_prefix(prefix), Ok(Path::new("haha/foo.txt")));

Returns a path with the optional prefix removed.

If base is not a prefix of self (i.e., starts_with returns false), returns the original path (self)

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/test/haha/foo.txt");

// Prefix present - remove it
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/"), Path::new("test/haha/foo.txt"));
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/test"), Path::new("haha/foo.txt"));
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/test/"), Path::new("haha/foo.txt"));
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt"), Path::new(""));
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/test/haha/foo.txt/"), Path::new(""));

// Prefix absent - return original
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("test"), path);
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/te"), path);
assert_eq!(path.trim_prefix("/haha"), path);

Determines whether base is a prefix of self.

Only considers whole path components to match.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/etc/passwd");

assert!(path.starts_with("/etc"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd"));
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd/")); // extra slash is okay
assert!(path.starts_with("/etc/passwd///")); // multiple extra slashes are okay

assert!(!path.starts_with("/e"));
assert!(!path.starts_with("/etc/passwd.txt"));

assert!(!Path::new("/etc/foo.rs").starts_with("/etc/foo"));

Determines whether child is a suffix of self.

Only considers whole path components to match.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/etc/resolv.conf");

assert!(path.ends_with("resolv.conf"));
assert!(path.ends_with("etc/resolv.conf"));
assert!(path.ends_with("/etc/resolv.conf"));

assert!(!path.ends_with("/resolv.conf"));
assert!(!path.ends_with("conf")); // use .extension() instead

Checks whether the Path is empty.

Passing an empty path to most OS filesystem APIs will always result in an error.

Pushing an empty path to an existing path will append a directory separator unless it already ends with a separator or the existing path is itself empty.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("");
assert!(path.is_empty());

let path = Path::new("foo");
assert!(!path.is_empty());

let path = Path::new(".");
assert!(!path.is_empty());

Extracts the stem (non-extension) portion of self.file_name.

The stem is:

• None, if there is no file name;
• The entire file name if there is no embedded .;
• The entire file name if the file name begins with . and has no other .s within;
• Otherwise, the portion of the file name before the final .

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_stem().unwrap());
assert_eq!("foo.tar", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_stem().unwrap());

§See Also

This method is similar to Path::file_prefix, which extracts the portion of the file name before the first .

Extracts the prefix of self.file_name.

The prefix is:

• None, if there is no file name;
• The entire file name if there is no embedded .;
• The portion of the file name before the first non-beginning .;
• The entire file name if the file name begins with . and has no other .s within;
• The portion of the file name before the second . if the file name begins with .

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.rs").file_prefix().unwrap());
assert_eq!("foo", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").file_prefix().unwrap());
assert_eq!(".config", Path::new(".config").file_prefix().unwrap());
assert_eq!(".config", Path::new(".config.toml").file_prefix().unwrap());

§See Also

This method is similar to Path::file_stem, which extracts the portion of the file name before the last .

Extracts the extension (without the leading dot) of self.file_name, if possible.

The extension is:

• None, if there is no file name;
• None, if there is no embedded .;
• None, if the file name begins with . and has no other .s within;
• Otherwise, the portion of the file name after the final .

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

assert_eq!("rs", Path::new("foo.rs").extension().unwrap());
assert_eq!("gz", Path::new("foo.tar.gz").extension().unwrap());

Checks whether the path ends in a trailing separator.

This is generally done to ensure that a path is treated as a directory, not a file, although it does not actually guarantee that such a path is a directory on the underlying file system.

Despite this behavior, two paths are still considered the same in Rust whether they have a trailing separator or not.

§Examples

#![feature(path_trailing_sep)]
use std::path::Path;

assert!(Path::new("dir/").has_trailing_sep());
assert!(!Path::new("file.rs").has_trailing_sep());

Ensures that a path has a trailing separator, allocating a PathBuf if necessary.

The resulting path will return true for has_trailing_sep.

§Examples

#![feature(path_trailing_sep)]
use std::ffi::OsStr;
use std::path::Path;

assert_eq!(Path::new("dir//").with_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("dir//"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("dir/").with_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("dir/"));
assert!(!Path::new("dir").has_trailing_sep());
assert!(Path::new("dir").with_trailing_sep().has_trailing_sep());

Trims a trailing separator from a path, if possible.

The resulting path will return false for has_trailing_sep for most paths.

Some paths, like /, cannot be trimmed in this way.

§Examples

#![feature(path_trailing_sep)]
use std::ffi::OsStr;
use std::path::Path;

assert_eq!(Path::new("dir//").trim_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("dir"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("dir/").trim_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("dir"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("dir").trim_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("dir"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("/").trim_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("/"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("//").trim_trailing_sep().as_os_str(), OsStr::new("//"));

Creates an owned PathBuf with path adjoined to self.

