GeezerVison

This help page is a how-to guide. It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines and may reflect varying levels of consensus.

This page will help you to fix the cite error message:

Cite error: The named reference $1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

• If you have read this help page and find something missing or confusing, please discuss it at the main talk page.
• Please reference this page and the page where you have the problem so we can understand your issues.
• For basic information on the footnotes system, see Referencing for beginners; for advanced help, see Footnotes.

A footnote used multiple times may be defined with a name:

<ref name="foo-bar">content</ref>

To invoke a named footnote:

<ref name="foo-bar" />

References may also be defined within the reference list. Here is a correct example:

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=refname1>refcontent1</ref>
<ref name=refname2>refcontent2</ref>
<ref name=refname3>refcontent3</ref>
<ref name=refname4>refcontent4</ref>
}}

Use straight quotation marks " " to enclose the reference name (size exaggerated). Do not use curly quotation marks “ ”. Curlies will simply be treated as another character, not as quotation marks. If one style of quotation marks is used when first naming the reference, but the other style is used in a reference repeat, an error message will be seen on the published page. See also MOS:CURLY.

(This error message is sometimes mistakenly produced by the MediaWiki software, even when a named reference is correctly defined if one tries to add a webpage address (URL) in the Template:Refn without using ref tags, for example when the URL includes the equals sign =, e.g. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ossetia.)

A named reference was invoked but never defined, or no content was provided for the definition. The reference may be defined inline or in the reference list. You may have misspelled the reference name, used special characters that look the same but are actually different, or the original named reference is missing (for example, if you just copied and pasted the invoked ref).

For instance,

<ref name="foo-bar">content</ref>

and

<ref name="foo–bar">content</ref>

are not the same: one contains a hyphen while the other uses an en dash. To avoid this sort of error, try to use only the characters available on the standard keyboard.

You may have also invoked a reference but never defined it, for example: <ref name="foo–bar">...</ref> or <ref name="foo–bar" />.

You may have tried to include the reference inside the ref tag, for example: <ref foo–bar />.

The full reference may have been removed from the article with other content, such as when removing information under BLP concerns. In this case the text of the reference will be available in the page history, and you can convert the single <ref /> tag into a full reference.

You may be editing a section that invokes a reference defined in another section.

List-defined references may have this error if:

• The closing </ref> tag is missing or malformed. This would normally result in a

A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

message, but the missing tag causes the reference to "eat" the reference following in the list. Since that reference is undefined, the message

The named reference $1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

displays for both references. This can be very confusing, as the order of references in the list may not match the order used in the content.

• If {{reflist}} is used and the |refs= parameter is missing or malformed.
• If a named reference is invoked within the reference list markup:

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=refname1 />
}}

• Another type of problem that will cause this error to appear relates to the location of an invoked footnote within an article. If a footnote is added to an article anywhere below reflist, then that footnote will appear at the bottom of the article. Consequently, if a footnote used in the article is invoked (like <ref name="foo-bar" />) anywhere after reflist in an article, the cite error will appear, because reflist is only a list of all the footnotes above the reflist.

If the reference name includes characters other than standard English alphabet and numerals, then those characters will be dot encoded. That is, the characters will be converted to ASCII and shown with a period before them. For example, a name such as $$abcd would show as .24.24abcd. As noted at WP:NAMEDREFS: "Please consider keeping names simple and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals."

Pages with this error message are placed into Pages with broken reference names. The system message page is at Cite error references no text.