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GeezerVison is showing en.wikipedia.org — Tigalari script - Wikipedia 
Tulu-Tigalari Script is a Southern Brahmic script which was used to write the Tulu, Kannada, and Sanskrit languages. It was primarily used for writing Vedic texts in Sanskrit.[3] It evolved from the Grantha script. It bears high similarity and relationship to its sister script Malayalam, which also evolved from the Grantha script. The script was used by Tulu-speaking Brahmins like Shivalli Brahmins and Kannada speaking Havyaka Brahmins and Kota Brahmins to write Vedic mantras and other Sanskrit religious texts. However, there has been a renewed interest among Tulu speakers to revive the script as it was formerly used in the Tulu-speaking region. The Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy, a cultural wing of the Government of Karnataka, has introduced Tuḷu language (written in Kannada script) and Tulu-Tigalari script in schools across the Mangalore and Udupi districts.[4] The academy provides instructional manuals to learn this script and conducts workshops to teach it.[5] Names
The name by which this script is referred to is closely tied with its regional, linguistic or historical roots. It would not be wrong to assign all the names mentioned above to this script.[4] Arya Ezhuttu, or the more recently coined term Grantha Malayalam, is used to refer to this script in Kerala. Arya Ezhuttu covers the spectrum between the older script (that is Tigalari) until it was standardised by the lead types for Malayalam script (old style) in Kerala.[4] Tigalari is used to this day by the Havyaka Brahmins of the Malanadu region. Tigalari is also the term that is commonly used to refer to this script in most manuscript catalogues and in several academic publications today. Gunda Jois has studied this script closely for over four decades now. According to his findings that were based on evidences found in stone inscriptions, palm leaf manuscripts and early research work done by western scholars like B. L. Rice, he finds the only name used for this script historically has been Tigalari.[4] It is referred to as Tigalari lipi in Kannada-speaking regions (Malnad region) and Tulu speakers call it as Tulu lipi. This script is commonly known as the Tulu script or Tulu Grantha script in the coastal regions of Karnataka. There are several recent publications and instructional books for learning this script. It is also called the Tigalari script in—Elements of South Indian Palaeography by Rev. A C Burnell and a couple of other early publications of the Basel Mission press, Mangalore. Tulu Ramayana manuscript found in the Dharmasthala archives refers to this script as Tigalari Lipi. Geographical distributionThe script is used all over Canara and Western Hilly regions of Karnataka. Many manuscripts are also found North Canara, Udupi, South Canara, Shimoga, Chikkamagaluru and Kasaragod district of Kerala. There are innumerable manuscripts found in this region. The major language of manuscripts is Sanskrit, mainly the works of Veda, Jyotisha and other Sanskrit epics. HistoryAccording to Arthur Coke Burnell, one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the Chola dynasty, was imported into the southwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, and then modified in course of time in this secluded area, where communication with the east coast was very limited.[6] It later evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script, which was used by the Malayali, Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, but was originally only used to write Sanskrit. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write vernacular language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit only.[6][7] In Malabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu (ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്, Ārya eḻuttŭ),[8] meaning "Arya writing" (Sanskrit is Indo-Aryan language while Malayalam is a Dravidian language). The oldest record of the usage of the Tigalari script is found on a stone inscription at the Sri Veeranarayana temple in Kulashekara here is in complete Tigalari script and Tulu language and belongs to the 1159 CE.[9] The various inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the Tigalari script. Two Tulu epics named Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri from the 17th century were also written in the same script.[10] Basel missionary Brigel writes in 1872 that the Tulu language had "no literature in the proper sense of the word", nor a writing system. He writes that a "modification of the Malayalam alphabet" was used to write Tulu, until the Basel Mission Press introduced Kannada script for printing in 1834, after which this precedent was generally followed.