If path is absolute, it replaces the current path.

On Windows:

• if path has a root but no prefix (e.g., \windows), it replaces and returns everything except for the prefix (if any) of self.
• if path has a prefix but no root, self is ignored and path is returned.
• if self has a verbatim prefix (e.g. \\?\C:\windows) and path is not empty, the new path is normalized: all references to . and .. are removed.

See PathBuf::push for more details on what it means to adjoin a path.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

assert_eq!(Path::new("/etc").join("passwd"), PathBuf::from("/etc/passwd"));
assert_eq!(Path::new("/etc").join("/bin/sh"), PathBuf::from("/bin/sh"));

Creates an owned PathBuf like self but with the given file name.

See PathBuf::set_file_name for more details.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let path = Path::new("/tmp/foo.png");
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("bar"), PathBuf::from("/tmp/bar"));
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("bar.txt"), PathBuf::from("/tmp/bar.txt"));

let path = Path::new("/tmp");
assert_eq!(path.with_file_name("var"), PathBuf::from("/var"));

Creates an owned PathBuf like self but with the given extension.

See PathBuf::set_extension for more details.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo.rs");
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("txt"), Path::new("foo.txt"));
assert_eq!(path.with_extension(""), Path::new("foo"));

Handling multiple extensions:

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo.tar.gz");
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("xz"), Path::new("foo.tar.xz"));
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("").with_extension("txt"), Path::new("foo.txt"));

Adding an extension where one did not exist:

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo");
assert_eq!(path.with_extension("rs"), Path::new("foo.rs"));

Creates an owned PathBuf like self but with the extension added.

See PathBuf::add_extension for more details. The return value of PathBuf::add_extension is ignored, which means no extension will be added to paths with no Path::file_name.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let path = Path::new("foo.rs");
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("txt"), PathBuf::from("foo.rs.txt"));

let path = Path::new("foo.tar.gz");
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension(""), PathBuf::from("foo.tar.gz"));
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("xz"), PathBuf::from("foo.tar.gz.xz"));
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("").with_added_extension("txt"), PathBuf::from("foo.tar.gz.txt"));

let path = Path::new("/");
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("gz"), PathBuf::from("/"));
let path = Path::new("/dir/");
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("gz"), PathBuf::from("/dir.gz"));
let path = Path::new("/dir/..");
assert_eq!(path.with_added_extension("gz"), PathBuf::from("/dir/.."));

Produces an iterator over the Components of the path.

When parsing the path, there is a small amount of normalization:

• Repeated separators are ignored, so a/b and a//b both have a and b as components.

• Occurrences of . are normalized away, except if they are at the beginning of the path. For example, a/./b, a/b/, a/b/. and a/b all have a and b as components, but ./a/b starts with an additional CurDir component.

• Trailing separators are normalized away, so /a/b and /a/b/ are equivalent.

Note that no other normalization takes place; in particular, a/c and a/b/../c are distinct, to account for the possibility that b is a symbolic link (so its parent isn’t a).

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, Component};
use std::ffi::OsStr;

let mut components = Path::new("/tmp/foo.txt").components();

assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::RootDir));
assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::Normal(OsStr::new("tmp"))));
assert_eq!(components.next(), Some(Component::Normal(OsStr::new("foo.txt"))));
assert_eq!(components.next(), None)

Produces an iterator over the path’s components viewed as OsStr slices.

For more information about the particulars of how the path is separated into components, see components.

§Examples

use std::path::{self, Path};
use std::ffi::OsStr;

let mut it = Path::new("/tmp/foo.txt").iter();
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new(&path::MAIN_SEPARATOR.to_string())));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new("tmp")));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(OsStr::new("foo.txt")));
assert_eq!(it.next(), None)

Returns an object that implements Display for safely printing paths that may contain non-Unicode data. This may perform lossy conversion, depending on the platform. If you would like an implementation which escapes the path please use Debug instead.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/tmp/foo.rs");

println!("{}", path.display());

Returns the same path as &Path.

This method is redundant when used directly on &Path, but it helps dereferencing other PathBuf-like types to Paths, for example references to Box<Path> or Arc<Path>.

Queries the file system to get information about a file, directory, etc.

This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.

This is an alias to fs::metadata.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/Minas/tirith");
let metadata = path.metadata().expect("the path should point to an existing file or directory");
println!("{:?}", metadata.file_type());

Queries the metadata about a file without following symlinks.

