The smallest value that can be represented by this integer type (−2³¹).

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::MIN, -2147483648);

The largest value that can be represented by this integer type (2³¹ − 1).

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::MAX, 2147483647);

The size of this integer type in bits.

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::BITS, 32);

Returns the number of ones in the binary representation of self.

§Examples

let n = 0b100_0000i32;

assert_eq!(n.count_ones(), 1);

Returns the number of zeros in the binary representation of self.

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::MAX.count_zeros(), 1);

Returns the number of leading zeros in the binary representation of self.

Depending on what you’re doing with the value, you might also be interested in the ilog2 function which returns a consistent number, even if the type widens.

§Examples

let n = -1i32;

assert_eq!(n.leading_zeros(), 0);

Returns the number of trailing zeros in the binary representation of self.

§Examples

let n = -4i32;

assert_eq!(n.trailing_zeros(), 2);

Returns the number of leading ones in the binary representation of self.

§Examples

let n = -1i32;

assert_eq!(n.leading_ones(), 32);

Returns the number of trailing ones in the binary representation of self.

§Examples

let n = 3i32;

assert_eq!(n.trailing_ones(), 2);

Returns self with only the most significant bit set, or 0 if the input is 0.

§Examples

let n: i32 = 0b_01100100;

assert_eq!(n.isolate_highest_one(), 0b_01000000);
assert_eq!(0_i32.isolate_highest_one(), 0);

Returns self with only the least significant bit set, or 0 if the input is 0.

§Examples

let n: i32 = 0b_01100100;

assert_eq!(n.isolate_lowest_one(), 0b_00000100);
assert_eq!(0_i32.isolate_lowest_one(), 0);

Returns the index of the highest bit set to one in self, or None if self is 0.

Note that for non-negative numbers, this is equivalent to checked_ilog2.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0b0_i32.highest_one(), None);
assert_eq!(0b1_i32.highest_one(), Some(0));
assert_eq!(0b1_0000_i32.highest_one(), Some(4));
assert_eq!(0b1_1111_i32.highest_one(), Some(4));

Returns the index of the lowest bit set to one in self, or None if self is 0.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0b0_i32.lowest_one(), None);
assert_eq!(0b1_i32.lowest_one(), Some(0));
assert_eq!(0b1_0000_i32.lowest_one(), Some(4));
assert_eq!(0b1_1111_i32.lowest_one(), Some(0));

Returns the bit pattern of self reinterpreted as an unsigned integer of the same size.

This produces the same result as an as cast, but ensures that the bit-width remains the same.

§Examples

let n = -1i32;

assert_eq!(n.cast_unsigned(), u32::MAX);

Saturating conversion of self to an unsigned integer of the same size.

Negative values are clamped to 0.

For other kinds of unsigned integer casts, see cast_unsigned, checked_cast_unsigned, or strict_cast_unsigned.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_cast_extras)]
let n = i32::MIN;

assert_eq!(n.saturating_cast_unsigned(), 0u32);
assert_eq!(64i32.saturating_cast_unsigned(), 64u32);

Checked conversion of self to an unsigned integer of the same size, returning None if self is negative.

For other kinds of unsigned integer casts, see cast_unsigned, saturating_cast_unsigned, or strict_cast_unsigned.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_cast_extras)]
let n = i32::MIN;

assert_eq!(n.checked_cast_unsigned(), None);
assert_eq!(64i32.checked_cast_unsigned(), Some(64u32));

Strict conversion of self to an unsigned integer of the same size, which panics if self is negative.

For other kinds of unsigned integer casts, see cast_unsigned, checked_cast_unsigned, or saturating_cast_unsigned.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_cast_extras)]
let _ = i32::MIN.strict_cast_unsigned();

Shifts the bits to the left by a specified amount, n, wrapping the truncated bits to the end of the resulting integer.

rotate_left(n) is equivalent to applying rotate_left(1) a total of n times. In particular, a rotation by the number of bits in self returns the input value unchanged.

Please note this isn’t the same operation as the << shifting operator!

§Examples

let n = 0x010000b3i32;
let m = 0x0000b301;

assert_eq!(n.rotate_left(8), m);
assert_eq!(n.rotate_left(1024), n);

Shifts the bits to the right by a specified amount, n, wrapping the truncated bits to the beginning of the resulting integer.

rotate_right(n) is equivalent to applying rotate_right(1) a total of n times. In particular, a rotation by the number of bits in self returns the input value unchanged.

Please note this isn’t the same operation as the >> shifting operator!

§Examples

let n = 0x0000b301i32;
let m = 0x010000b3;

assert_eq!(n.rotate_right(8), m);
assert_eq!(n.rotate_right(1024), n);

Reverses the byte order of the integer.

§Examples

let n = 0x12345678i32;

let m = n.swap_bytes();

assert_eq!(m, 0x78563412);

Reverses the order of bits in the integer. The least significant bit becomes the most significant bit, second least-significant bit becomes second most-significant bit, etc.

§Examples

let n = 0x12345678i32;
let m = n.reverse_bits();

assert_eq!(m, 0x1e6a2c48);
assert_eq!(0, 0i32.reverse_bits());

Converts an integer from big endian to the target’s endianness.

On big endian this is a no-op. On little endian the bytes are swapped.

See also from_be_bytes().

§Examples

let n = 0x1Ai32;

if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
    assert_eq!(i32::from_be(n), n)
} else {
    assert_eq!(i32::from_be(n), n.swap_bytes())
}

Converts an integer from little endian to the target’s endianness.

On little endian this is a no-op. On big endian the bytes are swapped.

See also from_le_bytes().

§Examples

let n = 0x1Ai32;

if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
    assert_eq!(i32::from_le(n), n)
} else {
    assert_eq!(i32::from_le(n), n.swap_bytes())
}

Swaps bytes of self on little endian targets.

On big endian this is a no-op.

The returned value has the same type as self, and will be interpreted as (a potentially different) value of a native-endian i32.

See to_be_bytes() for a type-safe alternative.

§Examples

let n = 0x1Ai32;

if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
    assert_eq!(n.to_be(), n)
} else {
    assert_eq!(n.to_be(), n.swap_bytes())
}

Swaps bytes of self on big endian targets.

On little endian this is a no-op.

The returned value has the same type as self, and will be interpreted as (a potentially different) value of a native-endian i32.

See to_le_bytes() for a type-safe alternative.

