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Description
Rangwapithecus weighed approximately 15 kg (33 lb) and the size and shape of the ape's teeth indicate that it was a folivore.[2] An arboreal ape from the earliest Miocene[3] adapted to life in the rainforest, it is associated particularly with Mfangano Island[4] although the species previously inhabited a woodland-bushland environment.[5]
Taxonomy
Rangwapithecus was sympatric with Proconsul,[6] and may be synonymous with both Proconsul gordoni and Proconsul vancouveringi.[7] It is also similar to another species found in Africa.[8] Rangwapithecus gordoni and P. africanus are similarly sized though they differ morphologically, and both are restricted to Koru and Songhur.[9]
Palaeoecology
Rangwapithecus was a generalised frugivore that was also able to engage in folivory as a fallback during times of dietary stress.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Begun 1988
- ↑ Fleagle 1999, p. 462
- ↑ Lyell 1833, p. 343
- ↑ Andrews & Kelley 2007, Abstract
- ↑ Andrews & Evans 1979
- ↑ Cameron 2004, p. 62
- ↑ Tuttle 1986, p. 28
- ↑ Leakey & Leakey 1987, Abstract
- ↑ Andrews 2000, p. 356
- ↑ Shearer, Brian M.; Ungar, Peter S.; McNulty, Kieran P.; Harcourt-Smith, William E.H.; Dunsworth, Holly M.; Teaford, Mark F. (January 2015). "Dental microwear profilometry of African non-cercopithecoid catarrhines of the Early Miocene". Journal of Human Evolution. 78: 33–43. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.011. Retrieved 3 December 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
References
- Andrews, Peter (May 2000). "Evolution and Environment in the Hominoidea". In Gee, H (ed.). Shaking the tree: readings from Nature in the history of life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2.
- Andrews, P; Cronin, JE (1982). "The relationships of Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus and the evolution of the orang-utan". Nature. 297 (5867): 541–6. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..541A. doi:10.1038/297541a0. PMID 7045678. S2CID 4368755.
- Andrews, P.; Evans, E. N. (1979). "The Environment of Ramapithecus in Africa". Paleobiology. 5 (1): 22–30. Bibcode:1979Pbio....5...22A. doi:10.1017/s0094837300006266. JSTOR 2400387. S2CID 88248574.
- Andrews, Peter; Kelley, Jay (2007). "Middle Miocene Dispersals of Apes". Folia Primatologica. 78 (5–6): 328–43. doi:10.1159/000105148. PMID 17855786. S2CID 19293586.
- Begun, David R. (1988). "Catarrhine phalanges from the Late Miocene (Vallesian) of Rudabánya, Hungary" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 17 (4): 413–37. Bibcode:1988JHumE..17..413B. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(88)90030-9. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
- Cameron, D. W. (2004). Hominid adaptations and extinctions. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868407166.
- Fleagle, JG (1999). Primate adaptation and evolution. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-260341-9.
- Greenfield, Leonard Owen (1979). "On the adaptive pattern of "Ramapithecus"". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 50 (4): 527–48. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330500406. PMID 111557.
- Greenfield, L. O. (1987). "A Late Divergence Hypothesis". In Ciochon, Russell L.; Fleagle, John G. (eds.). Primate evolution and human origins. Evolutionary Foundations of Human Behavior Series. Transaction Publishers. p. 222. ISBN 9780202011752. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Leakey, R.E.; Leakey, M.G. (1987). "A new Miocene small-bodied ape from Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 16 (4): 369–87. Bibcode:1987JHumE..16..369L. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(87)90067-4.
- Lyell, C (1833). Principles of geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation, Volume 3. J. Murray. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Schwartz, JH (1984). "The evolutionary relationships of man and orang-utans". Nature. 308 (5959): 501–5. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..501S. doi:10.1038/308501a0. PMID 6424028. S2CID 4343195.
- Tuttle, R. (1986). Apes of the world: their social behavior, communication, mentality, and ecology. Noyes Publ. p. 28. ISBN 9780815511045.
- Tuttle, Russell H. (2006). "Seven Decades of East African Miocene Anthropoid Studies". In Ishida, Hidemi; Tuttle, Russell; Pickford, Martin; Ogihara, Naomichi; Nakatsukasa, Masato (eds.). Human origins and environmental backgrounds. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Birkhäuser. pp. 15–29. ISBN 978-0387296388.
External links
- Wolpoff, M. H.; De Bonis, L.; Fleagle, J. G.; Frayer, D. W.; Greenfield, L. O.; Jacobs, K. H.; Protsch, R.; Rightmire, P. G.; Sarich, V. (1982). "Ramapithecus and Hominid Origins [and Comments and Reply]". Current Anthropology. 23 (5): 501–522. doi:10.1086/202893. JSTOR 2742391. S2CID 88285271.
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