This is an alias to fs::symlink_metadata.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/Minas/tirith");
let metadata = path.symlink_metadata().expect("the path should exist");
println!("{:?}", metadata.file_type());

Returns the canonical, absolute form of the path with all intermediate components normalized and symbolic links resolved.

This is an alias to fs::canonicalize.

§Errors

This method will return an error in the following situations, but is not limited to just these cases:

• path does not exist.
• A non-final component in path is not a directory.

§Examples

use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};

let path = Path::new("/foo/test/../test/bar.rs");
assert_eq!(path.canonicalize().unwrap(), PathBuf::from("/foo/test/bar.rs"));

Makes the path absolute without accessing the filesystem.

This is an alias to path::absolute.

§Errors

This function may return an error in the following situations:

• If the path is syntactically invalid; in particular, if it is empty.
• If getting the current directory fails.

§Examples

#![feature(path_absolute_method)]
use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("foo/./bar");
let absolute = path.absolute()?;
assert!(absolute.is_absolute());

Normalize a path, including .. without traversing the filesystem.

Returns an error if normalization would leave leading .. components.

On Windows this will convert all / to \ unless a verbatim path is given.

path::absolute is an alternative that preserves ... Or Path::canonicalize can be used to resolve any .. by querying the filesystem.

Reads a symbolic link, returning the file that the link points to.

This is an alias to fs::read_link.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/laputa/sky_castle.rs");
let path_link = path.read_link().expect("the path should be an existing symbolic link");

Returns an iterator over the entries within a directory.

The iterator will yield instances of io::Result<fs::DirEntry>. New errors may be encountered after an iterator is initially constructed.

This is an alias to fs::read_dir.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;

let path = Path::new("/laputa");
for entry in path.read_dir().expect("the path should point to an existing directory") {
    if let Ok(entry) = entry {
        println!("{:?}", entry.path());
    }
}

Returns true if the path points at an existing entity.

Warning: this method may be error-prone, consider using try_exists() instead! It also has a risk of introducing time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) bugs.

This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.

If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
assert!(!Path::new("does_not_exist.txt").exists());

§See Also

This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to check errors, call Path::try_exists.

Returns Ok(true) if the path points at an existing entity.

This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file. In case of broken symbolic links this will return Ok(false).

Path::exists() only checks whether or not a path was both found and readable. By contrast, try_exists will return Ok(true) or Ok(false), respectively, if the path was verified to exist or not exist. If its existence can neither be confirmed nor denied, it will propagate an Err(_) instead. This can be the case if e.g. listing permission is denied on one of the parent directories.

Note that while this avoids some pitfalls of the exists() method, it still can not prevent time-of-check to time-of-use (TOCTOU) bugs. You should only use it in scenarios where those bugs are not an issue.

This is an alias for std::fs::exists.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
assert!(!Path::new("does_not_exist.txt").try_exists().expect("the path's existence should be verifiable"));
assert!(Path::new("/root/secret_file.txt").try_exists().is_err());

Returns true if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a regular file.

This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.

If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!(Path::new("./is_a_directory/").is_file(), false);
assert_eq!(Path::new("a_file.txt").is_file(), true);

§See Also

This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to check errors, call fs::metadata and handle its Result. Then call fs::Metadata::is_file if it was Ok.

When the goal is simply to read from (or write to) the source, the most reliable way to test the source can be read (or written to) is to open it. Only using is_file can break workflows like diff <( prog_a ) on a Unix-like system for example. See fs::File::open or fs::OpenOptions::open for more information.

Returns true if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a directory.

This function will traverse symbolic links to query information about the destination file.

If you cannot access the metadata of the file, e.g. because of a permission error or broken symbolic links, this will return false.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
assert_eq!(Path::new("./is_a_directory/").is_dir(), true);
assert_eq!(Path::new("a_file.txt").is_dir(), false);

§See Also

This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to check errors, call fs::metadata and handle its Result. Then call fs::Metadata::is_dir if it was Ok.

Returns true if the path exists on disk and is pointing at a symbolic link.

This function will not traverse symbolic links. In case of a broken symbolic link this will also return true.

If you cannot access the directory containing the file, e.g., because of a permission error, this will return false.

§Examples

use std::path::Path;
use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;

let link_path = Path::new("link");
symlink("/origin_does_not_exist/", link_path).unwrap();
assert_eq!(link_path.is_symlink(), true);
assert_eq!(link_path.exists(), false);

§See Also

This is a convenience function that coerces errors to false. If you want to check errors, call fs::symlink_metadata and handle its Result. Then call fs::Metadata::is_symlink if it was Ok.