§Examples

let n = 0x1Ai32;

if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
    assert_eq!(n.to_le(), n)
} else {
    assert_eq!(n.to_le(), n.swap_bytes())
}

Checked integer addition. Computes self + rhs, returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MAX - 2).checked_add(1), Some(i32::MAX - 1));
assert_eq!((i32::MAX - 2).checked_add(3), None);

Strict integer addition. Computes self + rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MAX - 2).strict_add(1), i32::MAX - 1);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = (i32::MAX - 2).strict_add(3);

Unchecked integer addition. Computes self + rhs, assuming overflow cannot occur.

Calling x.unchecked_add(y) is semantically equivalent to calling x.checked_add(y).unwrap_unchecked().

If you’re just trying to avoid the panic in debug mode, then do not use this. Instead, you’re looking for wrapping_add.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when self + rhs > i32::MAX or self + rhs < i32::MIN, i.e. when checked_add would return None.

Checked addition with an unsigned integer. Computes self + rhs, returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.checked_add_unsigned(2), Some(3));
assert_eq!((i32::MAX - 2).checked_add_unsigned(3), None);

Strict addition with an unsigned integer. Computes self + rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.strict_add_unsigned(2), 3);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = (i32::MAX - 2).strict_add_unsigned(3);

Checked integer subtraction. Computes self - rhs, returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 2).checked_sub(1), Some(i32::MIN + 1));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 2).checked_sub(3), None);

Strict integer subtraction. Computes self - rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 2).strict_sub(1), i32::MIN + 1);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = (i32::MIN + 2).strict_sub(3);

Unchecked integer subtraction. Computes self - rhs, assuming overflow cannot occur.

Calling x.unchecked_sub(y) is semantically equivalent to calling x.checked_sub(y).unwrap_unchecked().

If you’re just trying to avoid the panic in debug mode, then do not use this. Instead, you’re looking for wrapping_sub.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when self - rhs > i32::MAX or self - rhs < i32::MIN, i.e. when checked_sub would return None.

Checked subtraction with an unsigned integer. Computes self - rhs, returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.checked_sub_unsigned(2), Some(-1));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 2).checked_sub_unsigned(3), None);

Strict subtraction with an unsigned integer. Computes self - rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.strict_sub_unsigned(2), -1);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = (i32::MIN + 2).strict_sub_unsigned(3);

Checked integer multiplication. Computes self * rhs, returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::MAX.checked_mul(1), Some(i32::MAX));
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.checked_mul(2), None);

Strict integer multiplication. Computes self * rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::MAX.strict_mul(1), i32::MAX);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MAX.strict_mul(2);

Unchecked integer multiplication. Computes self * rhs, assuming overflow cannot occur.

Calling x.unchecked_mul(y) is semantically equivalent to calling x.checked_mul(y).unwrap_unchecked().

If you’re just trying to avoid the panic in debug mode, then do not use this. Instead, you’re looking for wrapping_mul.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when self * rhs > i32::MAX or self * rhs < i32::MIN, i.e. when checked_mul would return None.

Checked integer division. Computes self / rhs, returning None if rhs == 0 or the division results in overflow.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).checked_div(-1), Some(2147483647));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_div(-1), None);
assert_eq!((1i32).checked_div(0), None);

Strict integer division. Computes self / rhs, panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

The only case where such an overflow can occur is when one divides MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type); the result of this is -MIN, a positive value that is too large to represent in the type.

Note that this is equivalent to normal division: MIN / -1 will also panic both in debug and release builds.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).strict_div(-1), 2147483647);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_div(-1);

The following panics because of division by zero:

let _ = (1i32).strict_div(0);

Checked Euclidean division. Computes self.div_euclid(rhs), returning None if rhs == 0 or the division results in overflow.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).checked_div_euclid(-1), Some(2147483647));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_div_euclid(-1), None);
assert_eq!((1i32).checked_div_euclid(0), None);

Strict Euclidean division. Computes self.div_euclid(rhs), panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

The only case where such an overflow can occur is when one divides MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type); the result of this is -MIN, a positive value that is too large to represent in the type.

Note that this is equivalent to div_euclid: MIN.div_euclid(-1) will also panic both in debug and release builds.

§Examples

assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).strict_div_euclid(-1), 2147483647);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_div_euclid(-1);

The following panics because of division by zero:

let _ = (1i32).strict_div_euclid(0);

Checked integer division without remainder. Computes self / rhs, returning None if rhs == 0, the division results in overflow, or self % rhs != 0.

§Examples

#![feature(exact_div)]
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).checked_div_exact(-1), Some(2147483647));
assert_eq!((-5i32).checked_div_exact(2), None);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_div_exact(-1), None);
assert_eq!((1i32).checked_div_exact(0), None);

Integer division without remainder. Computes self / rhs, returning None if self % rhs != 0.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs == 0.

§Overflow behavior

On overflow, this function will panic if overflow checks are enabled (default in debug mode) and wrap if overflow checks are disabled (default in release mode).

§Examples

#![feature(exact_div)]
assert_eq!(64i32.div_exact(2), Some(32));
assert_eq!(64i32.div_exact(32), Some(2));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).div_exact(-1), Some(2147483647));
assert_eq!(65i32.div_exact(2), None);

#![feature(exact_div)]
let _ = 64i32.div_exact(0);

#![feature(exact_div)]
let _ = i32::MIN.div_exact(-1);

Unchecked integer division without remainder. Computes self / rhs.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when rhs == 0, self % rhs != 0, or self == i32::MIN && rhs == -1, i.e. when checked_div_exact would return None.

Checked integer remainder. Computes self % rhs, returning None if rhs == 0 or the division results in overflow.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.checked_rem(2), Some(1));
assert_eq!(5i32.checked_rem(0), None);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_rem(-1), None);

Strict integer remainder. Computes self % rhs, panicking if the division results in overflow.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

The only case where such an overflow can occur is x % y for MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value), which is invalid due to implementation artifacts.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.strict_rem(2), 1);

The following panics because of division by zero:

let _ = 5i32.strict_rem(0);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_rem(-1);

Checked Euclidean remainder. Computes self.rem_euclid(rhs), returning None if rhs == 0 or the division results in overflow.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.checked_rem_euclid(2), Some(1));
assert_eq!(5i32.checked_rem_euclid(0), None);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_rem_euclid(-1), None);

Strict Euclidean remainder. Computes self.rem_euclid(rhs), panicking if the division results in overflow.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

The only case where such an overflow can occur is x % y for MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value), which is invalid due to implementation artifacts.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.strict_rem_euclid(2), 1);

The following panics because of division by zero:

let _ = 5i32.strict_rem_euclid(0);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_rem_euclid(-1);

Checked negation. Computes -self, returning None if self == MIN.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.checked_neg(), Some(-5));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_neg(), None);

Unchecked negation. Computes -self, assuming overflow cannot occur.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when self == i32::MIN, i.e. when checked_neg would return None.

