C language lexer & parser & virtual executer from scratch in Rust.
- Tokenizer (Lexer)
- Preprocessor
- Parser ( AST Builder, LR(1) parser using RustyLR )
- Virtual Machine ( LLVM via inkwell )
Tokenize the raw source code into a list of tokens.
This phase will remove c/cpp comments.
Sequence of whitespaces will be combined into one Token::Whitespace
The newline \n will be kept as a Token::NewLine for later phase
If the source is not end with \n, it will be added automatically
Analyze the tokens in each line and generate a list of Line which contains the result of the analysis. This phase will extract preprocessor directives and macro definitions.
Preprocess the source code by expanding macros and removing preprocessor directives.
Build an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) from the preprocessed token stream. The AST will be used to generate instructions.
Iterate through the AST and check for semantic errors, such as type mismatches and undeclared variables.
Generate LLVM IR from the AST and execute it using the LLVM JIT compiler.
cargo run
To execute the program, pass the C code to stdin. Once you are done, press ^D to finish the input. The program will tokenize, parse, generate instructions, and execute the code.
Sample C codes (only with implemented features) are in samples/ directory. Try them with cat samples/sample.c | cargo run
/// samples/sample.c extern int printf(const char *fmt, ...); // declaration of function fibonacci sequence int fibonacci(int); #define MY_MACRO_FUNC(x, y) y + x #if MY_MACRO_FUNC(1, 2) == 3 // main function int main() { int var = 10; int *ptr = &var; printf("Hello, World!\n"); *ptr = MY_MACRO_FUNC(40, 60); printf("%p, %d, %d\n", (void *)ptr, *ptr, var); printf("%d\n", MY_MACRO_FUNC(10, 20)); // print fibonacci sequence printf("%s\n", "Fibonacci sequence:"); int i = 1; for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { printf("for i = %d, ", i); printf("%d\n", fibonacci(i)); } return 0; } // definition of function fibonacci sequence using recursion int fibonacci(int n) { if (n <= 2) return 1; else return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2); } #else THIS WILL BE IGNORED #endif
Pass c code to stdin
cat samples/sample.c | cargo runThe result will be:
Enter your code (and ^D for EOF):
================================================================================
===============================Phase1: Tokenizing===============================
================================================================================
LINE | ---------------------------------Result----------------------------------
0: Identifier("extern") Whitespace Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen Identifier("const") Whitespace Identifier("char") Whitespace Star Identifier("fmt") Comma Whitespace Ellipsis RightParen SemiColon
1:
2:
3: Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("fibonacci") LeftParen Identifier("int") RightParen SemiColon
4:
5: PreprocessorDefine Whitespace Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC") LeftParen Identifier("x") Comma Whitespace Identifier("y") RightParen Whitespace Identifier("y") Whitespace Plus Whitespace Identifier("x")
6:
7: PreprocessorIf Whitespace Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC") LeftParen ConstantInteger(1) Comma Whitespace ConstantInteger(2) RightParen Whitespace EqOp Whitespace ConstantInteger(3)
8:
9:
10: Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("main") LeftParen RightParen Whitespace LeftBrace
11: Whitespace Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("var") Whitespace Equal Whitespace ConstantInteger(10) SemiColon
12: Whitespace Identifier("int") Whitespace Star Identifier("ptr") Whitespace Equal Whitespace Ampersand Identifier("var") SemiColon
13: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("Hello, World!\n") RightParen SemiColon
14: Whitespace Star Identifier("ptr") Whitespace Equal Whitespace Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC") LeftParen ConstantInteger(40) Comma Whitespace ConstantInteger(60) RightParen SemiColon
15: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("%p, %d, %d\n") Comma Whitespace LeftParen Identifier("void") Whitespace Star RightParen Identifier("ptr") Comma Whitespace Star Identifier("ptr") Comma Whitespace Identifier("var") RightParen SemiColon
16:
17: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("%d\n") Comma Whitespace Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC") LeftParen ConstantInteger(10) Comma Whitespace ConstantInteger(20) RightParen RightParen SemiColon
18:
19: Whitespace
20: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("%s\n") Comma Whitespace StringLiteral("Fibonacci sequence:") RightParen SemiColon
