In Java, classes and objects form the foundation of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). They help model real-world entities and organize code in a structured way.

• A class is a blueprint used to create objects that share common properties and behavior.
• An object is an instance of a class. It represents a specific entity created from the class template.

For Example: Dog is a class, Tommy is an object of that class.

Java Class

A class is a user-defined data type that groups related data and behavior together. It can contain fields, methods, constructors, nested classes, and interfaces.

• Acts as a template to create objects with shared structure.
• Does not occupy memory for fields until instantiation.

class Student {
    int id;
    String n;

    public Student(int id, String n) {
        this.id = id;
        this.n = n;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Student s1 = new Student(10, "Alice");
        System.out.println(s1.id);
        System.out.println(s1.n);
    }
}

10
Alice

Explanation: This code defines a Student class as a blueprint with data members and a constructor to initialize them. An object s1 is created in main(), which allocates memory and accesses the class fields to display values.

Java Objects

An object is an instance of a class created to access its data and operations. Each object holds its own state.

• State: Values stored in fields.
• Behavior: Actions defined through methods.
• Identity: Distinguishes one object from another.

Objects mirror real-world items such as customer, product or circle. Non-primitive objects are stored on the heap while their references remain on the stack.

Object Instantiation

Creating an object is known as instantiation. All instances of a class share structure and behavior while storing different state values.

Declaration:

Dog tuffy;

This only declares a reference. The object is not created and the reference holds null.

Initialization:

tuffy = new Dog("Tuffy", "Papillon", 5, "White");

The new operator allocates memory and invokes the constructor.

Example: Defining and Using a Class

public class Dog {

    String name;
    String breed;
    int age;
    String color;

    public Dog(String name, String breed, int age, String color) {
        this.name = name;
        this.breed = breed;
        this.age = age;
        this.color = color;
    }

    public String getName() { return name; }
    public String getBreed() { return breed; }
    public int getAge() { return age; }
    public String getColor() { return color; }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Name is: " + name
             + "\nBreed age and color are: "
             + breed + " " + age + " " + color;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dog tuffy = new Dog("tuffy", "papillon", 5, "white");
        System.out.println(tuffy);
    }
}

Name is: tuffy
Breed age and color are: papillon 5 white

Explanation: This creates a Dog object named tuffy using the Dog constructor inside main(), which initializes name, breed, age, and color. When System.out.println(tuffy) is executed, the overridden toString() method is called to display the object’s data.

Note: Every class has at least one constructor. If none is defined Java provides a default no-argument constructor that calls the parent constructor.

Example: Initialize Object by using Method/Function

class Product {

    String name;
    float price;

    // Constructor to initialize object state
    public Product(String name, float price) {
        this.name = name;
        this.price = price;
    }

    // Setter methods (optional)
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public void setPrice(float price) {
        this.price = price;
    }

    // Getter methods
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public float getPrice() {
        return price;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Product p1 = new Product("Visual Studio", 0.0f);
        Product p2 = new Product("IntelliJ IDEA", 4999.0f);

        System.out.println(p1.getName() + " - " + p1.getPrice());
        System.out.println(p2.getName() + " - " + p2.getPrice());
    }
}

Visual Studio - 0.0
IntelliJ IDEA - 4999.0

Explanation: This code defines a Product class with instance variables name and price, which are initialized using a constructor. In the main() method, two objects (p1 and p2) are created with different values. Each object maintains its own state, and the getter methods are used to access and display the values of each object independently.

Ways to Create Object in Java

Java supports four standard approaches.

1. Using new Keyword

new Keyword is most direct way to create an object.

// creating object of class Test 
Test t = new Test();

2. Using Reflection

Used for dynamic class loading as seen in frameworks like Spring.

class Student {
    public Student() {}
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Class<?> c = Class.forName("Student");
            Student s = (Student) c.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
            System.out.println(s);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Student@1dbd16a6

3. Using clone() method

clone() creates a copy of an existing object. The class must implement Cloneable.

class Geeks implements Cloneable {
    String name = "GeeksForGeeks";

    @Override
    protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        return super.clone();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            Geeks g1 = new Geeks();
            Geeks g2 = (Geeks) g1.clone();
            System.out.println(g2.name);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

GeeksForGeeks

Explanation: Here, creates a new Geeks object g2 by cloning the existing object g1 using the overridden clone() method. The cloned object copies the field values of g1, which is confirmed by printing g2.name.

4. Using Deserialization

De-serialization is a technique of reading an object from the saved state in a file. Object is recreated from a stored byte stream.

import java.io.*;

class Student implements Serializable {
    private String name;
    public Student(String name) { this.name = name; }
    public String toString() { return "Student: " + name; }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try (ObjectOutputStream out =
                new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("student.ser"))) {
            out.writeObject(new Student("Alice"));
        } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

        try (ObjectInputStream in =
                new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("student.ser"))) {
            Student s = (Student) in.readObject();
            System.out.println(s);
        } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }
    }
}

Student: Alice

Explanation: This first serializes a Student object to the file student.ser using ObjectOutputStream. It then deserializes the object using ObjectInputStream, recreating the Student object and printing it via the toString() method.

Anonymous Objects

Anonymous objects are objects created without assigning them to a reference variable. They are generally used when an object is needed only once.

• No reference variable is stored, so the object cannot be directly reused.
• The object is created and used in the same statement.
• They are useful for simple, one-time operations.

class Dog {

    String name;

    Dog(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    void bark() {
        System.out.println(name + " is barking");
    }
}

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new Dog("Tommy").bark();
    }
}

Tommy is barking

Explanation: new Dog("Tommy") creates a Dog object, and bark() calls its method to print the dog's name followed by "is barking".