Strict negation. Computes -self, panicking if self == MIN.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.strict_neg(), -5);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_neg();

Checked shift left. Computes self << rhs, returning None if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x1i32.checked_shl(4), Some(0x10));
assert_eq!(0x1i32.checked_shl(129), None);
assert_eq!(0x10i32.checked_shl(31), Some(0));

Strict shift left. Computes self << rhs, panicking if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x1i32.strict_shl(4), 0x10);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = 0x1i32.strict_shl(129);

Unchecked shift left. Computes self << rhs, assuming that rhs is less than the number of bits in self.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self, i.e. when checked_shl would return None.

Unbounded shift left. Computes self << rhs, without bounding the value of rhs.

If rhs is larger or equal to the number of bits in self, the entire value is shifted out, and 0 is returned.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x1_i32.unbounded_shl(4), 0x10);
assert_eq!(0x1_i32.unbounded_shl(129), 0);
assert_eq!(0b101_i32.unbounded_shl(0), 0b101);
assert_eq!(0b101_i32.unbounded_shl(1), 0b1010);
assert_eq!(0b101_i32.unbounded_shl(2), 0b10100);
assert_eq!(42_i32.unbounded_shl(32), 0);
assert_eq!(42_i32.unbounded_shl(1).unbounded_shl(31), 0);
assert_eq!((-13_i32).unbounded_shl(32), 0);
assert_eq!((-13_i32).unbounded_shl(1).unbounded_shl(31), 0);

Exact shift left. Computes self << rhs as long as it can be reversed losslessly.

Returns None if any bits that would be shifted out differ from the resulting sign bit or if rhs >= i32::BITS. Otherwise, returns Some(self << rhs).

§Examples

#![feature(exact_bitshifts)]

assert_eq!(0x1i32.shl_exact(4), Some(0x10));
assert_eq!(0x1i32.shl_exact(i32::BITS - 2), Some(1 << i32::BITS - 2));
assert_eq!(0x1i32.shl_exact(i32::BITS - 1), None);
assert_eq!((-0x2i32).shl_exact(i32::BITS - 2), Some(-0x2 << i32::BITS - 2));
assert_eq!((-0x2i32).shl_exact(i32::BITS - 1), None);

Unchecked exact shift left. Computes self << rhs, assuming the operation can be losslessly reversed and rhs cannot be larger than i32::BITS.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when rhs >= self.leading_zeros() && rhs >= self.leading_ones() i.e. when i32::shl_exact would return None.

Checked shift right. Computes self >> rhs, returning None if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x10i32.checked_shr(4), Some(0x1));
assert_eq!(0x10i32.checked_shr(128), None);

Strict shift right. Computes self >> rhs, panicking if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x10i32.strict_shr(4), 0x1);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = 0x10i32.strict_shr(128);

Unchecked shift right. Computes self >> rhs, assuming that rhs is less than the number of bits in self.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior if rhs is larger than or equal to the number of bits in self, i.e. when checked_shr would return None.

Unbounded shift right. Computes self >> rhs, without bounding the value of rhs.

If rhs is larger or equal to the number of bits in self, the entire value is shifted out, which yields 0 for a positive number, and -1 for a negative number.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x10_i32.unbounded_shr(4), 0x1);
assert_eq!(0x10_i32.unbounded_shr(129), 0);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.unbounded_shr(129), -1);
assert_eq!(0b1010_i32.unbounded_shr(0), 0b1010);
assert_eq!(0b1010_i32.unbounded_shr(1), 0b101);
assert_eq!(0b1010_i32.unbounded_shr(2), 0b10);
assert_eq!(42_i32.unbounded_shr(32), 0);
assert_eq!(42_i32.unbounded_shr(1).unbounded_shr(31), 0);
assert_eq!((-13_i32).unbounded_shr(32), -1);
assert_eq!((-13_i32).unbounded_shr(1).unbounded_shr(31), -1);

Exact shift right. Computes self >> rhs as long as it can be reversed losslessly.

Returns None if any non-zero bits would be shifted out or if rhs >= i32::BITS. Otherwise, returns Some(self >> rhs).

§Examples

#![feature(exact_bitshifts)]

assert_eq!(0x10i32.shr_exact(4), Some(0x1));
assert_eq!(0x10i32.shr_exact(5), None);

Unchecked exact shift right. Computes self >> rhs, assuming the operation can be losslessly reversed and rhs cannot be larger than i32::BITS.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior when rhs > self.trailing_zeros() || rhs >= i32::BITS i.e. when i32::shr_exact would return None.

Checked absolute value. Computes self.abs(), returning None if self == MIN.

§Examples

assert_eq!((-5i32).checked_abs(), Some(5));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.checked_abs(), None);

Strict absolute value. Computes self.abs(), panicking if self == MIN.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!((-5i32).strict_abs(), 5);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MIN.strict_abs();

Checked exponentiation. Computes self.pow(exp), returning None if overflow occurred.

§Examples

assert_eq!(8i32.checked_pow(2), Some(64));
assert_eq!(0_i32.checked_pow(0), Some(1));
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.checked_pow(2), None);

Strict exponentiation. Computes self.pow(exp), panicking if overflow occurred.

§Panics

§Overflow behavior

This function will always panic on overflow, regardless of whether overflow checks are enabled.

§Examples

assert_eq!(8i32.strict_pow(2), 64);
assert_eq!(0_i32.strict_pow(0), 1);

The following panics because of overflow:

let _ = i32::MAX.strict_pow(2);

Returns the integer square root of the number, rounded down.

This function returns the principal (non-negative) square root. For a given number n, although both x and -x satisfy x² = n, this function always returns the non-negative value.

