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GeezerVison is showing en.wiktionary.org — stratum - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

chalk strata (2)

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin strātum (“a spread for a bed, coverlet, quilt, blanket; a pillow, bolster; a bed”), neuter singular of strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”). Doublet of estrade and street.

Pronunciation

  • (UK) IPA(key): /ˈstɹɑː.təm/, /ˈstɹeɪ.təm/
    • Audio (Southern England):(file)
    • Audio (Southern England):(file)
  • (US) IPA(key): /ˈstɹeɪ.təm/, [ˈstɹeɪ.ɾəm], /ˈstɹæt.əm/, [ˈstɹæɾ.əm]
  • (Australia) IPA(key): /ˈstɹaː.təm/
  • Rhymes: -ɑːtəm, -eɪtəm, -ætəm

Noun

stratum (plural strata or (rare) stratums)

  1. One of several parallel horizontal layers of material arranged one on top of another.
    Synonym: tier
    • 1884, Alfred Ronald Conkling, Appleton's Guide to Mexico, page 43:
      It is built of alternate strata of brick and clay, and the sides correspond to the direction of the meridians and parallels.
    • 1952 July, W. R. Watson, “Sankey Viaduct and Embankment”, in Railway Magazine, page 487:
      He describes the operation thus: "The heavy ram employed to impart the finishing strokes, hoisted up with double purchase and snail's pace to the summit of the Piling Engine, and then falling down like a thunderbolt on the head of the devoted timber, driving it perhaps a single half inch in to the stratum below, is well calculated to put to the test the virtue of patience, while it illustrates the old adage of—slow and sure."
  2. (geology) A layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout.
    Synonyms: bed, layer
    Coordinate term: seam
    • 1961 November, “Talking of Trains: The subsidence problem”, in Trains Illustrated, page 651:
      An illuminating article in a recent issue of the Eastern Region's Civil Engineering News points out that where coal is worked over a reasonably large area, it is not only the whole of the strata above the workings, but also an area beyond which is liable to subside at varying rates after the coal has been removed.
  3. Any of the regions of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere, that occur as layers.
  4. (biology) A layer of tissue.
  5. A class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status.
  6. (ecology) A layer of vegetation, usually of similar height.
  7. (computing) The level of accuracy of a computer's clock, relative to others on the network.
    • 2006, Roderick W. Smith, Linux Samba Server Administration:
      Computers that synchronize themselves to the stratum 1 time servers are known as stratum 2 time servers if they allow others to synchronize to them, and so on.
  8. (linguistics) A historical layer of a language.
    Synonym: strate

Derived terms

  • adstratum
  • crystallostratum
  • epistratum
  • lateral stratum
  • mediostratum
  • midstratum
  • overstratum
  • phylostratum
  • spongiostratum
  • stratal
  • stratarchy
  • stratigraphic
  • stratigraphy
  • stratinomy
  • stratum album intermediale
  • stratum basale
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum germinativum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum griseum intermediale
  • stratum lemnisci
  • stratum spinosum
  • substratum
  • superstratum
  • understratum

Related terms

  • stratification
  • stratify
  • stratosphere

Translations

one of several parallel horizontal layers of material arranged one on top of another
  • Amharic: ድርብርብ (dərbərb)
  • Bashkir: ҡатлам (qatlam)
  • Bulgarian: пласт (bg) m (plast), слой (bg) m (sloj)
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m
  • Finnish: kerros (fi)
  • French: couche (fr) f
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) (stróma)
  • Ido: strato (io)
  • Japanese: 層 (ja) (そう, sō)
  • Portuguese: estrato (pt) m
  • Russian: слой (ru) m (sloj)
  • Swedish: skikt (sv) n, stratum (sv) n (scientific, pl. strata), varv (sv) n (seldom used; noun to vb. varva: "to layer", "to alternate")
layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout
  • Bashkir: ҡатлам (qatlam)
  • Bulgarian: пласт (bg) m (plast)
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m
  • Finnish: maakerros, kerrostuma (fi)
  • French: strate (fr) f
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • German: Bank (de) f
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) n (stróma)
  • Icelandic: jarðlag (is) n
  • Ido: strato (io)
  • Japanese: 地層 (ja) (ちそう, chisō)
  • Portuguese: estrato (pt) m
  • Russian: слой (ru) m (sloj)
  • Spanish: estrato (es) m
any of the regions of the atmosphere
  • Bashkir: ҡатлам (qatlam)
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m, capa (ca) f
  • Finnish: kerros (fi)
  • French: couche (fr) f
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) n (stróma)
  • Japanese: 層 (ja) (そう, sō)
  • Russian: слой (ru) m (sloj)
  • Spanish: capa (es) f
layer of tissue
  • Bashkir: ҡатлам (qatlam)
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m
  • Finnish: ihokerros
  • French: couche (fr) f, stratum (fr) m
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) n (stróma)
  • Japanese: 層 (ja) (そう, sō)
  • Russian: слой (ru) m (sloj)
  • Spanish: estrato (es) m
class of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status — see also echelon
  • Bashkir: ҡатлам (qatlam)
  • Bulgarian: прослокйа f (proslokja)
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m
  • Finnish: yhteiskuntaluokka (fi), kansankerros
  • French: classe (fr) f, couche (fr) f
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) n (stróma)
  • Indonesian: strata (id)
  • Japanese: 階級 (ja) (かいきゅう, kaikyū)
  • Portuguese: estrato (pt) m
  • Russian: слой (ru) m (sloj)
  • Spanish: estrato (es) m, estamento (es) m
  • Swedish: samhällsskikt (sv) n, klass (sv) c
  • Tagalog: saray
layer of vegetation
  • Catalan: estrat (ca) m
  • Finnish: kerros (fi)
  • Galician: estrato (gl) m
  • Greek: στρώμα (el) n (stróma)
  • Polish: piętro (pl) n, warstwa (pl) f
  • Swedish: skikt (sv) n (used as a suffix, -skikt, to a determinative noun, e.g. fältskikt, trädskikt), vegetationsskikt n, växtskikt n