21: Whitespace Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("i") Whitespace Equal Whitespace ConstantInteger(1) SemiColon
22: Whitespace Identifier("for") Whitespace LeftParen Identifier("i") Whitespace Equal Whitespace ConstantInteger(1) SemiColon Whitespace Identifier("i") Whitespace LeOp Whitespace ConstantInteger(10) SemiColon Whitespace Identifier("i") IncOp RightParen Whitespace LeftBrace
23: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("for i = %d, ") Comma Whitespace Identifier("i") RightParen SemiColon
24: Whitespace Identifier("printf") LeftParen StringLiteral("%d\n") Comma Whitespace Identifier("fibonacci") LeftParen Identifier("i") RightParen RightParen SemiColon
25: Whitespace RightBrace
26:
27: Whitespace Identifier("return") Whitespace ConstantInteger(0) SemiColon
28: RightBrace
29:
30:
31: Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("fibonacci") LeftParen Identifier("int") Whitespace Identifier("n") RightParen Whitespace LeftBrace
32: Whitespace Identifier("if") Whitespace LeftParen Identifier("n") Whitespace LeOp Whitespace ConstantInteger(2) RightParen
33: Whitespace Identifier("return") Whitespace ConstantInteger(1) SemiColon
34: Whitespace Identifier("else")
35: Whitespace Identifier("return") Whitespace Identifier("fibonacci") LeftParen Identifier("n") Whitespace Minus Whitespace ConstantInteger(1) RightParen Whitespace Plus Whitespace Identifier("fibonacci") LeftParen Identifier("n") Whitespace Minus Whitespace ConstantInteger(2) RightParen SemiColon
36: RightBrace
37:
38: PreprocessorElse
39:
40: Identifier("THIS") Whitespace Identifier("WILL") Whitespace Identifier("BE") Whitespace Identifier("IGNORED")
41:
42: PreprocessorEndIf
================================================================================
=============================Phase2: Line Analysis==============================
================================================================================
LINE | ---------------------------------Result----------------------------------
0: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("extern"), Identifier("int"), Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, Identifier("const"), Identifier("char"), Star, Identifier("fmt"), Comma, Ellipsis, RightParen, SemiColon] }
1: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("int"), RightParen, SemiColon] }
2: DefineFunction { name: "MY_MACRO_FUNC", param_count: 2, replacement: [PreprocessorPlaceholder(1), Plus, PreprocessorPlaceholder(0)] }
3: If { expression_tokens: [Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC"), LeftParen, ConstantInteger(1), Comma, ConstantInteger(2), RightParen, EqOp, ConstantInteger(3)] }
4: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Identifier("main"), LeftParen, RightParen, LeftBrace] }
5: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Identifier("var"), Equal, ConstantInteger(10), SemiColon] }
6: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Star, Identifier("ptr"), Equal, Ampersand, Identifier("var"), SemiColon] }
7: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("Hello, World!\n"), RightParen, SemiColon] }
8: RawTokens { tokens: [Star, Identifier("ptr"), Equal, Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC"), LeftParen, ConstantInteger(40), Comma, ConstantInteger(60), RightParen, SemiColon] }
9: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%p, %d, %d\n"), Comma, LeftParen, Identifier("void"), Star, RightParen, Identifier("ptr"), Comma, Star, Identifier("ptr"), Comma, Identifier("var"), RightParen, SemiColon] }
10: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%d\n"), Comma, Identifier("MY_MACRO_FUNC"), LeftParen, ConstantInteger(10), Comma, ConstantInteger(20), RightParen, RightParen, SemiColon] }
11: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%s\n"), Comma, StringLiteral("Fibonacci sequence:"), RightParen, SemiColon] }
12: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Identifier("i"), Equal, ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon] }
13: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("for"), LeftParen, Identifier("i"), Equal, ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon, Identifier("i"), LeOp, ConstantInteger(10), SemiColon, Identifier("i"), IncOp, RightParen, LeftBrace] }
14: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("for i = %d, "), Comma, Identifier("i"), RightParen, SemiColon] }
15: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%d\n"), Comma, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("i"), RightParen, RightParen, SemiColon] }
16: RawTokens { tokens: [RightBrace] }