Returns None if self is negative.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.checked_isqrt(), Some(3));

Saturating integer addition. Computes self + rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.saturating_add(1), 101);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_add(100), i32::MAX);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_add(-1), i32::MIN);

Saturating addition with an unsigned integer. Computes self + rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.saturating_add_unsigned(2), 3);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_add_unsigned(100), i32::MAX);

Saturating integer subtraction. Computes self - rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.saturating_sub(127), -27);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_sub(100), i32::MIN);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_sub(-1), i32::MAX);

Saturating subtraction with an unsigned integer. Computes self - rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.saturating_sub_unsigned(127), -27);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_sub_unsigned(100), i32::MIN);

Saturating integer negation. Computes -self, returning MAX if self == MIN instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.saturating_neg(), -100);
assert_eq!((-100i32).saturating_neg(), 100);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_neg(), i32::MAX);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_neg(), i32::MIN + 1);

Saturating absolute value. Computes self.abs(), returning MAX if self == MIN instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.saturating_abs(), 100);
assert_eq!((-100i32).saturating_abs(), 100);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_abs(), i32::MAX);
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 1).saturating_abs(), i32::MAX);

Saturating integer multiplication. Computes self * rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.saturating_mul(12), 120);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_mul(10), i32::MAX);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_mul(10), i32::MIN);

Saturating integer division. Computes self / rhs, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.saturating_div(2), 2);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.saturating_div(-1), i32::MIN + 1);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_div(-1), i32::MAX);

Saturating integer exponentiation. Computes self.pow(exp), saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

assert_eq!((-4i32).saturating_pow(3), -64);
assert_eq!(0_i32.saturating_pow(0), 1);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_pow(2), i32::MAX);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.saturating_pow(3), i32::MIN);

Wrapping (modular) addition. Computes self + rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_add(27), 127);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.wrapping_add(2), i32::MIN + 1);

Wrapping (modular) addition with an unsigned integer. Computes self + rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_add_unsigned(27), 127);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.wrapping_add_unsigned(2), i32::MIN + 1);

Wrapping (modular) subtraction. Computes self - rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0i32.wrapping_sub(127), -127);
assert_eq!((-2i32).wrapping_sub(i32::MAX), i32::MAX);

Wrapping (modular) subtraction with an unsigned integer. Computes self - rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0i32.wrapping_sub_unsigned(127), -127);
assert_eq!((-2i32).wrapping_sub_unsigned(u32::MAX), -1);

Wrapping (modular) multiplication. Computes self * rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.wrapping_mul(12), 120);
assert_eq!(11i8.wrapping_mul(12), -124);

Wrapping (modular) division. Computes self / rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

The only case where such wrapping can occur is when one divides MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type); this is equivalent to -MIN, a positive value that is too large to represent in the type. In such a case, this function returns MIN itself.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_div(10), 10);
assert_eq!((-128i8).wrapping_div(-1), -128);

Wrapping Euclidean division. Computes self.div_euclid(rhs), wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

Wrapping will only occur in MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type). This is equivalent to -MIN, a positive value that is too large to represent in the type. In this case, this method returns MIN itself.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_div_euclid(10), 10);
assert_eq!((-128i8).wrapping_div_euclid(-1), -128);

Wrapping (modular) remainder. Computes self % rhs, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

Such wrap-around never actually occurs mathematically; implementation artifacts make x % y invalid for MIN / -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value). In such a case, this function returns 0.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_rem(10), 0);
assert_eq!((-128i8).wrapping_rem(-1), 0);

Wrapping Euclidean remainder. Computes self.rem_euclid(rhs), wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

Wrapping will only occur in MIN % -1 on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type). In this case, this method returns 0.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_rem_euclid(10), 0);
assert_eq!((-128i8).wrapping_rem_euclid(-1), 0);

Wrapping (modular) negation. Computes -self, wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

The only case where such wrapping can occur is when one negates MIN on a signed type (where MIN is the negative minimal value for the type); this is a positive value that is too large to represent in the type. In such a case, this function returns MIN itself.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_neg(), -100);
assert_eq!((-100i32).wrapping_neg(), 100);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.wrapping_neg(), i32::MIN);

Panic-free bitwise shift-left; yields self << mask(rhs), where mask removes any high-order bits of rhs that would cause the shift to exceed the bitwidth of the type.

Beware that, unlike most other wrapping_* methods on integers, this does not give the same result as doing the shift in infinite precision then truncating as needed. Instead, the behaviour of this method matches what shift instructions do on many processors, and is what the << operator does when overflow checks are disabled, but numerically it’s weird. Consider, instead, using Self::unbounded_shl which has nicer behaviour.

Note that this is not the same as a rotate-left; the RHS of a wrapping shift-left is restricted to the range of the type, rather than the bits shifted out of the LHS being returned to the other end. The primitive integer types all implement a rotate_left function, which may be what you want instead.

§Examples

assert_eq!((-1_i32).wrapping_shl(7), -128);
assert_eq!(42_i32.wrapping_shl(32), 42);
assert_eq!(42_i32.wrapping_shl(1).wrapping_shl(31), 0);
assert_eq!((-1_i32).wrapping_shl(128), -1);
assert_eq!(5_i32.wrapping_shl(1025), 10);

Panic-free bitwise shift-right; yields self >> mask(rhs), where mask removes any high-order bits of rhs that would cause the shift to exceed the bitwidth of the type.

Beware that, unlike most other wrapping_* methods on integers, this does not give the same result as doing the shift in infinite precision then truncating as needed. Instead, the behaviour of this method matches what shift instructions do on many processors, and is what the >> operator does when overflow checks are disabled, but numerically it’s weird. Consider, instead, using Self::unbounded_shr which has nicer behaviour.

Note that this is not the same as a rotate-right; the RHS of a wrapping shift-right is restricted to the range of the type, rather than the bits shifted out of the LHS being returned to the other end. The primitive integer types all implement a rotate_right function, which may be what you want instead.

§Examples

assert_eq!((-128_i32).wrapping_shr(7), -1);
assert_eq!(42_i32.wrapping_shr(32), 42);
assert_eq!(42_i32.wrapping_shr(1).wrapping_shr(31), 0);
assert_eq!((-128_i16).wrapping_shr(64), -128);
assert_eq!(10_i32.wrapping_shr(1025), 5);

Wrapping (modular) absolute value. Computes self.abs(), wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

The only case where such wrapping can occur is when one takes the absolute value of the negative minimal value for the type; this is a positive value that is too large to represent in the type. In such a case, this function returns MIN itself.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.wrapping_abs(), 100);
assert_eq!((-100i32).wrapping_abs(), 100);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.wrapping_abs(), i32::MIN);
assert_eq!((-128i8).wrapping_abs() as u8, 128);

Computes the absolute value of self without any wrapping or panicking.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.unsigned_abs(), 100u32);
assert_eq!((-100i32).unsigned_abs(), 100u32);
assert_eq!((-128i8).unsigned_abs(), 128u8);

Wrapping (modular) exponentiation. Computes self.pow(exp), wrapping around at the boundary of the type.

