1. Java Tutorial
2. What is Java?
3. Installing the Java SDK
4. Your First Java App
5. Java Main Method
6. Java Project Overview, Compilation and Execution
7. Java Core Concepts
8. Java Syntax
9. Java Variables
10. Java Data Types
11. Java Math Operators and Math Class
12. Java Arrays
13. Java String
14. Java Operations
15. Java if statements
16. Java Ternary Operator
17. Java switch Statements
18. Java instanceof operator
19. Java for Loops
20. Java while Loops
21. Java Classes
22. Java Fields
23. Java Methods
24. Java Constructors
25. Java Packages
26. Java Access Modifiers
27. Java Inheritance
28. Java Nested Classes
29. Java Record
30. Java Abstract Classes
31. Java Interfaces
32. Java Interfaces vs. Abstract Classes
33. Java Enums
34. Java Annotations
35. Java Lambda Expressions
36. Java Modules
37. Java Method Chaining
38. Java Scoped Access or Access Scoping
39. Java Exercises

• Java Class Building Blocks
• Defining a Class in Java
  • .java Files
  • Class With Fields
  • Class With Constructor
  • Class With Methods
  • Class With Nested Class
• Classes and Objects
• Further Concepts for Java Classes
• Classes in Other Programming Languages

Jakob Jenkov Last update: 2024-07-30

Java classes are some of the core building blocks of Java applications, toolkits, frameworks, APIs etc. A small Java application may consist of a single Java class with a main() method in, as covered in the Java main method tutorial. As your Java application grows, keeping all the code in the same class makes it harder and harder to keep an overview of the code. Therefore it might be beneficial to start splitting the Java code up into multiple classes.

A Java class is a single, coherent unit of Java code which belongs together. A Java class may contain a mix of data (variables) and actions (methods). Grouping variables and operations on these variables into Java classes makes it easier to structure your Java program when it gets too big to fit comfortably inside a single Java class. A Java class must be stored in its own file. Therefore, as the class grows, the file you are editing grows too, and becomes harder to keep an overview of in your head.

Your Java application will typically have to contain at least a single Java class, but it may contain as many classes as you see fit to divide your application into. Java also comes with a lot of predefined classes for you, so you don't have to code every little function you might desire yourself.

Java Class Building Blocks

A Java class can contain the following building blocks:

• Fields
• Constructors
• Methods
• Nested Classes

Fields are variables (data) that are local to the class, or instances (objects) of that class. I will get back to instances later. Fields are covered in more detail in my Java fields tutorial.

Constructors are methods that initialize an instance of the class. Constructors often sets the values of fields in the given instance. Constructors are covered in more detail in my Java constructors tutorial.

Methods are operations that the class or instances of that class can perform. For instance, a method may perform an operation on input parameters, or change the value of fields kept internally in the object etc. Methods are covered in more detail in my Java methods tutorial

Nested classes are Java classes that are defined inside another class. Nested classes are typically intended to either be used only internally be the Java class that contains them, or to be used in connection with the class that contains them. Nested classes are covered in more detail in my Java nested class tutorial.

Not all Java classes have fields, constructors and methods. Sometimes you have classes that only contain fields (data), and sometimes you have classes that only contain methods (operations). It depends on what the Java class is supposed to do.

Defining a Class in Java

All it takes to define a class in Java is this:

public class MyClass {

}

This defines a public Java class called MyClass. The class has no fields, constructors or methods.

.java Files

The above class definition should be put in its own file named MyClass.java. Java files should be named the same as the name of the class they contain, with the .java as file name extension. Make sure you keep the same uppercase and lowercase characters from the class name in the file name too.

Only put a single class definition in each Java file, unless your class contains inner classes of some kind. Inner classes are covered in my Java nested classes tutorial.

Class With Fields

As mentioned earlier, a Java class can contain data in the shape of variables. Variables that belong to the class are typically called "fields".

The next example shows a Java class which is to model a car. Therefore the class has named Car and has three fields. Here is the Java class in code:

public class Car {

    public String brand = null;
    public String model = null;
    public String color = null;

}

This code defines a Java class named Car. The Car class has three fields. The Car class has no methods. Only field declarations. Fields are described in more detail in the text on Java fields.

Class With Constructor

A Java class can have a constructor. A constructor is a special method that is called when an object of the given class is created (explained later). The purpose of a constructor is to initialize the fields in the class. The fields are also called the "internal state". Here is an example of a Java class with two constructors:

public class Car {

    public String brand = null;
    public String model = null;
    public String color = null;

    public Car() {
    }

    public Car(String theBrand, String theModel, String theColor) {
        this.brand = theBrand;
        this.model = theModel;
        this.color = theColor;
    }

}

The constructors are the two methods that have the same name as the class, and which have no return type specified. The first constructor takes no parameters, and the second takes 3 parameters. The constructor that takes 3 parameters stores the values of these parameters in the fields of the created object. Constructors are covered in more detail in my Java constructors tutorial .

Class With Methods

A Java class can also contain operations. These operations are typically called methods. A Java method contains Java instructions that typically perform some operations on a field in the class, or on one of the parameters (also variables) values passed to the method when the method was called.

Here is the Java class, Car example from the previous section with a method added:

public class Car {

    public String brand = null;
    public String model = null;
    public String color = null;

    public void setColor(String newColor) {
        this.color = newColor;
    }
}

In the class definition above I have added a setColor() method. When called, this method sets the internal color variable (field) to a new value. Methods are described in more detail in the text on methods.

Class With Nested Class

As mentioned earlier, you can define a nested class inside another Java class. Here is an example of defining a nested class inside a Java class:

public class MyClass {

    public static class MyNestedClass{

    }
}

In the example above, the outer class is called MyClass and the nested class is called MyNestedClass . Neither of the classes in this example has any fields or methods, but both the outer and nested class could have as many fields and methods as you see fit. You can read more about nested classes in my tutorial about nested classes in Java

Classes and Objects

A Java class is a template for how objects of that class looks. In other words, the Car class in the previous section is a template for how Car objects look.

To create objects of a certain class, you use the new keyword. Here is an example:

Car car1 = new Car();
Car car2 = new Car();
Car car3 = new Car();

car1.setColor("red");
car2.setColor("green");
car3.setColor("blue");

This example creates 3 Car variables, and assign a new instance of the Car class to each variable. Each variable now references a Car object. Each variable references a different Car object. Such objects are also called instances. If you change the fields of one object, the fields of other objects are not changed. Thus, the fields of different objects (even of the same class) can vary independently of each other.

After creating the 3 Car objects, the setColor() method is called on each object. Now the color (represented as a text) is set individually for each Car object.

Creating an object of a certain class is also called "instantiating" an object. The object is thus also called an "instance" of the given class. For instance, each of the Car objects above are also called an instance of the Car class, or simply "Car instances".

Further Concepts for Java Classes

What you have seen in this text only covers the very basics of Java classes. You need to learn about fields, constructors, methods nested classes, abstract classes, inheritance, access modifiers and interfaces too. All of these concepts are discussed in their own texts.

Classes in Other Programming Languages

Classes is a common concept in many programming languages. Here are links to the tutorials about classes in programming languages covered on this website:

• Classes in Java
• Classes in Python

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