17: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("return"), ConstantInteger(0), SemiColon] }
18: RawTokens { tokens: [RightBrace] }
19: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("int"), Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("int"), Identifier("n"), RightParen, LeftBrace] }
20: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("if"), LeftParen, Identifier("n"), LeOp, ConstantInteger(2), RightParen] }
21: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("return"), ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon] }
22: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("else")] }
23: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("return"), Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("n"), Minus, ConstantInteger(1), RightParen, Plus, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("n"), Minus, ConstantInteger(2), RightParen, SemiColon] }
24: RawTokens { tokens: [RightBrace] }
25: Else
26: RawTokens { tokens: [Identifier("THIS"), Identifier("WILL"), Identifier("BE"), Identifier("IGNORED")] }
27: EndIf
================================================================================
=============================Phase3: Preprocessing==============================
================================================================================
LINE | ---------------------------------Result----------------------------------
0: [Extern, Int, Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, Const, Char, Star, Identifier("fmt"), Comma, Ellipsis, RightParen, SemiColon]
1: [Int, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Int, RightParen, SemiColon]
2: [Int, Identifier("main"), LeftParen, RightParen, LeftBrace]
3: [Int, Identifier("var"), Equal, ConstantInteger(10), SemiColon]
4: [Int, Star, Identifier("ptr"), Equal, Ampersand, Identifier("var"), SemiColon]
5: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("Hello, World!\n"), RightParen, SemiColon]
6: [Star, Identifier("ptr"), Equal, ConstantInteger(60), Plus, ConstantInteger(40), SemiColon]
7: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%p, %d, %d\n"), Comma, LeftParen, Void, Star, RightParen, Identifier("ptr"), Comma, Star, Identifier("ptr"), Comma, Identifier("var"), RightParen, SemiColon]
8: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%d\n"), Comma, ConstantInteger(20), Plus, ConstantInteger(10), RightParen, SemiColon]
9: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%s\n"), Comma, StringLiteral("Fibonacci sequence:"), RightParen, SemiColon]
10: [Int, Identifier("i"), Equal, ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon]
11: [For, LeftParen, Identifier("i"), Equal, ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon, Identifier("i"), LeOp, ConstantInteger(10), SemiColon, Identifier("i"), IncOp, RightParen, LeftBrace]
12: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("for i = %d, "), Comma, Identifier("i"), RightParen, SemiColon]
13: [Identifier("printf"), LeftParen, StringLiteral("%d\n"), Comma, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("i"), RightParen, RightParen, SemiColon]
14: [RightBrace]
15: [Return, ConstantInteger(0), SemiColon]
16: [RightBrace]
17: [Int, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Int, Identifier("n"), RightParen, LeftBrace]
18: [If, LeftParen, Identifier("n"), LeOp, ConstantInteger(2), RightParen]
19: [Return, ConstantInteger(1), SemiColon]
20: [Else]
21: [Return, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("n"), Minus, ConstantInteger(1), RightParen, Plus, Identifier("fibonacci"), LeftParen, Identifier("n"), Minus, ConstantInteger(2), RightParen, SemiColon]
22: [RightBrace]
================================================================================
======================Phase4: Building AbstractSyntaxTree=======================
================================================================================
ASTs:
TranslationUnit {
statements: [
Declaration(
StmtDeclaration {
specs: [
StorageClassSpecifier(
Extern,
),
TypeSpecifier(
Int,
),
],
inits: Some(
[
DeclInit {
declarator: Function(
...
...
...
),
},
),
),
},
),
),
},
),
],
},
),
},
),
],
}
================================================================================
===========================Phase5: Semantic Analysis============================
================================================================================
TranslationUnit {
statements: [],
variables: {
"printf": VariableInfo {
name: "printf",
uid: 1,
cv_type: CVType {
type_: Function(
FunctionType {
return_type: CVType {
type_: Integer(
Int32,
),
const_: false,
volatile: false,
},
args: [
CombinedDeclarator {
name: Some(
"fmt",
),
cv_type: CVType {
type_: Pointer(
...
...
...