§Examples

assert_eq!(3i32.wrapping_pow(4), 81);
assert_eq!(3i8.wrapping_pow(5), -13);
assert_eq!(3i8.wrapping_pow(6), -39);
assert_eq!(0_i32.wrapping_pow(0), 1);

Calculates self + rhs.

Returns a tuple of the addition along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would have occurred then the wrapped value is returned (negative if overflowed above MAX, non-negative if below MIN).

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_add(2), (7, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.overflowing_add(1), (i32::MIN, true));

Calculates self + rhs + carry and checks for overflow.

Performs “ternary addition” of two integer operands and a carry-in bit, and returns a tuple of the sum along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. On overflow, the wrapped value is returned.

This allows chaining together multiple additions to create a wider addition, and can be useful for bignum addition. This method should only be used for the most significant word; for the less significant words the unsigned method u32::carrying_add should be used.

The output boolean returned by this method is not a carry flag, and should not be added to a more significant word.

If overflow occurred, the wrapped value is returned (negative if overflowed above MAX, non-negative if below MIN).

If the input carry is false, this method is equivalent to overflowing_add.

§Examples

#![feature(signed_bigint_helpers)]
// Only the most significant word is signed.
//
//   10  MAX    (a = 10 × 2^32 + 2^32 - 1)
// + -5    9    (b = -5 × 2^32 + 9)
// ---------
//    6    8    (sum = 6 × 2^32 + 8)

let (a1, a0): (i32, u32) = (10, u32::MAX);
let (b1, b0): (i32, u32) = (-5, 9);
let carry0 = false;

// u32::carrying_add for the less significant words
let (sum0, carry1) = a0.carrying_add(b0, carry0);
assert_eq!(carry1, true);

// i32::carrying_add for the most significant word
let (sum1, overflow) = a1.carrying_add(b1, carry1);
assert_eq!(overflow, false);

assert_eq!((sum1, sum0), (6, 8));

Calculates self + rhs with an unsigned rhs.

Returns a tuple of the addition along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would have occurred then the wrapped value is returned.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.overflowing_add_unsigned(2), (3, false));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN).overflowing_add_unsigned(u32::MAX), (i32::MAX, false));
assert_eq!((i32::MAX - 2).overflowing_add_unsigned(3), (i32::MIN, true));

Calculates self - rhs.

Returns a tuple of the subtraction along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would have occurred then the wrapped value is returned (negative if overflowed above MAX, non-negative if below MIN).

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_sub(2), (3, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_sub(1), (i32::MAX, true));

Calculates self − rhs − borrow and checks for overflow.

Performs “ternary subtraction” by subtracting both an integer operand and a borrow-in bit from self, and returns a tuple of the difference along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. On overflow, the wrapped value is returned.

This allows chaining together multiple subtractions to create a wider subtraction, and can be useful for bignum subtraction. This method should only be used for the most significant word; for the less significant words the unsigned method u32::borrowing_sub should be used.

The output boolean returned by this method is not a borrow flag, and should not be subtracted from a more significant word.

If overflow occurred, the wrapped value is returned (negative if overflowed above MAX, non-negative if below MIN).

If the input borrow is false, this method is equivalent to overflowing_sub.

§Examples

#![feature(signed_bigint_helpers)]
// Only the most significant word is signed.
//
//    6    8    (a = 6 × 2^32 + 8)
// - -5    9    (b = -5 × 2^32 + 9)
// ---------
//   10  MAX    (diff = 10 × 2^32 + 2^32 - 1)

let (a1, a0): (i32, u32) = (6, 8);
let (b1, b0): (i32, u32) = (-5, 9);
let borrow0 = false;

// u32::borrowing_sub for the less significant words
let (diff0, borrow1) = a0.borrowing_sub(b0, borrow0);
assert_eq!(borrow1, true);

// i32::borrowing_sub for the most significant word
let (diff1, overflow) = a1.borrowing_sub(b1, borrow1);
assert_eq!(overflow, false);

assert_eq!((diff1, diff0), (10, u32::MAX));

Calculates self - rhs with an unsigned rhs.

Returns a tuple of the subtraction along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would have occurred then the wrapped value is returned.

§Examples

assert_eq!(1i32.overflowing_sub_unsigned(2), (-1, false));
assert_eq!((i32::MAX).overflowing_sub_unsigned(u32::MAX), (i32::MIN, false));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN + 2).overflowing_sub_unsigned(3), (i32::MAX, true));

Calculates the multiplication of self and rhs.

Returns a tuple of the multiplication along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would have occurred then the wrapped value is returned.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_mul(2), (10, false));
assert_eq!(1_000_000_000i32.overflowing_mul(10), (1410065408, true));

Calculates the “full multiplication” self * rhs + carry without the possibility to overflow.

This returns the low-order (wrapping) bits and the high-order (overflow) bits of the result as two separate values, in that order.

Performs “long multiplication” which takes in an extra amount to add, and may return an additional amount of overflow. This allows for chaining together multiple multiplications to create “big integers” which represent larger values.

§Examples

Please note that this example is shared among integer types, which is why i32 is used.

#![feature(signed_bigint_helpers)]
assert_eq!(5i32.carrying_mul(-2, 0), (4294967286, -1));
assert_eq!(5i32.carrying_mul(-2, 10), (0, 0));
assert_eq!(1_000_000_000i32.carrying_mul(-10, 0), (2884901888, -3));
assert_eq!(1_000_000_000i32.carrying_mul(-10, 10), (2884901898, -3));
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.carrying_mul(i32::MAX, i32::MAX), (i32::MAX.unsigned_abs() + 1, i32::MAX / 2));

Calculates the “full multiplication” self * rhs + carry + add without the possibility to overflow.

This returns the low-order (wrapping) bits and the high-order (overflow) bits of the result as two separate values, in that order.

Performs “long multiplication” which takes in an extra amount to add, and may return an additional amount of overflow. This allows for chaining together multiple multiplications to create “big integers” which represent larger values.

If you only need one carry, then you can use Self::carrying_mul instead.

§Examples

Please note that this example is shared among integer types, which is why i32 is used.

#![feature(signed_bigint_helpers)]
assert_eq!(5i32.carrying_mul_add(-2, 0, 0), (4294967286, -1));
assert_eq!(5i32.carrying_mul_add(-2, 10, 10), (10, 0));
assert_eq!(1_000_000_000i32.carrying_mul_add(-10, 0, 0), (2884901888, -3));
assert_eq!(1_000_000_000i32.carrying_mul_add(-10, 10, 10), (2884901908, -3));
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.carrying_mul_add(i32::MAX, i32::MAX, i32::MAX), (u32::MAX, i32::MAX / 2));

Calculates the divisor when self is divided by rhs.

