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Python Tutorial

Python HOME Python Intro Python Get Started Python Syntax

Syntax Statements Code Challenge

Print Text Print Numbers Code Challenge

Python Comments

Comments Code Challenge

Python Variables

Python Variables Variable Names Assign Multiple Values Output Variables Global Variables Variable Exercises Code Challenge

Python Data Types

Data Types Code Challenge

Numbers Code Challenge

Casting Code Challenge

Python Strings Slicing Strings Modify Strings Concatenate Strings Format Strings Escape Characters String Methods String Exercises Code Challenge

Python Booleans

Booleans Code Challenge

Python Operators

Python Operators Arithmetic Operators Assignment Operators Ternary Operator Comparison Operators Logical Operators Identity Operators Membership Operators Bitwise Operators Operator Precedence Code Challenge

Python Lists Access List Items Change List Items Add List Items Remove List Items Loop Lists List Comprehension Sort Lists Copy Lists Join Lists List Methods List Exercises Code Challenge

Python Tuples Access Tuples Update Tuples Unpack Tuples Loop Tuples Join Tuples Tuple Methods Tuple Exercises Code Challenge

Python Sets Access Set Items Add Set Items Remove Set Items Loop Sets Join Sets Frozenset Set Methods Set Exercises Code Challenge

Python Dictionaries

Python Dictionaries Access Items Change Items Add Items Remove Items Loop Dictionaries Copy Dictionaries Nested Dictionaries Dictionary Methods Dictionary Exercises Code Challenge

Python If...Else

Python If Python Elif Python Else Shorthand If Logical Operators Nested If Pass Statement Code Challenge

Match Code Challenge

Python While Loops

While Loops Code Challenge

Python For Loops

For Loops Code Challenge

Python Functions

Python Functions Python Arguments Python *args / **kwargs Python Scope Python Decorators Python Lambda Python Recursion Python Generators Code Challenge

Range Code Challenge

Arrays Code Challenge

Python Iterators

Iterators Code Challenge

Modules Code Challenge

Dates Code Challenge

Math Code Challenge

JSON Code Challenge

RegEx Code Challenge

Python PIP Python Try...Except

Try...Except Code Challenge

Python String Formatting

String Formatting Code Challenge

None Code Challenge

Python User Input Python VirtualEnv

Python Classes

Python OOP Python Classes/Objects

Classes/Objects Code Challenge

Python __init__ Method

__init__ Method Code Challenge

Python self Parameter

self Parameter Code Challenge

Python Class Properties

Class Properties Code Challenge

Python Class Methods

Class Methods Code Challenge

Python Magic Methods

Magic Methods __str__ __repr__ __eq__ __add__ __len__ __lt__ __contains__ __call__ Code Challenge

Python Inheritance

Inheritance Code Challenge

Python Polymorphism

Polymorphism Code Challenge

Python Encapsulation

Encapsulation Code Challenge

Python Inner Classes

File Handling

Python File Handling Python Read Files Python Write/Create Files Python Delete Files

Python Modules

NumPy Tutorial Pandas Tutorial SciPy Tutorial Django Tutorial

Python Matplotlib

Matplotlib Intro Matplotlib Get Started Matplotlib Pyplot Matplotlib Plotting Matplotlib Markers Matplotlib Line Matplotlib Labels Matplotlib Grid Matplotlib Subplot Matplotlib Scatter Matplotlib Bars Matplotlib Histograms Matplotlib Pie Charts

Machine Learning

Getting Started Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation Percentile Data Distribution Normal Data Distribution Scatter Plot Linear Regression Polynomial Regression Multiple Regression Scale Train/Test Decision Tree Confusion Matrix Hierarchical Clustering Logistic Regression Grid Search Categorical Data K-means Bootstrap Aggregation Cross Validation AUC - ROC Curve K-nearest neighbors

Python DSA

Python DSA Lists and Arrays Stacks Queues Linked Lists Hash Tables Trees Binary Trees Binary Search Trees AVL Trees Graphs Linear Search Binary Search Bubble Sort Selection Sort Insertion Sort Quick Sort Counting Sort Radix Sort Merge Sort