),
},
),
),
},
),
),
},
),
],
},
),
type_: FunctionType {
return_type: CVType {
type_: Integer(
Int32,
),
const_: false,
volatile: false,
},
args: [
CombinedDeclarator {
name: Some(
"n",
),
cv_type: CVType {
type_: Integer(
Int32,
),
const_: false,
volatile: false,
},
},
],
variadic: false,
},
uid: 2,
args: [
VariableInfo {
name: "n",
uid: 7,
cv_type: CVType {
type_: Integer(
Int32,
),
const_: false,
volatile: false,
},
storage: None,
},
],
},
},
}
================================================================================
========================Phase6: Generating Instructions=========================
================================================================================
; ModuleID = 'main_module'
source_filename = "main_module"
target datalayout = "e-m:e-p270:32:32-p271:32:32-p272:64:64-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128"
@str = private unnamed_addr constant [15 x i8] c"Hello, World!\0A\00", align 1
@str.1 = private unnamed_addr constant [12 x i8] c"%p, %d, %d\0A\00", align 1
@str.2 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
@str.3 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%s\0A\00", align 1
@str.4 = private unnamed_addr constant [20 x i8] c"Fibonacci sequence:\00", align 1
@str.5 = private unnamed_addr constant [13 x i8] c"for i = %d, \00", align 1
@str.6 = private unnamed_addr constant [4 x i8] c"%d\0A\00", align 1
declare i32 @printf(i8* %0, ...)
define i32 @fibonacci(i32 %0) {
func_block:
%n = alloca i32, align 4
store i32 %0, i32* %n, align 4
%load = load i32, i32* %n, align 4
%sle = icmp sle i32 %load, 2
%zext = zext i1 %sle to i8
%ifcond = icmp ne i8 %zext, 0
br i1 %ifcond, label %then_block, label %else_block
then_block: ; preds = %func_block
ret i32 1
else_block: ; preds = %func_block
%load1 = load i32, i32* %n, align 4
%sub = sub i32 %load1, 1
%function_call = call i32 @fibonacci(i32 %sub)
%load2 = load i32, i32* %n, align 4
%sub3 = sub i32 %load2, 2
%function_call4 = call i32 @fibonacci(i32 %sub3)
%add = add i32 %function_call, %function_call4
ret i32 %add
merge_block: ; No predecessors!
}
define i32 @main() {
func_block:
%var = alloca i32, align 4
store i32 10, i32* %var, align 4
%ptr = alloca i32*, align 8
store i32* %var, i32** %ptr, align 8
%function_call = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([15 x i8], [15 x i8]* @str, i32 0, i32 0))
%load = load i32*, i32** %ptr, align 8
store i32 100, i32* %load, align 4
%load1 = load i32*, i32** %ptr, align 8
%ptr_ptr = bitcast i32* %load1 to i8*
%load2 = load i32*, i32** %ptr, align 8
%load3 = load i32, i32* %load2, align 4
%load4 = load i32, i32* %var, align 4
%function_call5 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([12 x i8], [12 x i8]* @str.1, i32 0, i32 0), i8* %ptr_ptr, i32 %load3, i32 %load4)
%function_call6 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([4 x i8], [4 x i8]* @str.2, i32 0, i32 0), i32 30)
%function_call7 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([4 x i8], [4 x i8]* @str.3, i32 0, i32 0), i8* getelementptr inbounds ([20 x i8], [20 x i8]* @str.4, i32 0, i32 0))
%i = alloca i32, align 4
store i32 1, i32* %i, align 4
store i32 1, i32* %i, align 4
br label %body_block
body_block: ; preds = %continue_block, %func_block
%load8 = load i32, i32* %i, align 4
%function_call9 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([13 x i8], [13 x i8]* @str.5, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %load8)
%load10 = load i32, i32* %i, align 4
%function_call11 = call i32 @fibonacci(i32 %load10)
%function_call12 = call i32 (i8*, ...) @printf(i8* getelementptr inbounds ([4 x i8], [4 x i8]* @str.6, i32 0, i32 0), i32 %function_call11)
br label %continue_block
continue_block: ; preds = %body_block
%load13 = load i32, i32* %i, align 4
%inc = add i32 %load13, 1
store i32 %inc, i32* %i, align 4
%load14 = load i32, i32* %i, align 4
%sle = icmp sle i32 %load14, 10
%zext = zext i1 %sle to i8
%ifcond = icmp ne i8 %zext, 0
br i1 %ifcond, label %body_block, label %break_block
break_block: ; preds = %continue_block
ret i32 0
}
Program returned: 0
Hello, World!
0x7ffc4f2c0a04, 100, 100
30
Fibonacci sequence:
for i = 1, 1
for i = 2, 1
for i = 3, 2
for i = 4, 3
for i = 5, 5
for i = 6, 8
for i = 7, 13
for i = 8, 21
for i = 9, 34
for i = 10, 55