Returns a tuple of the divisor along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would occur then self is returned.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_div(2), (2, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_div(-1), (i32::MIN, true));

Calculates the quotient of Euclidean division self.div_euclid(rhs).

Returns a tuple of the divisor along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would occur then self is returned.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_div_euclid(2), (2, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_div_euclid(-1), (i32::MIN, true));

Calculates the remainder when self is divided by rhs.

Returns a tuple of the remainder after dividing along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would occur then 0 is returned.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_rem(2), (1, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_rem(-1), (0, true));

Overflowing Euclidean remainder. Calculates self.rem_euclid(rhs).

Returns a tuple of the remainder after dividing along with a boolean indicating whether an arithmetic overflow would occur. If an overflow would occur then 0 is returned.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.overflowing_rem_euclid(2), (1, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_rem_euclid(-1), (0, true));

Negates self, overflowing if this is equal to the minimum value.

Returns a tuple of the negated version of self along with a boolean indicating whether an overflow happened. If self is the minimum value (e.g., i32::MIN for values of type i32), then the minimum value will be returned again and true will be returned for an overflow happening.

§Examples

assert_eq!(2i32.overflowing_neg(), (-2, false));
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.overflowing_neg(), (i32::MIN, true));

Shifts self left by rhs bits.

Returns a tuple of the shifted version of self along with a boolean indicating whether the shift value was larger than or equal to the number of bits. If the shift value is too large, then value is masked (N-1) where N is the number of bits, and this value is then used to perform the shift.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x1i32.overflowing_shl(4), (0x10, false));
assert_eq!(0x1i32.overflowing_shl(36), (0x10, true));
assert_eq!(0x10i32.overflowing_shl(31), (0, false));

Shifts self right by rhs bits.

Returns a tuple of the shifted version of self along with a boolean indicating whether the shift value was larger than or equal to the number of bits. If the shift value is too large, then value is masked (N-1) where N is the number of bits, and this value is then used to perform the shift.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0x10i32.overflowing_shr(4), (0x1, false));
assert_eq!(0x10i32.overflowing_shr(36), (0x1, true));

Computes the absolute value of self.

Returns a tuple of the absolute version of self along with a boolean indicating whether an overflow happened. If self is the minimum value (e.g., i32::MIN for values of type i32), then the minimum value will be returned again and true will be returned for an overflow happening.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.overflowing_abs(), (10, false));
assert_eq!((-10i32).overflowing_abs(), (10, false));
assert_eq!((i32::MIN).overflowing_abs(), (i32::MIN, true));

Raises self to the power of exp, using exponentiation by squaring.

Returns a tuple of the exponentiation along with a bool indicating whether an overflow happened.

§Examples

assert_eq!(3i32.overflowing_pow(4), (81, false));
assert_eq!(0_i32.overflowing_pow(0), (1, false));
assert_eq!(3i8.overflowing_pow(5), (-13, true));

Raises self to the power of exp, using exponentiation by squaring.

§Examples

let x: i32 = 2; // or any other integer type

assert_eq!(x.pow(5), 32);
assert_eq!(0_i32.pow(0), 1);

Returns the integer square root of the number, rounded down.

This function returns the principal (non-negative) square root. For a given number n, although both x and -x satisfy x² = n, this function always returns the non-negative value.

§Panics

This function will panic if self is negative.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.isqrt(), 3);

Calculates the quotient of Euclidean division of self by rhs.

This computes the integer q such that self = q * rhs + r, with r = self.rem_euclid(rhs) and 0 <= r < abs(rhs).

In other words, the result is self / rhs rounded to the integer q such that self >= q * rhs. If self > 0, this is equal to rounding towards zero (the default in Rust); if self < 0, this is equal to rounding away from zero (towards +/- infinity). If rhs > 0, this is equal to rounding towards -infinity; if rhs < 0, this is equal to rounding towards +infinity.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero or if self is Self::MIN and rhs is -1. This behavior is not affected by the overflow-checks flag.

§Examples

let a: i32 = 7; // or any other integer type
let b = 4;

assert_eq!(a.div_euclid(b), 1); // 7 >= 4 * 1
assert_eq!(a.div_euclid(-b), -1); // 7 >= -4 * -1
assert_eq!((-a).div_euclid(b), -2); // -7 >= 4 * -2
assert_eq!((-a).div_euclid(-b), 2); // -7 >= -4 * 2

Calculates the least nonnegative remainder of self when divided by rhs.

This is done as if by the Euclidean division algorithm – given r = self.rem_euclid(rhs), the result satisfies self = rhs * self.div_euclid(rhs) + r and 0 <= r < abs(rhs).

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero or if self is Self::MIN and rhs is -1. This behavior is not affected by the overflow-checks flag.

§Examples

let a: i32 = 7; // or any other integer type
let b = 4;

assert_eq!(a.rem_euclid(b), 3);
assert_eq!((-a).rem_euclid(b), 1);
assert_eq!(a.rem_euclid(-b), 3);
assert_eq!((-a).rem_euclid(-b), 1);

This will panic:

let _ = i32::MIN.rem_euclid(-1);

Calculates the quotient of self and rhs, rounding the result towards negative infinity.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero or if self is Self::MIN and rhs is -1. This behavior is not affected by the overflow-checks flag.

§Examples

#![feature(int_roundings)]
let a: i32 = 8;
let b = 3;

assert_eq!(a.div_floor(b), 2);
assert_eq!(a.div_floor(-b), -3);
assert_eq!((-a).div_floor(b), -3);
assert_eq!((-a).div_floor(-b), 2);

Calculates the quotient of self and rhs, rounding the result towards positive infinity.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero or if self is Self::MIN and rhs is -1. This behavior is not affected by the overflow-checks flag.

§Examples

#![feature(int_roundings)]
let a: i32 = 8;
let b = 3;

assert_eq!(a.div_ceil(b), 3);
assert_eq!(a.div_ceil(-b), -2);
assert_eq!((-a).div_ceil(b), -2);
assert_eq!((-a).div_ceil(-b), 3);

If rhs is positive, calculates the smallest value greater than or equal to self that is a multiple of rhs. If rhs is negative, calculates the largest value less than or equal to self that is a multiple of rhs.

§Panics

This function will panic if rhs is zero.

§Overflow behavior

On overflow, this function will panic if overflow checks are enabled (default in debug mode) and wrap if overflow checks are disabled (default in release mode).