Python MySQL

MySQL Get Started MySQL Create Database MySQL Create Table MySQL Insert MySQL Select MySQL Where MySQL Order By MySQL Delete MySQL Drop Table MySQL Update MySQL Limit MySQL Join

Python MongoDB

MongoDB Get Started MongoDB Create DB MongoDB Collection MongoDB Insert MongoDB Find MongoDB Query MongoDB Sort MongoDB Delete MongoDB Drop Collection MongoDB Update MongoDB Limit

Python Cert

Python Certificate

Python How To

Remove List Duplicates Reverse a String Add Two Numbers

Python Examples

Python Examples Python Videos Python Compiler Python Exercises Python Quiz Python Challenges Python Practice Problems Python Server Python Syllabus Python Study Plan Python Interview Q&A Python Training

Python Reference

Python Overview Python Built-in Functions

abs() all() any() ascii() bin() bool() bytearray() bytes() callable() chr() compile() complex() delattr() dict() dir() divmod() enumerate() eval() exec() filter() float() format() frozenset() getattr() globals() hasattr() hex() id() input() int() isinstance() issubclass() iter() len() list() locals() map() max() memoryview() min() next() object() oct() open() ord() pow() print() range() reversed() round() set() setattr() slice() sorted() str() sum() super() tuple() type() vars() zip()

Python String Methods

capitalize() casefold() center() count() encode() endswith() expandtabs() find() format() format_map() index() isalnum() isalpha() isascii() isdecimal() isdigit() isidentifier() islower() isnumeric() isprintable() isspace() istitle() isupper() join() ljust() lower() lstrip() maketrans() partition() replace() rfind() rindex() rjust() rpartition() rsplit() rstrip() split() splitlines() startswith() strip() swapcase() title() translate() upper() zfill()

Python List Methods

append() clear() copy() count() extend() index() insert() pop() remove() reverse() sort()

Python Dictionary Methods

clear() copy() fromkeys() get() items() keys() pop() popitem() setdefault() update() values()

Python Tuple Methods

count() index()

Python Set Methods

add() clear() copy() difference() difference_update() discard() intersection() intersection_update() isdisjoint() issubset() < issuperset() > pop() remove() symmetric_difference() symmetric_difference_update() union() update()

Python File Methods

close() fileno() flush() isatty() read() readable() readline() readlines() seek() seekable() tell() truncate() writable() write() writelines()

Python Keywords

and as assert async await break case class continue def del elif else except False finally for from global if import in is lambda match None nonlocal not or pass raise return True try while with yield

Python Exceptions

ArithmeticError AssertionError AttributeError Exception EOFError FloatingPointError GeneratorExit ImportError IndentationError IndexError KeyError KeyboardInterrupt LookupError MemoryError NameError NotImplementedError OSError OverflowError ReferenceError RuntimeError StopIteration SyntaxError TabError SystemError SystemExit TypeError UnboundLocalError UnicodeError UnicodeEncodeError UnicodeDecodeError UnicodeTranslateError ValueError ZeroDivisionError

Python Glossary

Module Reference

Built-in Modules

abc aifc argparse array ast asyncio atexit base64 bdb binascii bisect builtins bz2 calendar cgi cgitb cmd code codecs codeop collections colorsys concurrent configparser contextlib contextvars copy copyreg csv ctypes curses dataclasses datetime dbm decimal difflib dis doctest email encodings ensurepip enum errno faulthandler filecmp fileinput fnmatch fractions ftplib functools gc getopt getpass gettext glob graphlib gzip hashlib heapq hmac html http idlelib imaplib imghdr imp importlib inspect io json keyword linecache locale logging lzma mailbox mailcap marshal math mimetypes mmap modulefinder msilib msvcrt multiprocessing netrc nntplib numbers nis ntpath operator optparse os pathlib pdb pickle pickletools pipes pkgutil platform plistlib poplib posix pprint profile pstats pty pyclbr pydoc py_compile queue quopri random re reprlib resource rlcompleter runpy sched secrets select selectors shelve shlex shutil signal site smtplib socket socketserver sqlite3 ssl stat statistics string stringprep struct subprocess sunau symtable sys sysconfig tabnanny tarfile telnetlib tempfile termios test textwrap threading time timeit tkinter token tokenize tomllib trace traceback tracemalloc tty turtle types typing unicodedata unittest urllib uuid venv warnings wave weakref webbrowser wsgiref xdrlib xml xmlrpc zipapp zipfile zipimport zlib zoneinfo

