Despite the fact that Islam is the religion of well over one billion adherents, many in the West still express ignorance or confusion about its basic facts, precepts, and historical developments. Nevertheless, Muslims are growing throughout the world and in places such as Europe and North America. At the same time, a number of countries, including the United States, find themselves increasingly in conflict with Muslim nations and groups. These demographic and political factors are but two reasons why the study and understanding of Islam, the faith and the civilisation, are becoming more and more important in the contemporary world. In this course, we will examine the birth and development of Islamic civilisation, a rich tradition spanning nearly fourteen hundred years that has seen the flourishing of diverse religious, political, cultural, and social currents, and which continues today. With a greater focus on historical developments, this is a companion course to Introduction to Islam, which emphasises religious and cultural trends. By the end of this class, students should have a keen appreciation for the genesis of Islam and early Islamic civilisation, the complex and varied composition of the ‘Islamic world’, and the still-ongoing processes resulting from the exchange of Islam and modernity, including political expression, radical Islam, and gender issues.

Regular attendance of this course’s lectures and thorough reading of the assigned texts are critical to success in this class. The readings consist of a selection from the textbook, supplemented by articles and chapters from other books that illuminate various aspects of the topic. Students are expected to have read the assigned readings in advance of each lecture and to be prepared to talk about them in the discussion sections. Students will be evaluated on the basis of four factors: (1) two essays of five to ten pages (25% each), (3) final exam (35%), and (4) participation (15%). Sporadic ‘pop’ quizzes delivered at the beginning of class will offer students a chance to earn extra credit. At the end of this course, it is hoped that students will have developed a better understanding of the complex and multi-faceted societies and cultures of the Islamic world.

I. Historical context

1. Introduction to Islam and Islamic civilisation

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 1–53.

2. The Life of Muḥammad

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 57–69.
• Denny, Introduction, 47–71.
• Esposito, ed., History, 1–10: Fred McGraw Donner, ‘Muhammad and the caliphate: Political history of the Islamic empire up to the Mongol conquest’.
• Fred McGraw Donner, ‘Muḥammad’s political consolidation in western Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca: A Reassessment’, The Muslim World 69.4 (October 1979), 229–247 (DOI 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1979.tb03388.x).
• Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Biography of the prophet, 1^st paperback ed. (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993), 211–249.

3. Succession to the Prophet

Required reading:


A miniature depicting Muḥammad’s farewell sermon from a Fourteenth-Century Īlkhānid manuscript. [Source: Wikipedia]
• Kennedy, Prophet, 15–49, 69–75.
• Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam: The History and doctrines of Twelver Shiʿism (Oxford: George Ronald, 1985), 11–22.
• Khalid Yahya Blankinship, ‘Imārah, khilāfah, and imāmah: The Origin of the succession to the Prophet Muḥammad’, in Shiʿite heritage: Essays on classical and modern traditions, ed. Lynda Clarke (Binghamton: Global Publications, 2001), 19–43.

4. The Early caliphate and expansion of Islam

Required reading:


Ruins of the royal palace (Ayvān-e Khosrow) in Madāʾin (Ctesiphon), the Sāsānian capital. [Source: Wikipedia]
• Berkey, Formation, 70–75.
• Denny, Introduction, 72–82.
• Kennedy, Prophet, 50–75.
• Fred McGraw Donner, ‘The Islamic conquests’, in A Companion to the history of the Middle East, ed Youssef M Choueiri (Malden/Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2005), 28–51.

5. The Civil Wars and the Umayyad Empire

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 76–101.
• Denny, Introduction, 82–85.
• Kennedy, Prophet, 75–122.

6. The Early ʿAbbāsid Empire

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 101–109.
• Denny, Introduction, 85–88.
• Kennedy, Prophet, 123–155.
• Esposito, ed., History, 10–32: Fred McGraw Donner, ‘Muhammad and the caliphate: Political history of the Islamic empire up to the Mongol conquest’.

7. The Islamic world in the late ʿAbbāsid period

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 179–215.
• Denny, Introduction, 88–93.
• Kennedy, Prophet, 156–197, 307–345.
• Esposito, ed., History, 32–61: Fred McGraw Donner, ‘Muhammad and the caliphate: Political history of the Islamic empire up to the Mongol conquest’.