§Examples

#![feature(int_roundings)]
assert_eq!(16_i32.next_multiple_of(8), 16);
assert_eq!(23_i32.next_multiple_of(8), 24);
assert_eq!(16_i32.next_multiple_of(-8), 16);
assert_eq!(23_i32.next_multiple_of(-8), 16);
assert_eq!((-16_i32).next_multiple_of(8), -16);
assert_eq!((-23_i32).next_multiple_of(8), -16);
assert_eq!((-16_i32).next_multiple_of(-8), -16);
assert_eq!((-23_i32).next_multiple_of(-8), -24);

If rhs is positive, calculates the smallest value greater than or equal to self that is a multiple of rhs. If rhs is negative, calculates the largest value less than or equal to self that is a multiple of rhs. Returns None if rhs is zero or the operation would result in overflow.

§Examples

#![feature(int_roundings)]
assert_eq!(16_i32.checked_next_multiple_of(8), Some(16));
assert_eq!(23_i32.checked_next_multiple_of(8), Some(24));
assert_eq!(16_i32.checked_next_multiple_of(-8), Some(16));
assert_eq!(23_i32.checked_next_multiple_of(-8), Some(16));
assert_eq!((-16_i32).checked_next_multiple_of(8), Some(-16));
assert_eq!((-23_i32).checked_next_multiple_of(8), Some(-16));
assert_eq!((-16_i32).checked_next_multiple_of(-8), Some(-16));
assert_eq!((-23_i32).checked_next_multiple_of(-8), Some(-24));
assert_eq!(1_i32.checked_next_multiple_of(0), None);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.checked_next_multiple_of(2), None);

Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base, rounded down.

This method might not be optimized owing to implementation details; ilog2 can produce results more efficiently for base 2, and ilog10 can produce results more efficiently for base 10.

§Panics

This function will panic if self is less than or equal to zero, or if base is less than 2.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.ilog(5), 1);

Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number, rounded down.

§Panics

This function will panic if self is less than or equal to zero.

§Examples

assert_eq!(2i32.ilog2(), 1);

Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number, rounded down.

§Panics

This function will panic if self is less than or equal to zero.

§Example

assert_eq!(10i32.ilog10(), 1);

Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base, rounded down.

Returns None if the number is negative or zero, or if the base is not at least 2.

This method might not be optimized owing to implementation details; checked_ilog2 can produce results more efficiently for base 2, and checked_ilog10 can produce results more efficiently for base 10.

§Examples

assert_eq!(5i32.checked_ilog(5), Some(1));

Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number, rounded down.

Returns None if the number is negative or zero.

Note that for non-negative numbers, this is equivalent to highest_one.

§Examples

assert_eq!(2i32.checked_ilog2(), Some(1));

Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number, rounded down.

Returns None if the number is negative or zero.

§Example

assert_eq!(10i32.checked_ilog10(), Some(1));

Computes the absolute value of self.

§Overflow behavior

The absolute value of i32::MIN cannot be represented as an i32, and attempting to calculate it will cause an overflow. This means that code in debug mode will trigger a panic on this case and optimized code will return i32::MIN without a panic. If you do not want this behavior, consider using unsigned_abs instead.

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.abs(), 10);
assert_eq!((-10i32).abs(), 10);

Computes the absolute difference between self and other.

This function always returns the correct answer without overflow or panics by returning an unsigned integer.

§Examples

assert_eq!(100i32.abs_diff(80), 20u32);
assert_eq!(100i32.abs_diff(110), 10u32);
assert_eq!((-100i32).abs_diff(80), 180u32);
assert_eq!((-100i32).abs_diff(-120), 20u32);
assert_eq!(i32::MIN.abs_diff(i32::MAX), u32::MAX);

Returns a number representing sign of self.

• 0 if the number is zero
• 1 if the number is positive
• -1 if the number is negative

§Examples

assert_eq!(10i32.signum(), 1);
assert_eq!(0i32.signum(), 0);
assert_eq!((-10i32).signum(), -1);

Returns true if self is positive and false if the number is zero or negative.

§Examples

assert!(10i32.is_positive());
assert!(!(-10i32).is_positive());

Returns true if self is negative and false if the number is zero or positive.

§Examples

assert!((-10i32).is_negative());
assert!(!10i32.is_negative());

Returns the memory representation of this integer as a byte array in big-endian (network) byte order.

§Examples

let bytes = 0x12345678i32.to_be_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);

Returns the memory representation of this integer as a byte array in little-endian byte order.

§Examples

let bytes = 0x12345678i32.to_le_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, [0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]);

Returns the memory representation of this integer as a byte array in native byte order.

As the target platform’s native endianness is used, portable code should use to_be_bytes or to_le_bytes, as appropriate, instead.

§Examples

let bytes = 0x12345678i32.to_ne_bytes();
assert_eq!(
    bytes,
    if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]
    } else {
        [0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
    }
);

Creates an integer value from its representation as a byte array in big endian.

§Examples

let value = i32::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);
assert_eq!(value, 0x12345678);

When starting from a slice rather than an array, fallible conversion APIs can be used:

fn read_be_i32(input: &mut &[u8]) -> i32 {
    let (int_bytes, rest) = input.split_at(size_of::<i32>());
    *input = rest;
    i32::from_be_bytes(int_bytes.try_into().unwrap())
}

Creates an integer value from its representation as a byte array in little endian.

§Examples

let value = i32::from_le_bytes([0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]);
assert_eq!(value, 0x12345678);

When starting from a slice rather than an array, fallible conversion APIs can be used:

fn read_le_i32(input: &mut &[u8]) -> i32 {
    let (int_bytes, rest) = input.split_at(size_of::<i32>());
    *input = rest;
    i32::from_le_bytes(int_bytes.try_into().unwrap())
}

Creates an integer value from its memory representation as a byte array in native endianness.

As the target platform’s native endianness is used, portable code likely wants to use from_be_bytes or from_le_bytes, as appropriate instead.

§Examples

let value = i32::from_ne_bytes(if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
    [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]
} else {
    [0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
});
assert_eq!(value, 0x12345678);

When starting from a slice rather than an array, fallible conversion APIs can be used:

fn read_ne_i32(input: &mut &[u8]) -> i32 {
    let (int_bytes, rest) = input.split_at(size_of::<i32>());
    *input = rest;
    i32::from_ne_bytes(int_bytes.try_into().unwrap())
}

New code should prefer to use i32::MIN instead.

Returns the smallest value that can be represented by this integer type.

New code should prefer to use i32::MAX instead.

Returns the largest value that can be represented by this integer type.

Clamps this number to a symmetric range centred around zero.

The method clamps the number’s magnitude (absolute value) to be at most limit.