seed() getstate() setstate() getrandbits() randrange() randint() choice() choices() shuffle() sample() random() uniform() triangular()

Requests Module

delete(url, args) get(url, params, args) head(url, args) post(url, data, json, args)

Statistics Module

statistics.harmonic_mean() statistics.mean() statistics.median() statistics.median_grouped() statistics.median_high() statistics.median_low() statistics.mode() statistics.pstdev() statistics.stdev() statistics.pvariance() statistics.variance()

math.acos() math.acosh() math.asin() math.asinh() math.atan() math.atan2() math.atanh() math.ceil() math.comb() math.copysign() math.cos() math.cosh() math.degrees() math.dist() math.erf() math.erfc() math.exp() math.expm1() math.fabs() math.factorial() math.floor() math.fmod() math.frexp() math.fsum() math.gamma() math.gcd() math.hypot() math.isclose() math.isfinite() math.isinf() math.isnan() math.isqrt() math.ldexp() math.lgamma() math.log() math.log10() math.log1p() math.log2() math.perm() math.pow() math.prod() math.radians() math.remainder() math.sin() math.sinh() math.sqrt() math.tan() math.tanh() math.trunc() math.e math.inf math.nan math.pi math.tau

cmath.acos(x) cmath.acosh(x) cmath.asin(x) cmath.asinh(x) cmath.atan(x) cmath.atanh(x) cmath.cos(x) cmath.cosh(x) cmath.exp(x) cmath.isclose() cmath.isfinite(x) cmath.isinf(x) cmath.isnan(x) cmath.log(x[, base]) cmath.log10(x) cmath.phase() cmath.polar() cmath.rect() cmath.sin(x) cmath.sinh(x) cmath.sqrt(x) cmath.tan(x) cmath.tanh(x) cmath.e cmath.inf cmath.infj cmath.nan cmath.nanj cmath.pi cmath.tau

Python Examples

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Python Syntax

Print "Hello World" Comments in Python Docstrings

Syntax Explained

Python Variables

Create a variable Output both text and a variable Add a variable to another variable

Variables Explained

Python Numbers

Verify the type of an object Create integers Create floating point numbers Create scientific numbers with an "e" to indicate the power of 10 Create complex numbers

Numbers Explained

Python Casting

Casting - Integers Casting - Floats Casting - Strings

Casting Explained

Python Strings

Get the character at position 1 of a string Substring. Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included) Remove whitespace from the beginning or at the end of a string Return the length of a string Convert a string to lower case Convert a string to upper case Replace a string with another string Split a string into substrings

Strings Explained

Python Operators

Addition operator Subtraction operator Multiplication operator Division operator Modulus operator Assignment operator

Operators Explained

Python Lists

Create a list Access list items Change the value of a list item Loop through a list Check if a list item exists Get the length of a list Add an item to the end of a list Add an item at a specified index Remove an item Remove the last item Remove an item at a specified index Empty a list Using the list() constructor to make a list

Lists Explained

Python Tuples

Create a tuple Access tuple items Change tuple values Loop through a tuple Check if a tuple item exists Get the length of a tuple Delete a tuple Using the tuple() constructor to create a tuple

Tuples Explained

Python Sets

Create a set Loop through a set Check if an item exists Add an item to a set Add multiple items to a set Get the length of a set Remove an item in a set Remove an item in a set by using the discard() method Remove the last item in a set by using the pop() method Empty a set Delete a set Using the set() constructor to create a set