8. The Rise of the gunpowder empires

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 261–269.
• Esposito, ed., History, 347–393: Ira Marvin Lapidus, ‘Sultanates and gunpowder empires: The Middle East’.
• Halil İnalcık, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical age, 1300–1600, transl. from Turkish by Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber (London: Phoenix Press, 1973), 3–52.

9. Africa and the Far East: The Continued spread of Islam

Required reading:

• Esposito, ed., History, 395–431: Bruce B Lawrence, ‘The Eastward journey of Muslim kingship: Islam in South and Southeast Asia’.
• Esposito, ed., History, 475–507: Nehemia Levtzion, ‘Islam in Africa to 1800: Merchants, chiefs, and saints’.
• Ira Marvin Lapidus, A History of Islamic societies, 2^nd ed. (Cambridge/New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 443–449.

II. Theology, faith, and ideas

10. Fundamentals of Islam

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 97–127.
• Esposito, ed., History, 63–105: Vincent J Cornell, ‘Fruit of the tree of knowledge: The Relationship between faith and practice in Islam’.

11. The Qurʾān: Its history and interpretation

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 128–148.
• Harald Motzki, ‘The Collection of the Qurʾān: A Reconsideration of Western views in light of recent methodological developments’, Der Islam 78.1 (2001), 1–34 (DOI 10.1515/islm.2001.78.1.1).
• Jane Dammen McAuliffe, ‘The Tasks and traditions of interpretation’, in The Cambridge companion to the Qurʾan, ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 181–210.

12. Islamic law and policy

First essay due.

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 149–163, 187–198.
• Esposito, ed., History, 107–153: Mohammad Hashim Kamali, ‘Law and society: The Interplay of revelation and reason in the Shariah’.
• Wael B Hallaq, ‘Islamic law: History and transformation’, in The New Cambridge history of Islam, ed. Robert Irwin, vol. 4, Islamic cultures and societies to the end of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 142–183.

13. The Sunnī/Shīʿī divide and the development of Shīʿī Islam

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 130–151.
• Denny, Introduction, 198–207.
• Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam: The History and doctrines of Twelver Shiʿism (Oxford: George Ronald, 1985), 61–85.
• William Montgomery Watt, ‘The Significance of the early stages of Imami Shiʿism’, in Religion and politics in Iran: Shiʿism from quietism to revolution, ed. Nikki Ragozin Keddie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 21–32.
• Marshall G S Hodgson, ‘How did the early Shîʿa become sectarian?’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 75.1 (January–March 1955), 1–13.

14. Mysticism and philosophy

Required reading:

• Berkey, Formation, 152–158, 231–257.
• Denny, Introduction, 164–186, 211–237.
• Esposito, ed., History, 269–303: Majid Fakhry, ‘Philosophy and theology: From the Eighth Century C.E. to the present’.

15. Science, art, and literature: Cultural flourishings

Required reading:

• Esposito, ed., History, 155–213: Ahmad Dallal, ‘Science, medicine, and technology: The Making of a scientific culture’.
• Esposito, ed., History, 215–267: Sheila S Blair and Jonathan M Bloom, ‘Art and architecture: Themes and variations’.

III. The Challenges of modernity

16. The Arrival of the West and the turbulent Twentieth Century

Required reading:

• Esposito, ed., History, 509–547: John Obert Voll, ‘Foundations for renewal and reform: Islamic movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’.
• Esposito, ed., History, 549–599: Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, ‘European colonialism and the emergence of modern Muslim states’.
Nikki Ragozin Keddie, An Islamic response to imperialism: Political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn ‘al-Afghānī’ (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968). 3–35.

17. The Shīʿī world

Required reading:

• Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shiʿi Islam: The History and doctrines of Twelver Shiʿism (Oxford: George Ronald, 1985), 246–299.
• Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for power: The Shiʿa in the modern Arab world (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 1–15, 129–164.

18. Modern political trends

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 315–339.
• Olivier Roy, The Failure of political Islam, transl. from French by Carol Volk (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 1–47.
• Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of fundamentalism: Political Islam and the new world disorder, updated ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 179–214.

19. The Rise of radical Islam

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 340–346.
• Emmanuel Sivan, Radical Islam: Medieval theology and modern politics, enlarged ed. (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1990), 16–82.
• Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of political Islam, transl. from French by Anthony F Roberts (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 136–158.