Further reading

  • stratum on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
  • “stratum”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
  • William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin Eli Smith, editors (1895–1910), “stratum”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.

French

Etymology

    Learned borrowing from Latin stratum. Doublet of estrade.

    Noun

    stratum m (plural stratums)

    1. stratum

    Indonesian

    Etymology

    From Dutch stratum, from Latin stratum. Doublet of setrat and strata.

    Pronunciation

    • (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /ˈstratum/ [ˈst̪ra.t̪ʊm]
    • Rhymes: -atum
    • Syllabification: stra‧tum

    Noun

    stratum (plural stratum-stratum)

    1. stratum
      1. (geology) a layer of sedimentary rock having approximately the same composition throughout
        Synonym: lapisan
      2. any of the regions of the atmosphere, such as the stratosphere, that occur as layers
        Synonym: lapisan
      3. (biology) a layer of tissue
        Synonym: lapisan

    Derived terms

    • stratum basale
    • stratum germinativum
    • stratum granulosum
    • stratum korneum
    • stratum lusidum
    • stratum morfemik
    • stratum spinosum

    Related terms

    • setrat
    • strata
    • stratifikasi

    Further reading

    • “stratum”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

    Latin

    Etymology

    From strātus, perfect passive participle of sternō (“spread”).

    Pronunciation

    • (Classical Latin) IPA(key): [ˈstraː.tũː]
    • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): [ˈstraː.tum]

    Noun

    strātum n (genitive strātī); second declension

    1. a bed-covering, coverlet, quilt, blanket
    2. a pillow, bolster
    3. a bed, couch
      Synonym: lectus
    4. a horse-blanket, saddle-cloth
      • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 7.14:
        […] : mulis strata detrahi iubet binisque tantum centunculis relictis agasones partim captivis, partim aegrorum armis ornatos imponit.
        […] : he orders the mules to be stripped off their saddles and, leaving them only some two small pieces of patchwork to be sat on, be mounted with their muleteers carrying weapons taken from either the prisoners or the sick.
    5. a pavement

    Declension

    Second-declension noun (neuter).

    singular plural
    nominative strātum strāta
    genitive strātī strātōrum
    dative strātō strātīs
    accusative strātum strāta
    ablative strātō strātīs
    vocative strātum strāta

    Descendants

    • Albanian: shtrat
    • Catalan: estrat
    • → Dutch: stratum (learned)
    • → English: stratum (learned)
      • → Welsh: stratwm
    • French: strate
    • Friulian: strât
    • Galician: estrado
    • Italian: strato
    • Occitan: estrat
    • Old Leonese: estrado
      • Asturian: estráu
      • Mirandese: strado
    • Piedmontese: strat
    • Portuguese: estrado
    • Romanian: strat
    • Spanish: estrado
      • → French: estrade
        • → English: estrade
        • → Russian: эстрада (estrada)
    • →⇒ Welsh: gwastrawd (“groom, stablekeeper”)

    Verb

    strātum

    1. accusative supine of sternō

    References

    • “stratum”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “stratum”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "stratum", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • “stratum”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • (ambiguous) a street, a made road: via strata
      • (ambiguous) to prostrate oneself before a person: ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre)
      • (ambiguous) all have perished by the sword: omnia strata sunt ferro
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=stratum&oldid=95431900"
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