This is functionally equivalent to self.clamp(-limit, limit), but is more explicit about the intent.

§Examples

#![feature(clamp_magnitude)]
assert_eq!(120i32.clamp_magnitude(100), 100);
assert_eq!(-120i32.clamp_magnitude(100), -100);
assert_eq!(80i32.clamp_magnitude(100), 80);
assert_eq!(-80i32.clamp_magnitude(100), -80);

Truncate an integer to an integer of the same size or smaller, preserving the least significant bits.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_widen_truncate)]
assert_eq!(120i8, 120i32.truncate());
assert_eq!(-120i8, (-120i32).truncate());
assert_eq!(120i8, 376i32.truncate());

Truncate an integer to an integer of the same size or smaller, saturating at numeric bounds instead of truncating.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_widen_truncate)]
assert_eq!(120i8, 120i32.saturating_truncate());
assert_eq!(-120i8, (-120i32).saturating_truncate());
assert_eq!(127i8, 376i32.saturating_truncate());
assert_eq!(-128i8, (-1000i32).saturating_truncate());

Truncate an integer to an integer of the same size or smaller, returning None if the value is outside the bounds of the smaller type.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_widen_truncate)]
assert_eq!(Some(120i8), 120i32.checked_truncate());
assert_eq!(Some(-120i8), (-120i32).checked_truncate());
assert_eq!(None, 376i32.checked_truncate::<i8>());
assert_eq!(None, (-1000i32).checked_truncate::<i8>());

Widen to an integer of the same size or larger, preserving its value.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_widen_truncate)]
assert_eq!(120i128, 120i8.widen());
assert_eq!(-120i128, (-120i8).widen());

Converts self to the target integer type, saturating at the numeric bounds instead of overflowing.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_casts)]
assert_eq!(i8::MAX, i32::MAX.saturating_cast());
assert_eq!(i8::MIN, i32::MIN.saturating_cast());
assert_eq!(42u8, 42i32.saturating_cast());
assert_eq!(0u8, (-42i32).saturating_cast());

Converts self to the target integer type, wrapping around at the boundary of the target type.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_casts)]
assert_eq!(i32::MAX as i8, i32::MAX.wrapping_cast());
assert_eq!(i32::MIN as i8, i32::MIN.wrapping_cast());
assert_eq!(42u8, 42i32.wrapping_cast());
assert_eq!(u8::MAX - 41, (-42i32).wrapping_cast());

Converts self to the target integer type, returning None if the value is not representable by the target type.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_casts)]
assert_eq!(Some(42u8), 42i32.checked_cast());
assert_eq!((-42i32).checked_cast::<u8>(), None);

Converts self to the target integer type, panicking if the value is not representable by the target type.

§Panics

This function will panic if the value is not representable by the target type.

§Examples

#![feature(integer_casts)]
assert_eq!(42u8, 42i32.strict_cast());

The following will panic:

#![feature(integer_casts)]
let _ = (-42i32).strict_cast::<u8>();

Converts self to the target integer type, assuming the value is representable by the target type.

§Safety

This results in undefined behavior if the integer value of self is bigger than T::MAX, or smaller than T::MIN, where T is the target type.

Calculates the midpoint (average) between self and rhs.

midpoint(a, b) is (a + b) / 2 as if it were performed in a sufficiently-large signed integral type. This implies that the result is always rounded towards zero and that no overflow will ever occur.

§Examples

assert_eq!(0i32.midpoint(4), 2);
assert_eq!((-1i32).midpoint(2), 0);
assert_eq!((-7i32).midpoint(0), -3);
assert_eq!(0i32.midpoint(-7), -3);
assert_eq!(0i32.midpoint(7), 3);

Widening multiplication. Computes self * rhs, widening to a larger integer.

The returned value is always exact and can never overflow.

Note that this method is semantically equivalent to carrying_mul with a carry of zero, with the latter instead returning a tuple denoting the low and high parts of the result. Consider using it instead if you need interoperability with other big int helper functions, or if this method isn’t available for a given type.

§Examples

#![feature(widening_mul)]

assert_eq!(i32::MAX.widening_mul(0_i32), 0);
assert_eq!(i32::MAX.widening_mul(i32::MAX), i32::MAX as i64 * i32::MAX as i64);

Parses an integer from a string slice with digits in a given base.

The string is expected to be an optional + or - sign followed by only digits. Leading and trailing non-digit characters (including whitespace) represent an error. Underscores (which are accepted in Rust literals) also represent an error.

Digits are a subset of these characters, depending on radix:

• 0-9
• a-z
• A-Z

§Panics

This function panics if radix is not in the range from 2 to 36.

§See also

If the string to be parsed is in base 10 (decimal), from_str or str::parse can also be used.

§Examples

assert_eq!(i32::from_str_radix("A", 16), Ok(10));

Trailing space returns error:

assert!(i32::from_str_radix("1 ", 10).is_err());

Parses an integer from an ASCII-byte slice with decimal digits.

The characters are expected to be an optional + or - sign followed by only digits. Leading and trailing non-digit characters (including whitespace) represent an error. Underscores (which are accepted in Rust literals) also represent an error.

§Examples

#![feature(int_from_ascii)]

assert_eq!(i32::from_ascii_bytes(b"+10"), Ok(10));

Trailing space returns error:

assert!(i32::from_ascii_bytes(b"1 ").is_err());

Parses an integer from an ASCII-byte slice with digits in a given base.

The characters are expected to be an optional + or - sign followed by only digits. Leading and trailing non-digit characters (including whitespace) represent an error. Underscores (which are accepted in Rust literals) also represent an error.

Digits are a subset of these characters, depending on radix:

• 0-9
• a-z
• A-Z

§Panics

This function panics if radix is not in the range from 2 to 36.

§Examples

#![feature(int_from_ascii)]

assert_eq!(i32::from_ascii_bytes_radix(b"A", 16), Ok(10));

Trailing space returns error:

assert!(i32::from_ascii_bytes_radix(b"1 ", 10).is_err());

Allows users to write an integer (in signed decimal format) into a variable buf of type NumBuffer that is passed by the caller by mutable reference.

§Examples

use core::fmt::NumBuffer;

let n = 0i32;
let mut buf = NumBuffer::new();
assert_eq!(n.format_into(&mut buf), "0");

let n1 = 32i32;
assert_eq!(n1.format_into(&mut buf), "32");

let n2 = i32 :: MAX;
assert_eq!(n2.format_into(&mut buf), i32 :: MAX.to_string());

Format signed integers in the two’s-complement form.