20. The Future of political and radical Islam

Required reading:

• Peter Mandaville, ‘The New transnationalism: Globalising Islamic movements’, in The New Cambridge history of Islam, ed. Robert W Hefner, vol. 6, Muslims and modernity: Culture and society since 1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 198–217.
• Olivier Roy, The Failure of political Islam, transl. from French by Carol Volk (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 60–74, 194–203.
• Olivier Roy, ‘The Crisis of religious legitimacy in Iran’, Middle East Journal 53.2 (Spring 1999), 201–216.
• Michael Scott Doran, ‘Somebody else’s civil war’, Foreign Affairs 81.1 (January–February 2002), 22–42.

21. Women and gender in Islam

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 263–288, 346–350.
• Leila Ahmed, Women and gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1992), 208–248.
• Amina Wadud, Qurʾan and woman: Rereading the sacred text from a woman’s perspective (New York City/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), .
• Adele K Ferdows, ‘Shariati and Khomeini on women’, in The Iranian Revolution & the Islamic Republic, ed. Nikki Ragozin Keddie and Eric James Hooglund, new ed. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 127–143.
• Katharina von Knop, ‘The Female jihad: Al Qaeda’s women’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 30.5 (May 2007), 397–414 (DOI 10.1080/10576100701258585).
• Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Islam and gender: The Religious debate in contemporary Iran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 213–279.

22. The Islamic world: Distant lands and new frontiers

Second essay due.

Required reading:

• Esposito, ed., History, 433–473: Dru C Gladney, ‘Central Asia and China: Transnationalization, Islamization, and ethnicization’.
• Esposito, ed., History, 601–641: Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ‘The Globalization of Islam: The Return of Muslims to the West’.
• Raphael Israeli, Muslim minorities in modern states: The Challenge of assimilation (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 2009), 155–204.
• Paolo Sartori, ‘Towards a history of the Muslims’ Soviet Union: A View from Central Asia’, Die Welt des Islams 50.3–4 (2010), 315–334 (DOI 10.1163/157006010X544313).
• Alexandre Benningsen, ‘Religion and atheism among Soviet Muslims’, in Islam in the contemporary world, ed. Cyriac K Pullapilly (South Bend: Cross Roads Press, 1980), 222–237.
• Humayun Ansari, ‘Islam in the West’, in The New Cambridge history of Islam, ed. Francis Robinson, vol. 5, The Islamic world in the age of Western dominance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 686–716.

23. The View from inside: Reading modern texts

Required reading:

• Seyyed Jamāl od-Dīn Asadābādī and Nikki Ragozin Keddie, Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn ‘al-Afghānī’: A Political biography (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972), 129–142. [Primary source]
• Jalāl Āl-e Aḥmad, Occidentosis: A Plague from the West, transl. from Persian by Robert Campbell, ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1984), 9–21, 27–35, 78–91. [Primary source]
• Sayyid Quṭb, Milestones (Karachi: International Islamic Publishers, 1988), . [online (another ed.)]
• ʿAlī Sharīʿatī, Shariati on Shariati and the Muslim woman, transl. from Persian by Laleh Bakhtiar (Chicago: ABC International Group, 1996), 117–164, 211–213. [Primary source] [online (another ed.)]
• Maḥmūd Muḥammad Ṭaha, The Second message of Islam, transl. from Arabic by Abdullahi Ahmed an-Naʿim (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1987), 1–42, 124–169. [Primary source]
• ʿAbd ol-Karīm Sorūsh, Reason, freedom, & democracy in Islam: Essential writings of ʿAbdolkarim Soroush, ed. and transl. from Persian by Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri (New York City: Oxford University Press, 2000), . [Primary source]
• Rachid al-Ghannouchi (Rashīd al-Ghannūshī), ‘Secularism in the Arab Maghreb’, in Islam and secularism in the Middle East, ed. John L Esposito and Azzam Tamimi (New York City: New York University Press, 2000), 97–123. [Primary source]

24. The Many faces of Islam today

Required reading:

• Denny, Introduction, 350–380.
• Esposito, ed., History, 643–690: John L Esposito, ‘Contemporary Islam: Reformation or revolution?’.
• Abdulaziz Sachedina, The Islamic roots of democratic pluralism (New York City/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
• Omid Safi, ‘The Times they are a-changin’—A Muslim quest for justice, gender equality, and pluralism’, introduction to Progressive Muslims: On justice, gender and pluralism, ed. Omid Safi, (Oxford: Oneworld, 2003), 1–29.

Final exam at end of term.