[11] Missionary Männer similarly writes in 1886 that there was no literature in Tulu, except for "some legends" written on palm-leaves in "Malayalam character". He adds that this "Malayalam alphabet" was in vogue until the Mission introduced the Kannada script for printing. The New Testament was first translated into Tulu and printed using the Kannada script in 1847.[12] According to Vaishnavi Murthy, the introduction of Kannada printing presses contributed to the disappearance of the traditional Tulu script, as Kannada became the script used for publishing Tulu works.[13] UsageHistorical use  Thousands of manuscripts have been found in this script such as Vedas, Upanishads, Jyotisha, Dharmashastra, Purana and many more. Most works are in Sanskrit. However, some Kannada manuscripts are also found such as Gokarna Mahatmyam etc. The popular 16th-century work Kaushika Ramayana written in Old Kannada language by Battaleshwara of Yana, Uttara Kannada is found in this script. Mahabharato of 15th century written in this script in Tulu language is also found. But earlier to this several 12th-13th century Sanskrit manuscripts of Madhvacharya are also found. Honnavar in Uttara Kannada District is known for its Samaveda manuscripts. Other manuscripts like Devi Mahatmyam, from the 15th century and two epic poems written in the 17th century, namely Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri have also been found in Tulu language. Modern useToday the usage of the script has decreased. It is still used in parts of Kanara region and traditional maṭhas of undivided Dakshina Kannada and Uttara Kannada Districts. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on Tigalari script. Dharmasthala and the Ashta Mathas of Udupi have done significant work in preserving the script. Several studies and research work has been done on Tigalari script. Keladi houses over 400 manuscripts in Tigalari script. There is a gaining support and interest by Tuluvas in revival of the script. Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy is constantly conducting meetings with experts for standardisation of Tulu script.[14] There is also huge support from Local MLAs for popularising the Tulu script.[15] There are many places in Tulu Nadu region where sign boards are being installed in Tulu script.[16][17] Preservation
Apart from these they are also found in Dharmasthala, Ramachandrapura Matha of Hosanagar, Shimoga, Sonda Swarnavalli Matha of Sirsi and the Ashta Mathas of Udupi. CharactersThe following charts show a complete list of the consonants, vowels and mmarks used in the Tigalari script. Independent vowels
Vowel diacritics
Consonants
Signs
Punctuation
Comparison with other scriptsTigalari and Malayalam are both descended from Grantha script, and resemble each other both in their individual letters and in using consonant conjuncts less than other Indic scripts. It is assumed that a single script around 9th-10th century called Western Grantha, evolved from Grantha script and later divided into two scripts.[19]  The following table compares the Tigalari consonants with other Southern Indic scripts such as Grantha, Malayalam, Kannada and Sinhala.
Notes: Letters used in the modern script
Letters rarely used in the modern script
Archaic letters not used in the modern script
Sample TextThe following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, written in Tulu:[20]: Tigalari script . .
Malayalam script മാതാ നരമാനിലു സ്വതന്ത്രവാദ് ബൊക്ക ഗൗരവൊഡു ബൊക്ക ഹക്കുലെഡ് സമാനവാദ് പുട്ടുവെർ. അകുലു തർക ബൊക്ക ആത്മസാക്ഷിഡ് പുഗർതെ പഡെയിനകുലു ബൊക്ക ഒരി ഒരി സോദരത്വദ ഭാവൊഡു വർതനെ മല്പൊഡു.
Kannada script ಮಾತಾ ನರಮಾನಿಲು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾದ್ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಗೌರವೊಡು ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಹಕ್ಕುಲೆಡ್ ಸಮಾನವಾದ್ ಪುಟ್ಟುವೆರ್. ಅಕುಲು ತರ್ಕ ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಆತ್ಮಸಾಕ್ಷಿಡ್ ಪುಗರ್ತೆ ಪಡೆಯಿನಕುಲು ಬೊಕ್ಕ ಒರಿ ಒರಿ ಸೋದರತ್ವದ ಭಾವೊಡು ವರ್ತನೆ ಮಲ್ಪೊಡು.
Romanisation Mātā naramānilŭ svatantravādŭ bokka gauravoḍu bokka hakkuleḍŭ samānavādŭ puṭṭuver. Akulu tarka bokka ātmasākṣiḍ pugarte paḍeyinakulu bokka ori ori sōdaratvad bhāvoḍu vartane malpoḍu.
Translation Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
UnicodeMain article: Tulu-Tigalari (Unicode block)
The Tigalari script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 2024 with the release of version 16.0. The Unicode block for Tigalari, named Tulu-Tigalari, is located at U+11380–U+113FF:
References
Further reading
See alsoExternal links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tulu-Tigalari script.
Hidden categories:
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