Python Dictionaries

Create a dictionary Access the items of a dictionary Change the value of a specific item in a dictionary Print all key names in a dictionary, one by one Print all values in a dictionary, one by one Using the values() function to return values of a dictionary Loop through both keys an values, by using the items() function Check if a key exists Get the length of a dictionary Add an item to a dictionary Remove an item from a dictionary Empty a dictionary Using the dict() constructor to create a dictionary

Dictionaries Explained

Python If ... Else

The if statement The elif statement The else statement Short hand if Short hand if ... else The and keyword The or keyword

If ... Else Explained

Python While Loop

The while loop Using the break statement in a while loop Using the continue statement in a while loop

While Loop Explained

Python For Loop

The for loop Loop through a string Using the break statement in a for loop Using the continue statement in a for loop Using the range() function in a for loop Else in for loop Nested for loop

For Loop Explained

Python Functions

Create and call a function Function parameters Default parameter value Let a function return a value Recursion

Functions Explained

Python Lambda

A lambda function that adds 10 to the number passed in as an argument A lambda function that multiplies argument a with argument b A lambda function that sums argument a, b, and c

Lambda Explained

Python Arrays

Create an array Access the elements of an array Change the value of an array element Get the length of an array Loop through all elements of an array Add an element to an array Remove an element from an array

Arrays Explained

Python Classes and Objects

Create a class Create an object The __init__() Function Create object methods The self parameter Modify object properties Delete object properties Delete an object

Classes/Objects Explained

Python Iterators

Return an iterator from a tuple Return an iterator from a string Loop through an iterator Create an iterator Stop iteration

Iterators Explained

Python Modules

Use a module Variables in module Re-naming a module Built-in modules Using the dir() function Import from module

Modules Explained

Python Dates

Import the datetime module and display the current date Return the year and name of weekday Create a date object The strftime() Method

Dates Explained

Python Math

Find the lowest and highest value in an iterable Return the absolute value of a number Return the value of x to the power of y (x^y) Return the square root of a number Round a number upwards and downwards to its nearest integer Return the value of PI

Python JSON

Convert from JSON to Python Convert from Python to JSON Convert Python objects into JSON strings Convert a Python object containing all the legal data types Use the indent parameter to define the numbers of indents Use the separators parameter to change the default separator Use the sort_keys parameter to specify if the result should be sorted or not

Python RegEx

Search a string to see if it starts with "The" and ends with "Spain" Using the findall() function Using the search() function Using the split() function Using the sub() function

RegEx Explained

Python PIP

Using a package

Python Try Except

When an error occurs, print a message Many exceptions Use the else keyword to define a block of code to be executed if no errors were raised Use the finally block to execute code regardless if the try block raises an error or not

Try Except Explained

Python File Handling

Read a file Read only parts of a file Read one line of a file Loop through the lines of a file to read the whole file, line by line

File Handling Explained

Python MySQL

Create a connection to a database Create a database in MySQL Check if a database exist Create a table Check if a table exist Create primary key when creating a table Insert a record in a table Insert multiple rows Get inserted ID Select all records from a table Select only some of the columns in a table Use the fetchone() method to fetch only one row in a table Select with a filter Wildcards characters Prevent SQL injection Sort the result of a table alphabetically Sort the result in a descending order (reverse alphabetically) Delete records from an existing table Prevent SQL injection Delete an existing table Delete a table if it exist Update existing records in a table Prevent SQL injection Limit the number of records returned from a query Combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them LEFT JOIN RIGHT JOIN

MySQL Explained

Python MongoDB

Create a database Check if a database exist Create a collection Check if a collection exist Insert into collection Return the id field Insert multiple documents Insert multiple documents with specified IDs Find the first document in the selection Find all documents in the selection Find only some fields Filter the result Advanced query Filter with regular expressions Sort the result alphabetically Sort the result descending (reverse alphabetically) Delete document Delete many documents Delete all documents in a collection Delete a collection Update a document Update many/all documents Limit the result

MongoDB Explained

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